Kurmanji
| Kurmanji | |
|---|---|
| Zimanê Kurdî — Kurdî — Kurmancî | |
'Yan asalin magana | harshen asali: 14,600,000 (2019) |
| |
Baƙaƙen boko, Arabic script (en)  da Cyrillic script (en) | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-2 |
no value |
| ISO 639-3 |
kmr |
| Glottolog |
nort2641[1] |
Kurmanji (Samfuri:Lang-ku), Har ila yau, ana kiran su da Kurdawan Arewa, ita ce arewa mafi yawan harsunan Kurdawa, ana magana da su a kudu maso gabas Turkiyya, arewa maso yamma da arewa maso gabas Iran, arewa Iraq, arewa Syria da yankunan Caucasus da Khorasan. Shi ne nau'in Kurdawa da aka fi magana da shi.[2][3][4][5]
farko Kurmanji Kurdish ya samo asali ne daga kusan karni na 16 kuma sanannun mawaƙa na Kurdawa kamar Ehmedê Xanî (1650-1707) sun rubuta a cikin wannan yaren. Kurmanji Kurdish kuma yare na yau da kullun da kuma bikin na Yazidis. Littafin [6] mai tsarki Mishefa Reş da duk addu'o'in an rubuta su kuma ana magana da su a Kurmanji . [1]
Ethnologue ba da rahoton cewa amfani da Kurmanji yana raguwa a Turkiyya koda lokacin da ake amfani da harshen a matsayin harshen sadarwa mai zurfi (LWC) ta baƙi zuwa Turkiyya, kuma ana barazanar yaren saboda yana rasa masu magana.
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]ke tattare da sauti a cikin Kurmanji sun haɗa da bambancin tsakanin tsayawar murya da ba a iya amfani da su ba da kuma kasancewar phonemes masu amfani. Misali, Kurmanji Kurdish ya bambanta tsakanin tsayawar murya da ba a motsa su ba, wanda za'a iya sha'awarsa a duk matsayi..[7][8] /t͡ʃ/ haka /p/ ya bambanta da /pʰ/, /t/ tare da /tʰ/, /k/ tare da/kʰ/, da kuma /t͡ʃʰ/ tare da .
Ci gaba da yaren
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kurmanji ya samar da yaren da ke da bambanci sosai. A hankali, ana iya rarrabe yankuna shida na yare:
- Arewa maso yammacin Kurmanji, ana magana da shi a lardunan Kahramanmaraş (a Kurmanji: Meraş), Malatya (Meletî) da Sivas (Sewaz) na arewa maso yammacin Kurdistan na Turkiyya.
- Kudancin Kurmanji, ana magana da shi a lardunan Adıyaman (Semsûr), Gaziantep (Entab) da Şanlıurfa (Riha) na Turkiyya, da Gwamnatin Aleppo a yammacin Kurdistan na Siriya.
- Arewacin Kurmanji ko Serhed Kurdish, ana magana da shi galibi a lardunan Ağrı (Agirî), Erzurum (Erzerom) da Muş (Mûş) na arewa maso gabashin Kurdistan Turkiyya, da kuma yankunan da ke kusa.
- Kudancin Kurmanji, wanda ake magana a Gwamnatin Al-Hasakah a gabashin Kurdistan na Siriya, Gundumar Sinjar (Şingal) a yammacin Kurdistan na Iraqi, da kuma wasu sassan da ke kusa da kudancin Kurdistan ta Turkiyya, suna tsakiyar lardunan [./<i id= Merdin_Province" id="mwiw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mardin Province">Mardin] (Mêrdîn) da Batman (Êlih).
- Kudancin gabashin Kurmanji Bad Christopher, ana magana da shi a Lardin Hakkâri (Parêzgeha Colêmêrgê) a kudu maso gabashin Kurdistan Turkiyya, da Gwamnatin Dohuk (Parêz Age Dihokê) da sassa na Gwamnatin Erbil (Parêzgeha Hewlêr) a arewacin Kurdistan Iraqi.
- Ana magana da Kurmanji na Anatolia ta Tsakiya Anatolia (Anatolya Navîn), musamman a Konya, Ankara, da Aksaray, ta Kurdawa na Anatolia
Wiki da siyasar Yazidi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga cikin wasu Yazidis, ana amfani da sunan Ezd Wiki don Kurmanji don rarrabe kansu daga Kurds. Duk yake Ezd Wiki ba ya bambanta da Kurmanji, wasu ƙoƙari na tabbatar da cewa Ezd Wiki yare ne mai zaman kansa, gami da'awar cewa Harshen Semitic ne. soki wannan kamar yadda ba ya dogara da shaidar kimiyya kuma ba shi da yarjejeniyar kimiyya.
A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2002, Armenia ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Turai don Yankin ko Harsunan Ƙananan kuma ta sanya Kurdawa a ƙarƙashin kariya ta ƙasa. , saboda rarrabuwar Al'ummar Yazidi a Armenia kuma bayan zargi mai ƙarfi daga wasu sassan al'umma, hukumomi sun zaɓi tabbatar da sashin ta hanyar ambaton "Kurdish" da "Yezidi" a matsayin harsuna biyu daban-daban. Wannan haifar da kalmar Êzd Wiki da wasu masu bincike ke amfani da ita yayin da suke zurfafawa cikin batun harsunan 'yan tsiraru a Armenia, tunda yawancin masu magana da Kurdawa a Armenia Yazidis ne. sakamakon wannan matakin, jami'o'in Armeniya suna ba da darussan harshe a cikin Kurmanji da Êzd Wiki a matsayin yare daban-daban guda biyu.
Kurmanji da sauran kungiyoyi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]ƙarshen Zamanin Ottoman, Assuriyawa a Tur Abdin sun sauya daga magana da yarensu na gargajiya na Turoyo zuwa ko dai Kurmanji ko Larabci. ila yau, akwai Armeniyawa masu magana da Kurdawa kuma akwai kafin Kisan kare dangi na Armeniya a kusa da ƙauyuka 110 na Armeniya masu magana da harshen Kurmanji a Beşiri da Silvan.
'Yan gudun hijira na Bulgarian, Chechen da Circassian a Kurdistan na Turkiyya suma suna magana da Kurmanji.
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kurmanji". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Captain R. E. Jardine (1922). Bahdinan Kurmanji - A grammar of the Kurmanji of the Kurds of Mosul division and surrounding districts of Kurdistan. Baghdad: Government Press. p. ii.
- ↑ Ayfer Gokalp (August 2015). "Language and Literacy Practices of Kurdish Children Across Their Home and School Spaces in Turkey" (PDF). Arizona State University. p. 146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
- ↑ Paul, Ludwig (2008). "Kurdish language I. History of the Kurdish language". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. London and New York: Routledge. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ↑ Georg Krotkoff (1997). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East. p. 299.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Khan, Celadet Bedir; Lescot, Roger (1970). Grammaire Kurde (Dialecte kurmandji) (PDF). Paris: La librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ↑ Haig, Geoffrey; Matras, Yaron (2002). "Kurdish linguistics: a brief overview" (PDF). Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung. Berlin. 55 (1): 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2013.