アマルナ文書
楔形文字の書かれた粘土板。エジプト中部のアマルナで発見された。
アマルナ文書（アマルナぶんしょ、Amarna letters）は、エジプト中部のナイル川東岸アマルナで発見された楔形文字の書かれた粘土板文書である。
概要
編集アマルナ文書の多くは、エジプト第18王朝のファラオであったアメンヘテプ4世時代（在位：紀元前1353年?頃～紀元前1336年?頃）の外交政策と国際関係を示した史料で、紀元前14世紀の古代オリエントを知るための重要な情報源のひとつとされており、ベルリン博物館、大英博物館、カイロ博物館などに収蔵されている。
アマルナ文書は1885年、アマルナで肥料として使用する日乾煉瓦の材料を探していた地元女性によって偶然発見され、1891年、エジプト考古学者のフリンダーズ・ピートリーによってアテン大神殿の南、ファラオ通信文書館跡から出土したものであることが確認された。出土した総数は382枚にのぼり、紀元前14世紀の前半から中盤にかけてのオリエント列強やエジプト支配国の高官たちがファラオに宛てた外交書簡で、多くが当時の近東の国際公用語であるアッカド語で記されている[注釈 1]。
エジプトと敵対していた勢力の攻撃にさらされていた弱小首長から届いたものが多く、黄金や補給物資の救援を訴えている。ピーター・クレイトン（英: Peter A. Clayton）が「当時のアクエンアテン（アメンヘテプ4世）は新宗教の研鑽に没頭しており、こうした訴えの殆どは無視された」と指摘している[1]ようにそのほとんどが来信の記録であった。
アマルナ文書の一覧
編集アマルナ文書は350の書簡と書記養成学校で用いられたと考えられる32の辞書や文学テキストで構成される[2]。EA1からEA382の番号で管理されており、差出人にはバビロニア、アッシリア、ミタンニ、アルザワ、キプロス、ヒッタイト、シリア、パレスティナなどの諸国の支配者の名が記されている。以下に一覧を記す。
| 番号 | 差出人と宛名 |
|---|---|
| EA# 1 | Amenhotep 3 to Babylon king Kadashman-Enlil |
| EA# 2 | Babylon king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep 3 |
| EA# 3 | Babylon king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep 3 |
| EA# 4 | Babylon king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep 3 |
| EA# 5 | Amenhotep 3 to Babylon king KadashmanEnlil |
| EA# 6 | Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 3 |
| EA# 7 | Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 |
| EA# 8 | Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 |
| EA# 9 | Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 |
| EA# 10 | Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 |
| EA# 11 | Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 |
| EA# 12 | princess to her lord |
| EA# 13 | Babylon |
| EA# 14 | Amenhotep 4 to Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 |
| EA# 15 | Assyria king Ashur-Uballit 1 to Amenhotep 4 |
| EA# 16 | Assyria king Ashur-Uballit 1 to Amenhotep 4 |
| EA# 17 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 |
| EA# 18 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 |
| EA# 19 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 |
| EA# 20 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 |
| EA# 21 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 |
| EA# 22 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 |
| EA# 23 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 |
| EA# 24 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 |
| EA# 25 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 4 |
| EA# 26 | Mitanni king Tushratta to widow Tiy |
| EA# 27 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 4 |
| EA# 28 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 4 |
| EA# 29 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 4 |
| EA# 30 | Mitanni king to Palestine kings |
| EA# 31 | Amenhotep 3 to Arzawa king Tarhundaraba |
| EA# 32 | Arzawa king Tarhundaraba to Amenhotep 3(?) |
| EA# 33 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #1 |
| EA# 34 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #2 |
| EA# 35 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #3 |
| EA# 36 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #4 |
| EA# 37 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #5 |
| EA# 38 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #6 |
| EA# 39 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #7 |
| EA# 40 | Alashiya minister to Egypt minister |
| EA# 41 | Hittite king Suppiluliuma to Huria |
| EA# 42 | Hittite king to pharaoh |
| EA# 43 | Hittite king to pharaoh |
| EA# 44 | Hittite prince Zi[k]ar to pharaoh |
| EA# 45 | Ugarit king Mistu ... to pharaoh |
| EA# 46 | Ugarit king ... to king |
| EA# 47 | Ugarit king ... to king |
| EA# 48 | Ugarit queen ..[h]epa to pharaohs queen |
| EA# 49 | Ugarit king Niqm-Adda 2 to pharaoh |
| EA# 50 | woman to her mistress Bi... |
| EA#051 | Nuhasse king Addunirari to pharaoh |
| EA#052 | Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep 3 #1 |
| EA#053 | Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep 3 #2 |
| EA#054 | Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep 3 #3 |
| EA#055 | Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep 3 #4 |
| EA#056 | ... to king |
| EA#057 | ... |
| EA#058 | |
| EA#058 | Qatihutisupa to king(?) obverse |
| EA#059 | Tunip peoples to pharaoh |
| EA#060 | Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#061 | Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#062 | Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to Pahanate |
| EA#063 | Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#064 | Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#065 | Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#066 | --- to king |
| EA#067 | --- to king |
| EA#068 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#069 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Egypt official |
| EA#070 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#071 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Haia(?) |
| EA#072 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#073 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #1 |
| EA#074 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#075 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#076 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #6 |
| EA#077 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #2 |
| EA#078 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #7 |
| EA#079 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #8 |
| EA#080 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #9 |
| EA#081 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #10 |
| EA#082 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #3 |
| EA#083 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #11 |
| EA#084 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #12 |
| EA#085 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #13 |
| EA#086 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #4 |
| EA#087 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #5 |
| EA#088 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #14 |
| EA#089 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #15 |
| EA#090 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #16 |
| EA#091 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #17 |
| EA#092 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #18 |
| EA#093 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #6 |
| EA#094 | Gubla man to pharaoh |
| EA#095 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to chief |
| EA#096 | chief to Rib-Addi |
| EA#097 | Iapah-Addi to Sumu-Hadi |
| EA#098 | Iapah-Addi to Ianhamu |
| EA#099 | pharaoh to Ammia prince(?) |
| EA#100 | Irqata peoples |
| EA#1001 | Tagi to Lab-Aya |
| EA#101 | Gubla man to Egypt official |
| EA#102 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Ianhamu |
| EA#103 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #19 |
| EA#104 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #20 |
| EA#105 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #21 |
| EA#106 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #22 |
| EA#107 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #23 |
| EA#108 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #24 |
| EA#109 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #25 |
| EA#110 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #26 |
| EA#111 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #27 |
| EA#112 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #28 |
| EA#113 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Egypt official |
| EA#114 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #29 |
| EA#115 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #30 |
| EA#116 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #31 |
| EA#117 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #32 |
| EA#118 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #33 |
| EA#119 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #34 |
| EA#120 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #35 |
| EA#121 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #36 |
| EA#122 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #37 |
| EA#123 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #38 |
| EA#124 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #39 |
| EA#125 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #40 |
| EA#126 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #41 |
| EA#127 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #42 |
| EA#128 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #43 |
| EA#129 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #44 |
| EA#129 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #45 |
| EA#130 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #46 |
| EA#131 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #47 |
| EA#132 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #48 |
| EA#133 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #49 |
| EA#134 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #50 |
| EA#135 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #51 |
| EA#136 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #52 |
| EA#137 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #53 |
| EA#138 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #54 |
| EA#139 | Ilirabih & Gubla to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#140 | Ilirabih & Gubla to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#141 | Beruta king Ammunira to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#142 | Beruta king Ammunira to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#143 | Beruta king Ammunira to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#144 | Zidon king Zimriddi to pharaoh |
| EA#145 | Zimrida to an official |
| EA#146 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#147 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#148 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#149 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#150 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#151 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #6 |
| EA#152 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #7 |
| EA#153 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #8 |
| EA#154 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #9 |
| EA#155 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #10 |
| EA#156 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#157 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#158 | Amurru king Aziri to Dudu #1 |
| EA#159 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#160 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#161 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#162 | pharaoh to Amurra prince |
| EA#163 | pharaoh to ... |
| EA#164 | Amurru king Aziri to Dudu #2 |
| EA#165 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #6 |
| EA#166 | Amurru king Aziri to Hai |
| EA#167 | Amurru king Aziri to (Hai #2?) |
| EA#168 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #7 |
| EA#169 | Amurru son of Aziri to a Egypt official |
| EA#170 | Ba-Aluia & Battiilu |
| EA#171 | Amurru son of Aziri to pharaoh |
| EA#172 | --- |
| EA#173 | ... to king |
| EA#174 | Bieri of Hasabu |
| EA#175 | Ildaja of Hazi to king |
| EA#176 | Abdi-Risa |
| EA#177 | Guddasuna king Jamiuta |
| EA#178 | Hibija to a chief |
| EA#179 | ... to king |
| EA#180 | ... to king |
| EA#181 | ... to king |
| EA#182 | Mittani king Shuttarna to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#183 | Mittani king Shuttarna to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#184 | Mittani king Shuttarna to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#185 | Hazi king Majarzana to king |
| EA#186 | Majarzana of Hazi to king #2 |
| EA#187 | Satija of ... to king |
| EA#188 | ... to king |
| EA#189 | Qadesh mayor Etakkama |
| EA#190 | pharaoh to Qadesh mayor Etakkama(?) |
| EA#191 | Ruhiza king Arzawaija to king |
| EA#192 | Ruhiza king Arzawaija to king #2 |
| EA#193 | Dijate to king |
| EA#194 | Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #1 |
| EA#195 | Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #2 |
| EA#196 | Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #3 |
| EA#197 | Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #4 |
| EA#198 | Arahattu of Kumidi to king |
| EA#199 | ... the king |
| EA#200 | servant to king |
| EA#2001 | Sealants |
| EA#2002 | Sealants |
| EA#201 | Artemanja of Ziribasani to king |
| EA#202 | Amajase to king |
| EA#203 | Abdi-Milki of Sashimi |
| EA#204 | prince of Qanu to king |
| EA#205 | Gubbu prince to king |
| EA#206 | prince of Naziba to king |
| EA#207 | Ipteh ... to king |
| EA#208 | ... to Egypt official or king |
| EA#209 | Zisamimi to king |
| EA#210 | Zisamimi to Amenhotep 4 |
| EA#2100 | Carchemish king to Ugarit king Asukwari |
| EA#211 | Zitrijara to king #1 |
| EA#2110 | Ewiri-Shar to Plsy |
| EA#212 | Zitrijara to king #2 |
| EA#213 | Zitrijara to king #3 |
| EA#214 | ... to king |
| EA#215 | Baiawa to king #1 |
| EA#216 | Baiawa to king #2 |
| EA#217 | Ah... to king |
| EA#218 | ... to king |
| EA#219 | ... to king |
| EA#220 | Nukurtuwa of (?) Zunu to king |
| EA#221 | Wiktazu to king #1 |
| EA#222 | pharaoh to Intaruda |
| EA#222 | Wiktazu to king #2 |
| EA#223 | Enguta to king |
| EA#224 | Sum-Adda to king |
| EA#225 | Sum-Adda of Samhuna to king |
| EA#226 | Sipturi_ to king |
| EA#227 | Hazor king |
| EA#228 | Hazor king Abdi-Tirsi |
| EA#229 | Abdi-na-... to king |
| EA#230 | Iama to king |
| EA#231 | ... to king |
| EA#232 | Acco king Zurata to pharaoh |
| EA#233 | Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#234 | Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#235 | Zitatna to king |
| EA#236 | ... to king |
| EA#237 | Bajadi to king |
| EA#238 | Bajadi |
| EA#239 | Baduzana |
| EA#240 | ... to king |
| EA#241 | Rusmania to king |
| EA#242 | Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#243 | Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#244 | Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#245 | Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#246 | Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#247 | Megiddo king Biridija or Jasdata |
| EA#248 | Jasdata to king |
| EA#248 | Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh |
| EA#249 | |
| EA#249 | Addu-Ur-sag to king |
| EA#250 | Addu-Ur-sag to king |
| EA#2500 | Shechem |
| EA#251 | ... to Egypt official |
| EA#252 | Labaja to king |
| EA#253 | Labaja to king |
| EA#254 | Labaja to king |
| EA#255 | Mut-Balu or Mut-Bahlum to king |
| EA#256 | Mut-Balu to Ianhamu |
| EA#257 | Balu-Mihir to king #1 |
| EA#258 | Balu-Mihir to king #2 |
| EA#259 | Balu-Mihir to king #3 |
| EA#260 | Balu-Mihir to king #4 |
| EA#261 | Dasru to king #1 |
| EA#262 | Dasru to king #2 |
| EA#263 | ... to lord |
| EA#264 | Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#265 | Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#266 | Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#267 | Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#268 | Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#269 | Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#270 | Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#271 | Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#272 | Sum. .. to king |
| EA#273 | Ba-Lat-Nese to king |
| EA#274 | Ba-Lat-Nese to king #2 |
| EA#275 | Iahazibada to king #1 |
| EA#276 | Iahazibada to king #2 |
| EA#277 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#278 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#279 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#280 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#281 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#282 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#283 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #6 |
| EA#284 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #7 |
| EA#285 | Jerusalem king Abdi-Hiba to pharaoh |
| EA#286 | Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh |
| EA#287 | Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh |
| EA#288 | Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh |
| EA#289 | Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh |
| EA#290 | Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh |
| EA#290 | Qiltu king Suwardata to king |
| EA#291 | ... to ... |
| EA#292 | Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#293 | Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#294 | Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#295 | |
| EA#295 | Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#296 | Gaza king Iahtiri |
| EA#297 | Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#298 | Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#299 | Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#300 | Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#301 | Subandu to king #1 |
| EA#302 | Subandu to king #2 |
| EA#303 | Subandu to king #3 |
| EA#304 | Subandu to king #4 |
| EA#305 | Subandu to king #5 |
| EA#306 | Subandu to king #6 |
| EA#307 | ... to king |
| EA#308 | ... to king |
| EA#309 | ... to king |
| EA#310 | ... to king |
| EA#311 | ... to king |
| EA#312 | ... to king |
| EA#313 | ... to king |
| EA#314 | Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#315 | Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#316 | Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh |
| EA#317 | Dagantakala to king #1 |
| EA#318 | Dagantakala to king #2 |
| EA#319 | Ahtirumna king Zurasar to king |
| EA#320 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#321 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#322 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#323 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#324 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#325 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #6 |
| EA#326 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #7 |
| EA#327 | ... the king |
| EA#328 | Lakis mayor Iabniilu to pharaoh |
| EA#329 | Lakis king Zimridi to pharaoh |
| EA#330 | Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#331 | Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#332 | Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#333 | Ebi to a prince |
| EA#334 | ---dih of Zuhra [-?] to king |
| EA#335 | --- [of Z]uhr[u] to king |
| EA#336 | Hiziri to king #1 |
| EA#337 | Hiziri to king #2 |
| EA#338 | Zi. .. to king |
| EA#339 | ... to king |
| EA#340 | ... |
| EA#341 | ... |
| EA#342 | ... |
| EA#356 | myth of Adapa and the South Wind |
| EA#357 | myth the Ereskigal and Nergal |
| EA#358 | myth fragments |
| EA#359 | myth Epic of king of Battle |
| EA#360 | ... |
| EA#361 | ... |
| EA#364 | Aiab to king |
| EA#365 | Megiddo king Biridiya to pharaoh |
| EA#367 | pharaoh to Endaruta of Akshapa |
| EA#xxx | Amenhotep 3 to Milkili |
| H#3100 | Tell el-Hesi |
| P#3200 | Pella prince Mut-Balu to Yanhamu |
| P#3210 | Lion Woman to king |
| T#3002 | Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa |
| T#3005 | Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa |
| T#3006 | Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa |
| U#4001 | Ugarit king Niqmaddu |
脚注
編集注釈
編集出典
編集参考文献
編集- William L. Moran『The Amarna Letters』Johns Hopkins Univ、1992年。ISBN 0801842514。
- 吉村作治編著『古代エジプトを知る事典』東京堂出版、2005年。ISBN 4490106629。
- 吉村作治監修、ピーター・クレイトン『古代エジプト ファラオ歴代誌』創元社、2006年。ISBN 4422215124。
- Tel Aviv University. “Mineralogical and Chemical Study of the Amarna Tablets” (英語). 2010年4月15日閲覧。
- 地中海学会. “地中海学会月報No250 - 直江千寿子『最古の国際外交書簡』”. 2010年4月15日閲覧。