트란스요르단 토후국

트란스요르단 토후국
트란스요르단 토후국
아랍어: إمارة شرق الأردن; Imārat Sharq al-Urdun
	국기; (1928년 ~ 1939년) 문장
	; 토후국이 관리하는 지역
수도	암만
정치
정치체제	절대군주제
에미르; 1921년 ~ 1946년; 영국 대표; 1921년 4월 ~ 1921년 10월; 1921년 10월 ~ 1921년 11월; 1921년 11월 ~ 1924년 4월; 1924년 4월 ~ 1939년 3월; 1939년 3월 ~ 1946년 6월 17일	; 압둘라 1세; ; 알버트 에이브람슨; T. E. 로런스; 해리 세인트 존 필비; 헨리 포트넘 콕스; 알렉 커크브라이드
역사
• 카이로 회담; • 대관식; • 독립 발표; • 앵글로-트란스요르단 조약; • 왕국으로 지위 상승; • 완전한 독립	전간기; • 1921년 3월; • 1921년 4월 11일; • 1923년 4월 25일; • 1928년 2월 20일; • 1946년 3월 22일; • 1946년 5월 25일
인문
공용어	아랍어
기타
현재 국가	요르단; 이스라엘; 팔레스타인

트란스요르단 토후국(아랍어: إمارة شرق الأردن, Imārat Sharq al-Urdun)은 1921년 4월에 영국의 보호국으로 설립되었다. 카이로 회담을 따라, 인근의 위임통치령 이라크처럼 보호국으로 지배받았다. 영토는 공식적으로 영국 위임통치령 팔레스타인의 지배를 받았지만, 완전히 위임통치령 팔레스타인의 자주적인 정치 체계를 갖추었다. 1946년, 토후국은 독립국이 되었다. 왕국은 요르단 하심 왕국으로 국호를 변경했다.

역사

배경

오스만 제국 아래, 트란스요르단은 대부분이 시리아 주에 속해 있었지만 역사적, 문화적, 정치적으로는 완전히 달랐다.

요단 강 동쪽에 사는 사람들과 서쪽에 사는 사람들 사이에는 광범위한 기존의 문화, 언어, 종교적인 유대가 있었다.^[1]하지만 북부 요르단의 주민들은 전통적으로 시리아와 관련 있었고, 남부 요르단의 주민들은 아라비아 반도와 관련이 깊었다.

제1차 세계대전 동안, 트란스요르단은 오스만의 통치에 대항하여 일어난 아랍 반란에 관련된 대다수의 전투를 겪었다. 영국군 장교 토머스 에드워드 로런스의 도움으로, 메카의 셰리프인 후세인 빈 알리는 오스만의 타도와 오스만 제국이 멸망하는데 일조한 반란을 성공적으로 이끌었다.

영국 식민지의 설립

1916년의 사이크스-피코 비밀협정으로 트란스 요르단은 영국의 식민지가 되었다.^[2]

1920년 3월, 이라크의 파이살 1세는 다마스쿠스에서 시리아 하심 왕국이 설립됐다는 공표를 했다. 이 시점에서, 트란스요르단 남부는 헤자즈 하심 왕국에 속하게 되었다. 그 해 4월 산 레모에서 프랑스와 영국에게 위임 통치권에 관한 조항이 생겨서, 영국은 요르단 서부를 맡은 동시에 팔레스타인에 고등 판무를 임명했으며, 프랑스는 메이살룬 전투를 통해 시리아 왕국을 멸망시켰다. 그로 인해 트란스요르단은 잠깐이었지만 노 맨스 랜드가 되었다.^[2]^[3]

1920년 8월, 허버트 사무엘 경은 영국 영토의 경계를 요르단강 넘어까지 확장하고, 트란스요르단을 그가 관리 통제하도록 하자는 요청을 했으나 거절되었다. 영국 외무장관 커존 경은 그 대신 영국이 트란스요르단에 영향을 주기 위해 주재관을 보내는 것은 자치 정부를 장려하고 그 영토의 지방 지도자들에게 충고를 하기 위해서 군의 호위 없이 진행해야만 한다고 제청했다. 커존의 지시에 따라, 사무엘은 영토에 대한 영국의 계획을 나타내기 위해 트란스요르단의 지도자들과 회담을 마련했다. 지방 지도자들은 트란스요르단은 팔레스타인 행정 아래 들어가지 않음과 그들이 군비축소 또는 징병하지 않겠다는 것을 보장받았다. 사무엘의 조건은 수락되었고, 대위 알렉 커크브라이드를 두고 사무엘은 예루살렘으로 돌아갔다. 자리에서 물러났지만 이전에 300명의 군대의 수장으로서 마안으로 행진했던 파이살 왕의, 형인 압둘라가 1920년 11월 21일에 출현하기 전까지 알렉 커크브라이드는 요르단 동부의 영국 대표로 있었다.^[4]^[5] 압둘라 1세와 그의 군대는 마주치는 적 없이 사실상 트란스요르단의 대부분을 1921년 3월까지 점령해 나갔다.^[6]^[7]

같이 보기

각주

↑ Y. Ben Gad (1991) p 105
↑ ^가 ^나 Peter Gruber, (1991) Historical Dictionary of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan p 45-46.
↑ Norman Bentwich, England in Palestine, p51, "The High Commissioner had ... only been in office a few days when Emir Faisal ... had to flee his kingdom" and "The departure of Faisal and the breaking up of the Emirate of Syria left the territory on the east side of Jordan in a puzzling state of detachment. It was for a time no-man's-land. In the Ottoman regime the territory was attached to the Vilayet of Damascus; under the Military Administration it had been treated a part of the eastern occupied territory which was governed from Damascus; but it was now impossible that that subordination should continue, and its natural attachment was with Palestine. The territory was, indeed, included in the Mandated territory of Palestine, but difficult issues were involved as to application there of the clauses of the Mandate concerning the Jewish National Home. The undertakings given to the Arabs as to the autonomous Arab region included the territory. Lastly, His Majesty's Government were unwilling to embark on any definite commitment, and vetoed any entry into the territory by the troops. The Arabs were therefore left to work out their destiny."
↑ Avi Shlaim (2007) p 11
↑ Martin Sicker, (1999) Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922 p 158.
↑ Wilson, Mary (1990). King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan. p. 48. Retrieved 26 February 2012. "Abdullah’s arrival in Ma’an on 21 November threatened to disrupt Samuel’s cosy arrangement. According to reports, Abdullah had a force of 300 men and six machine guns."
↑ Sicker, Martin (1999). Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922. pp. 159–161. Retrieved 26 February 2012. "In January 1921, it was reported in Kerak that Abdullah was advancing toward the town at the head of his army. Kirkbride appealed to Samuel for instructions. The political officer had a total force of only fifty Arab policemen at his disposal and quite simply did not know what to do. Several weeks later he received the following reply from Jerusalem: “It is considered most unlikely that the Emir Abdullah would advance into territory which is under British control... Two days later Abdullah’s troops marched into British-controlled Moab. Unable to stop him, Kirkbride decided to welcome him instead. With Abdullah’s arrival the National Government of Moab went out of existence. Buoyed by his easy success, he decided to proceed to Amman. By the end of March 1921 Abdullah and his small army had effectively occupied most of Trans-Jordan unopposed... There seemed to be only two options. Either the British army had to be sent in to evict him or the French had to be allowed to cross the frontier to accomplish the task. Both courses of action were considered to be completely unacceptable. The government was simply not prepared to go to the expense of sending an army to fight in a territory of such marginal importance as Trans-Jordan, and it was equally inconceivable that British policy would permit French intervention and occupation of the area. There was, however, another alternative, which was suggested by Churchill. He observed that it was most important that the government of Trans-Jordan be compatible with that of Iraq because British strategy called for a direct overland link between Egypt and the Persian Gulf, which would have to cross both territories. Since in the meantime Feisal had been given the throne of Iraq, it might well serve British purposes to make his brother, Abdullah, ruler of Trans-Jordan or to appoint an indigenous leader approved by him."

참고 문헌

Wasserstein, Bernard (2004). Israel and Palestine: Why They Fight and Can They Stop?. Profile Books. ISBN 1-86197-534-1

외부 링크

Jordan – History: The making of Transjordan, King Hussein's official page
U.S. Library of Congress country study

[1] Y. Ben Gad (1991) p 105

[sugeun-2] 가 ^나 Peter Gruber, (1991) Historical Dictionary of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan p 45-46.

[3] Norman Bentwich, England in Palestine, p51, "The High Commissioner had ... only been in office a few days when Emir Faisal ... had to flee his kingdom" and "The departure of Faisal and the breaking up of the Emirate of Syria left the territory on the east side of Jordan in a puzzling state of detachment. It was for a time no-man's-land. In the Ottoman regime the territory was attached to the Vilayet of Damascus; under the Military Administration it had been treated a part of the eastern occupied territory which was governed from Damascus; but it was now impossible that that subordination should continue, and its natural attachment was with Palestine. The territory was, indeed, included in the Mandated territory of Palestine, but difficult issues were involved as to application there of the clauses of the Mandate concerning the Jewish National Home. The undertakings given to the Arabs as to the autonomous Arab region included the territory. Lastly, His Majesty's Government were unwilling to embark on any definite commitment, and vetoed any entry into the territory by the troops. The Arabs were therefore left to work out their destiny."

[4] Avi Shlaim (2007) p 11

[5] Martin Sicker, (1999) Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922 p 158.

[6] Wilson, Mary (1990). King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan. p. 48. Retrieved 26 February 2012. "Abdullah’s arrival in Ma’an on 21 November threatened to disrupt Samuel’s cosy arrangement. According to reports, Abdullah had a force of 300 men and six machine guns."

[7] Sicker, Martin (1999). Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922. pp. 159–161. Retrieved 26 February 2012. "In January 1921, it was reported in Kerak that Abdullah was advancing toward the town at the head of his army. Kirkbride appealed to Samuel for instructions. The political officer had a total force of only fifty Arab policemen at his disposal and quite simply did not know what to do. Several weeks later he received the following reply from Jerusalem: “It is considered most unlikely that the Emir Abdullah would advance into territory which is under British control... Two days later Abdullah’s troops marched into British-controlled Moab. Unable to stop him, Kirkbride decided to welcome him instead. With Abdullah’s arrival the National Government of Moab went out of existence. Buoyed by his easy success, he decided to proceed to Amman. By the end of March 1921 Abdullah and his small army had effectively occupied most of Trans-Jordan unopposed... There seemed to be only two options. Either the British army had to be sent in to evict him or the French had to be allowed to cross the frontier to accomplish the task. Both courses of action were considered to be completely unacceptable. The government was simply not prepared to go to the expense of sending an army to fight in a territory of such marginal importance as Trans-Jordan, and it was equally inconceivable that British policy would permit French intervention and occupation of the area. There was, however, another alternative, which was suggested by Churchill. He observed that it was most important that the government of Trans-Jordan be compatible with that of Iraq because British strategy called for a direct overland link between Egypt and the Persian Gulf, which would have to cross both territories. Since in the meantime Feisal had been given the throne of Iraq, it might well serve British purposes to make his brother, Abdullah, ruler of Trans-Jordan or to appoint an indigenous leader approved by him."

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