Fontem paginae Albertus Einstein inspicere

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[[Fasciculus:Albert Einstein (Nobel).png|thumb|upright=0.8|Albertus Einstein.]]
'''Albertus Einstein''' ([[14 Martii]] [[1879]]—[[18 Aprilis]] [[1955]]) fuit [[philosophus]] [[natura]]lis et [[physica|rerum physicarum]] investigator [[Germania|Germanus]], qui anno [[1921]] [[praemium Nobelianum physicae|Praemio Nobeliano Physicae]] laureatus est.

== Annus mirabilis et opera eius ==
[[Fasciculus:Niels Bohr Albert Einstein by Ehrenfest.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Albertus Einstein et [[Nicolaus Bohr]].]]
Einstein, unus e [[physicus|physicis]] maximi momenti [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]], operibus de {{Creanda|en|Theoretical physics|physica theoretica}} conscriptis nos [[natura|rem naturam]] novo quodam modo intellegere docuit. Anno mirabili [[1905]], publicos fecit quattuor libellos.<ref>Vide pagina Anglice [[:en:Annus Mirabilis Papers]].</ref> Duo ex eis, ''De corporum moventium electrodynamica''<ref>[[Theodisce]] ''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper.''</ref> et ''Pendetne inertia corporis in sua energia?''<ref>Theodisce "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energiegehalt abhängig?": [http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/ A. Einstein, "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper," ''Annalen der Physik'' (1905) 17: 891-921]; [http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/ A. Einstein, "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energiegehalt abhängig?" ''Annalen der Physik'' (1905) 18: 639-641; et vide [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html Lectura Praemii Nobilici Alberti Einstein, "Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity."]</ref> totum [[spatitempus|spatii temporisque]] intellectum refecerunt, ex quo [[relativitas specialis]] evoluta est. Alius libellus fuit ''De motu particulae parvae in fluido statario suspensae quem theoria cinetica calorica molecularis requirit''<ref>Theodisce "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen": "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt", ''Annalen der Physik'' (1905) 17: 132-148; [https://web.archive.org/web/20090305023237/http://lorentz.phl.jhu.edu/AnnusMirabilis/AeReserveArticles/eins_brownian.pdf Anglice] vel
[https://web.archive.org/web/20060318060724/http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/papers/1905_17_549-560.pdf Theodisce].</ref>
qui [[exsistentia]]m [[atomus|atomorum]] [[molecula]]rumque statuit. Libellus titulo ''De perspectiva heuristica circa productionem et transformationem lucis''<ref>Theodisce "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt": https://web.archive.org/web/20080423195339/http://dbserv.ihep.su/~elan/src/einstein05/eng.pdf A. Einstein, "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt", ''Annalen der Physik'' (1905) 17: 132-148.]</ref> {{Creanda|en|Photoelectric effect|Effectus photoelectricus|effectum photoelectricum}} explicavit, propter quam anno [[1921]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Physicae|Praemio Nobeliano]] laureatus est. 

Einstein multa alia magni momenti opera [[scientia (ratio)|scientifica]] fecit. Anno [[1915]], suum [[magnum opus]] de [[relativitas generalis|relativitate generali]] edidit, quod [[theoria]]m [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]] praesentat, forma relativitatis congruente.<ref>Albert Einstein, "Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation (The Field Equations of Gravitation)," ''Koniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften'' 844-847 (1915).</ref>

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Einstein_Albert_Elsa_LOC_32096u.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Albertus et Elsa.]]
[[Fasciculus:Citizen-Einstein.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Einstein civis [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] anno [[1940]] fit.]]
Albertus [[filius]] Arminii Einstein et Paulinae [[uxor]]is [[Ulma]]e in [[Virtembergia]], [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] origine, anno [[1879]] natus est. [[Familia]] [[Monachium]] anno [[1880]] migraverat, quo loco [[pater]] et [[avunculus]] Alberti quandam officinam condiderant. Anno [[1881]], Maria Alberti [[soror]] nata est.

Albertum [[puer]]um virum illustrissimum esse futurum providit nemo. Prima enim verba [[tres]] annos natus locutus est; tamen discipulus bonus erat. Anno [[1884]], [[viola]] canere didicit. Quattuor annis post in Gymnasio Luitpoldino [[litterae|litteris]] [[ars|artibusque]] trivii institutus est.

Annos ab [[1896]] ad [[1905]] [[Schola Superior Polytechnica Foederalis Turicensis|universitatem ETH]] in [[Helvetia]] astitit, ubi Milevam Marić cognovit, quae in [[matrimonium]] anno [[1903]] duxit. Anno [[1905]], edita [[dissertatio]]ne in [[Schola Superior Polytechnica Foederalis Turicensis|Universitate Turiciana]] ad gradum [[doctor]]is [[res naturales|rerum naturalium]] promotus est.

Postea cursus academicus suus progressus est cum positiones{{dubsig}} [[Berna]]e, [[Praga]]e, [[Turicum|Turici]], et in [[Germania]] sumpsit. Anno [[1919]], [[divortium]] cum Mileva fecit, et Elsam Löwenthal in [[matrimonium]] duxit.

Anno [[1932]], Einstein, [[fascismus|fascismi]] [[timor|metu]], gliscentis commotus in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] consedit, neque umquam in Germaniam revertit, quia in patria eius die [[30 Ianuarii]] [[1933]] [[Adolfus Hitler]] ad summam rerum accessit, et [[lex|legibus]] novis inauditisque ferendis gentem [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] opprimere coepit.

==Opera ==
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|year = [[1901]]
|title = Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen<!--(Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity)-->
|periodical = Annalen der Physik
|volume = 4
|page = 513
|doi = 10.1002/andp.19013090306
|bibcode = 1901AnP...309..513E
|issue = 3 }}
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|year = [[1905]]a
|title = Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt (On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light)
|journal=Annalen der Physik
|volume = 17
|pages = 132–148
|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053220607
|url = http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_132-148.pdf
|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..132E
|issue = 6 }}<!-- This annus mirabilis paper on the photoelectric effect was received by ''Annalen der Physik'' 18 March.-->
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein|first=Albert|year=[[1905]]b
|title = A new determination of molecular dimensions
}}.<!--This PhD thesis was completed 30 April and submitted 20 July.-->
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|year = [[1905]]c
|title = On the Motion&nbsp;– Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat&nbsp;– of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid
|journal=Annalen der Physik
|volume = 17
|pages = 549–560
|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..549E |doi = 10.1002/andp.19053220806
|issue = 8 }}.<!--This annus mirabilis paper on Brownian motion was received 11 May.-->
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|year = [[1905]]d
|title = On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
|journal=Annalen der Physik
|volume = 17
|pages = 891–921
|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..891E |doi = 10.1002/andp.19053221004
|issue = 10 }}. This annus mirabilis paper on special relativity was received 30 June.
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein|first=Albert
|year=[[1905]]e
|title = Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?
|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=18|pages=639–641
|bibcode = 1905AnP...323..639E |doi = 10.1002/andp.19053231314
|issue = 13 }}. This annus mirabilis paper on mass-energy equivalence was received 27 September.
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|title = Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation (The Field Equations of Gravitation)
|journal=Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften
|pages = 844–847
|year = [[1915]]
}}
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|title = Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity)
|journal=Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften
|year = [[1917]]a
}}
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|title = Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Mechanics of Radiation)
|journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift
|volume = 18
|pages = 121–128
|year = [[1917]]b
|bibcode = 1917PhyZ...18..121E }}
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|date = 11 Iulii [[1923]]
|contribution = Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity
|title = Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921
|publisher=Elsevier Publishing Company
|place = Amstelodami
|url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-lecture.pdf
|accessdate =25 Martii 2007
}}
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|title = Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases (Quantum theory of monatomic ideal gases)
|journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse
|pages = 261–267
|year = [[1924]]
}}. Primus ex serie commentariorum de hac re.
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|title = Die Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flussläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes
|journal=Die Naturwissenschaften
|pages = 223–224
|year = [[1926]]
|doi = 10.1007/BF01510300
|volume = 14
|bibcode = 1926NW.....14..223E
|issue = 11 }}. On [[Baer's law]] and [[meander]]s in the courses of rivers.
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|last2 = Podolsky
|first2 = Boris
|last3 = Rosen
|first3 = Nathan
|title = Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?
|journal=Physical Review
|issue = 10
|volume = 47
|pages = 777–780
|date = 15 Maii [[1935]]
|doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.47.777
|ref = {{harvid|Einstein|1935}}
|bibcode = 1935PhRv...47..777E }}
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|title = On Science and Religion
|journal=Nature
|volume = 146
|year = [[1940]]
|doi = 10.1038/146605a0
|page = 605
|isbn = 0707304539
|publisher=Scottish Academic
|location = Edimburgi
|bibcode = 1940Natur.146..605E
|issue = 3706 }}
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert ''et&nbsp;al.''
|title = To the editors
|newspaper=New York Times
|date = 4 Decembris [[1948]]
|url = http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/NYTimes1948.html
|isbn = 0735403597
|publisher=AIP, American Inst. of Physics
|location = Melville Novi Eboraci
}}
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|title = Why Socialism?
|magazine = Monthly Review
|date = Maius [[1949]]
|url = http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm
|accessdate =16 Ianuarii 2006
}}
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|title = On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation
|journal=Scientific American
|volume = 182
|issue = 4
|pages = 13–17
|year = [[1950]]
}}
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|title = Ideas and Opinions
|place = Novi Eboraci
|publisher=Random House
|year = [[1954]]
|isbn = 0517003937
}}
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|title = Albert Einstein, Hedwig und Max Born: Briefwechsel 1916–1955
|publisher=Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung
|year = 1969
|location = Munich
|language = Theodisce
|isbn = 388682005X
}}
* {{Citation
|last = Einstein
|first = Albert
|edition = Centennial
|title = Autobiographical Notes
|year = [[1979]]
|place = Sicagi
|publisher=Open Court
|isbn = 0875483526
|others = Paul Arthur Schilpp
}}. The ''chasing a light beam'' thought experiment is described on pages 48–51.
* Collected Papers: {{Citation
|author=John Stachel, Martin J. Klein, A. J. Kox, Michel Janssen, R. Schulmann, Diana Komos Buchwald and others (eds.)
|year = [[1987]]–[[2006]]
|title = The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 1–10
|publisher=Princeton University Press
|url=http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/writings.html#papers
}}

== Notae ==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

== Bibliographia ==
*Brian, Denis. 1996. ''Einstein: a life''. Cicestriae: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-11459-6
*Fölsing, Albrecht. [[1997]]. ''Albert Einstein: A Biography.'' Novi Eboraci: Penguin Viking. Conversus ex Theodisca ab Ewald Osers.
*Highfield, Roger, et Paul Carter. [[1993]]. ''The Private Lives of Albert Einstein.'' Londinii: Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571167449.
*Hoffmann, Banesh, cum Helen Dukas. [[1972]]. ''Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel.'' Londinii: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon Ltd.
*Isaacson, Walter [[2007]]. ''Einstein: His Life and Universe.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. ISBN 9780743264730.
*Moring, Gary. [[2004]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=875TTxildJ0C&dq=idiots+guide+to+einstein&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=W9rxRk0Ukn&sig=gbJach7BrzngSiFjODx95k8e1DU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result The complete idiot's guide to understanding Einstein]'' (ed. 1a, 2000). Indianapoli Indianae: Alpha books (Macmillan USA). ISBN 0028631803.
*[[Robertus Oppenheimer|Oppenheimer, J. R.]] [[1971]]. On Albert Einstein. In ''Science and synthesis: an international colloquium organized by Unesco on the tenth anniversary of the death of Albert Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin,'' 8–12. Acroasis habita in UNESCO House Lutetiae die 13 Decembris 1965. Springer-Verlag. Etiam divulgatus in ''The New York Review of Books,'' 17 Martii 1966. [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1966/mar/17/on-albert-einstein/?pagination=false On Albert Einstein by Robert Oppenheimer]
*Pais, Abraham. [[1982]]. ''Subtle is the Lord: The science and the life of Albert Einstein.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
*Pais, Abraham [[1994]]. ''Einstein Lived Here.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
*Parker, Barry [[2000]]. ''Einstein's Brainchild.'' Prometheus Books.
*Schweber, Sylvan S. [[2008]]. ''Einstein and Oppenheimer: The Meaning of Genius.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettiae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674028289.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Albert Einstein|Albertum Einstein}}
* {{Citation|year=1997 |month= Aprilr |publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland |title = The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Einstein.html}}
* ''[http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einstein.php Why Socialism?]'' by Albert Einstein, ''Monthly Review'', May 1949
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150315104758/http://www.shapell.org/exhibitions.aspx?einstein-original-letters-in-aid-of-his-brethren Einstein's Personal Correspondence: Religion, Politics, The Holocaust, and Philosophy] Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* [http://vault.fbi.gov/Albert%20Einstein Documenta FBI de Alberto Einstein,] apud vault.fbi.gov
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html Biographia Alberti Einstein,] apud nobelprize.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110310075603/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/41492/the-einstein-you-never-knew "The Einstein You Never Knew,"] photogrammata in ''[[Life]]''
* [http://www.history.com/topics/albert-einstein Albertus Einstein] apud history.com
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bpeins.html "Science Odyssey People And Discoveries,"] apud pbs.org
* [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/science-technology-and-society/sts-042j-einstein-oppenheimer-feynman-physics-in-the-20th-century-spring-2006/ MIT OpenCourseWare STS.042J/8.225J: Einstein, Oppenheimer, Feynman: Physics in the 20th century,] apud ocw.mit.edu

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Crux Einsteiniana]]
* [[E=mc²]]
* [[Michael Besso]]
* [[Maximilianus Planck]]
* ''[[Rebutia einsteinii]],'' [[cactus]] ex Einstein appellatus
* [[Relativitas specialis]]
* [[Relativitas generalis]]
* [[2001 Einstein]]
{{div col end}}

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}

{{Lifetime|1879|1955|Einstein, Albertus}}
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