Wikipedia

Gandum kuda

Gandum kuda atau gandum hitam atau buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) ialah tumbuhan yang ditanam untuk bijirinnya dan juga sebagai tanaman penutup bumi. Untuk membezakannya dari spesis berkaitan, Fagopyrum tataricum yang ditanam sebagai bijian di Pergunungan Himalaya, dan dari spesis yang kurang ditanam Fagopyrum acutatum, ia juga dikenali sebagai gandum kuda Jepun[2] atau gandum kuda silverhull.[2]

Buckwheat
Fagopyrum esculentum
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam:
Plantae
(tanpa pangkat):
Angiosperms
(tanpa pangkat):
Eudicots
(tanpa pangkat):
Core eudicots
Order:
Caryophyllales
Keluarga:
Polygonaceae
Genus:
Fagopyrum
Spesies:
F. esculentum
Nama binomial
Fagopyrum esculentum
Sinonim[1]
  • Fagopyrum cereale Raf.
  • Fagopyrum dryandrii Fenzl
  • Fagopyrum emarginatum (Roth) Meisn.
  • Fagopyrum emarginatum Moench
  • Fagopyrum fagopyrum (L.) H.Karst. nom. inval.
  • Fagopyrum polygonum Macloskie nom. illeg.
  • Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib. nom. inval.
  • Fagopyrum sarracenicum Dumort.
  • Fagopyrum vulgare Hill ex Druce nom. inval.
  • Fagopyrum vulgare T.Nees
  • Polygonum emarginatum Roth
  • Polygonum fagopyrum L.
Ladang gandum kuda di Bumthang (Bhutan)

Walaupun namanya begitu, gandum kuda ini tiada kaitan dengan gandum kerana ia bukan spesis rumput. Malah, gandum kuda ini mempunyai kaitan dengan sorrel, knotweed, dan rubarb. Disebabkan benihnya dimakan, ia dirujuk sebagai bijirin pseudo.

Penanaman bijian gandum kuda menurun dengan mendadak pada abad ke-20 dengan penggunaan baja nitrogen yang meningkatkan produktiviti tanaman ruji lain.

Penghasilan kini

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Anggaran pengeluaran dunia Pertubuhan Makanan dan Pertanian PBB tahun 2013

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Negara Luas tuaian (ha) Pengeluaran (tan)
  Russia 905,911 833,936
  China 705,000 733,000
  Kazakhstan 202,008 276,840
  Ukraine 168,400 179,020
  USA 77,500 81,000
  Poland 70,384 90,874
  Jepun 61,400 33,400
  Brazil 48,000 62,000
  Perancis 44,500 154,800
  Belarus 31,403 30,353
  Lithuania 30,500 28,200
  Nepal 10,681 10,056
  Tanzania 10,500 10,500
  Latvia 9,800 10,800
  Bhutan 3,000 4,500
  Korea 2,392 1,923
  Slovenia 1,401 1,052
  Republik Czech 1,000 2,400
  Bosnia dan Herzegovina 633 977
  Afrika Selatan 630 250
  Estonia 600 400
  Croatia 190 390
  Hungary 110 110
  Georgia 100 100
  Slovakia 92 68
  Republik Moldova 61 40
  Kyrgyzstan 26 25

Komposisi kimia

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Gandum kuda masak

Biji

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Kanji
  • 71–78% dalam bentuk bijirin nyahkulit
  • 70–91% dalam bentuk pelbagai jenis tepung[3][4][5]
  • Kanji sebanyak 25% amilosa dan 75% amilopektin.
  • Bergantung kepada tindak balas hidroterma, gandum kuda nyahbijirin mengandungi 7–37% kanji tahan.
Protein
  • Protein mentah sebanyak 18%, dengan nilai biologi melebihi 90%.[6] Ini boleh diterangkan dengan kepekatan tinggi semua asid amino penting,[7] terutamanya lisina, treonina, triptofan, dan asid amino yang mengandungi sulfur.[8]
Galian
Antioksida dalan bentuk fenolik
Sebatian beraroma

salisilaldehid (2-hidroksibenzaldehid) dikenalpasti sebagai komponen aroma gandum kuda.[13] 2,5-dimetil-4-hidroksi-3(2H)-furanon, (E,E)-2,4-dekadienal, fenilasetaldehid, 2-metoksi-4-vinilfenol, (E)-2-nonenal, dekanal dan heksanal juga menyumbang kepada aroma. Kesemuanya mempunyai nilai aktiviti bau melebihi 50, tetapi aroma bahan ini dalam keadaan terasing dan tidak menyerupai gandum kuda.[14]

Terbitan Inositol

Fagopiritol A1 dan fagopiritol B1 (isomer mono-galaktosil D-kiro-inositol), fagopyritol A2 dan fagopyritol B2 (isomer di-galaktosil D-kiro-inositol), dan fagopyritol B3 (tri-galaktosil D-kiro-inositol)[15]

Herba

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Antioksidan
Fagopirin

Kegunaannya

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  •  
    Kuttu ke Pakore, snek daripada tepung gandum kuda di India
  •  
    Teh gandum kuda hitam (黑苦荞茶) dihasilkan di Wilayah Sichuan, China
  •  
    Mi soba yang diperbuat daripada tepung gandum kuda
  •  
    Naengmyeon, mi sup sejuk Korea diperbuat daripada tepung gandum kuda
  •  
    Lempeng tempung gandum kuda

Lihat juga

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  • Eriogonum, genus tumbuhan liar Amerika Utara yang juga dikenali sebagai buckwheat.

Rujukan

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  1. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Dicapai pada 3 October 2014.
  2. ^ a b "USDA GRIN Taxonomy". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2015-09-24. Dicapai pada 16 December 2014.
  3. ^ Skrabanja V, Kreft I, Golob T, Modic M, Ikeda S, Ikeda K, Kreft S, Bonafaccia G, Knapp M, Kosmelj K. (2004). "Nutrient content in buckwheat milling fractions". Cereal Chemistry. 81 (2): 172–176. doi:10.1094/CCHEM.2004.81.2.172.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Skrabanja V, Laerke HN, Kreft I (September 1998). "Effects of hydrothermal processing of buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) groats on starch enzymatic availability in vitro and in vivo in rats". Journal of Cereal Science. 28 (2): 209–214. doi:10.1006/jcrs.1998.0200.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Skrabanja V, Elmstahl HGML, Kreft I, Bjorck IME (January 2001). "Nutritional properties of starch in buckwheat products: Studies in vitro and in vivo". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (1): 490–496. doi:10.1021/jf000779w. PMID 11170616.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Eggum BO, Kreft I, Javornik B (1980). "Chemical-Composition and Protein-Quality of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)". Qualitas Plantarum Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 30 (3–4): 175–9. doi:10.1007/BF01094020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "Buckwheat Profile - Agricultural Marketing Resource Center". Agmrc.org. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2013-11-14. Dicapai pada 2013-11-24.
  8. ^ Bonafaccia G, Marocchini M, Kreft I (2003). "Composition and technological properties of the flour and bran from common and tartary buckwheat". Food Chemistry. 80 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00228-5.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ S. Ikeda, Y. Yamashita and I. Kreft (2000). "Essential mineral composition of buckwheat flour fractions". Fagopyrum. 17: 57–61.
  10. ^ Bonafaccia, L. Gambelli, N. Fabjan and I. Kreft (October 2003). "Trace elements in flour and bran from common and tartary buckwheat". Food Chemistry. 83 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00228-0.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Kreft S, Knapp M, Kreft I (November 1999). "Extraction of rutin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds and determination by capillary electrophoresis". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47 (11): 4649–52. doi:10.1021/jf990186p. PMID 10552865.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "Phenol-Explorer: Showing report on Cereals". Phenol-explorer.eu. Dicapai pada 2013-11-24.
  13. ^ Janes D, Kreft S (2008). "Salicylaldehyde is a characteristic aroma component of buckwheat groats". Food Chemistry. 109 (2): 293–8. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.032.
  14. ^ Janes D, Kantar D, Kreft S, Prosen H (1 January 2009). "Identification of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) aroma compounds with GC-MS". Food Chemistry. 112 (1): 120–4. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.048.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Horbowicz M, Brenac P, Obendorf RL.Fagopyritol B1, O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-D-chiro-inositol, a galactosyl cyclitol in maturing buckwheat seeds associated with desiccation tolerance. Planta. 1998 May;205(1):1-11.
  16. ^ Kreft S, Strukelj B, Gaberscik A, Kreft I (August 2002). "Rutin in buckwheat herbs grown at different UV-B radiation levels: comparison of two UV spectrophotometric and an HPLC method". J Exp Bot. 53 (375): 1801–4. doi:10.1093/jxb/erf032. PMID 12147730.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Eguchi K, Anase T and Osuga H (2009). "Development of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method to Determine the Fagopyrin Content of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaertn.) and Common Buckwheat (F. esculentum Moench)". Plant Production Science. 12 (4): 475–480. doi:10.1626/pps.12.475.
  18. ^ Ožbolt L, Kreft S, Kreft I, Germ M and Stibilj V (2008). "Distribution of selenium and phenolics in buckwheat plants grown from seeds soaked in Se solution and under different levels of UV-B radiation". Food Chemistry. 110 (3): 691–6. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.073.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Bacaan lanjut

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  • E.S. Oplinger, E.A. Oelke, M.A. Brinkman and K.A. Kelling (November 1989). "Buckwheat". Alternative Field Crops Manual. Dicapai pada 2008-02-26.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Damania, A.B. (1998). "Diversity of Major Cultivated Plants Domesticated in the Near East". Proceedings of the Harlan Symposium. Diarkib pada 2005-01-19. Ralat: If you specify |archivedate=, you must also specify |archiveurl=. https://web.archive.org/web/20050119053132/http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/Publications/HTMLPublications/47/ch07.htm. Diperolehi 2015-04-02.
  • Chun H.N., Chung C.K., Kang I.J., Kim E.R., Kim Y.S. (2003). "Effect of Germination on the Nutritional Value of Buckwheat Seed". Division of Life Sciences at Hallym University, South Korea. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-06-25. Dicapai pada 2015-04-02.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Mazza, G. (1992). "Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), the crop and its importance". Dalam MacRae, R. (penyunting). Encyclopedia of food science, food technology and nutrition. London: Academic Press Ltd. m/s. 534–9.
  • Mazza, G. (1993). "Storage, Processing, and Quality Aspects of Buckwheat Seed". Dalam Janick J., Simon J.E. (penyunting). New crops. New York: Wiley. m/s. 251–5.
  • Marshall, H.G. and Y. Pomeranz. (1982). "Buckwheat description, breeding, production and utilization". Dalam Y. Pomeranz (penyunting). Advances in cereal science and technology. St. Paul, MN.: Amer. Assoc. Cereal Chem. m/s. 157–212.
  • McGregor, S.E. (1976). "9 Crop Plants and Exotic Plants — Buckwheat". Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal |archive-url= requires |url= (bantuan) pada 2004-10-15. Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (bantuan); |access-date= requires |url= (bantuan) As found on the website of the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center of the USDA Agricultural Research Service.

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Pautan luar

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