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د "په پاکستان کې اسلام" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير

د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا
ياداښت ولټوي
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(د همدغه کارن لخوا ۲ منځوۍ بڼې نه دي ښکاره شوي)
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د یو شمېر اټکلونو له مخې ډیری سني مسلمانان یې د دیوبندي دوکتورینو په پرتله په برېلوي دودونو کلک دي. د پاکستان ولسمشر جنرال ضیاالحق چې د دیوبندي مکتب له پیروانو څخه و هڅه یې وکړه پاکستان لا اسلامي کړي؛ ده د اهل سنتو هغو سیاستونو او قوانینو ته لومړیتوب ورکاوه چې له دیوبندي باورونو سره همغږي وو. <ref name="GS-pop-sect">{{cite web|title=Barelvi Islam shia Islam|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-barelvi.htm|website=Global Security|access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis|last=Hashmi|first=Arshi Saleem|title=The Deobandi Madrassas in India and their elusion of Jihadi Politics: Lessons for Pakistan|publisher=[[Quaid-i-Azam University]]|year=2014|location=Pakistan|language=en|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/887|type=PhD|page=199|access-date=16 February 2023|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830111800/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/887|url-status=live}}</ref>
د یو شمېر اټکلونو له مخې ډیری سني مسلمانان یې د دیوبندي دوکتورینو په پرتله په برېلوي دودونو کلک دي. د پاکستان ولسمشر جنرال ضیاالحق چې د دیوبندي مکتب له پیروانو څخه و هڅه یې وکړه پاکستان لا اسلامي کړي؛ ده د اهل سنتو هغو سیاستونو او قوانینو ته لومړیتوب ورکاوه چې له دیوبندي باورونو سره همغږي وو. <ref name="GS-pop-sect">{{cite web|title=Barelvi Islam shia Islam|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-barelvi.htm|website=Global Security|access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis|last=Hashmi|first=Arshi Saleem|title=The Deobandi Madrassas in India and their elusion of Jihadi Politics: Lessons for Pakistan|publisher=[[Quaid-i-Azam University]]|year=2014|location=Pakistan|language=en|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/887|type=PhD|page=199|access-date=16 February 2023|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830111800/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/887|url-status=live}}</ref>


پخوانی پاکستانی خبریال او دیپلومات حسین حقاني پاکستان د «سیاسي اسلام د نړیوال مرکز» په توګه بولي. د هغه پر باور پاکستانی ملت پاله روایت په دې لیدلوري ولاړ دی چې د دغې نیمه لویې وچې مسلمانان یو خپلواک ملت دي او د نورې نیمه لویې وچې د خلکو سره په پرتله ځانته ځانګړی د ژوندانه لیدلوری لري. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Ahmed|first1=Ishtiaq|title=The dissenters|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/the-dissenters/|publisher=[[The Friday Times]]|language=en|date=27 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="hazzani-131">{{cite book|title=Pakistan: between mosque and military|last=Ḥaqqānī|first=Husain|year=2005|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|location=Washington|isbn=0-87003-214-3|page=131|access-date=23 May 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA132|quote=Zia ul-Haq is often identified as the person most responsible for turning Pakistan into a global center for political Islam. ...}}</ref>
پخوانی پاکستانی خبریال او دیپلومات حسین حقاني پاکستان د «سیاسي اسلام د نړیوال مرکز» په توګه بولي. د هغه پر باور پاکستانی ملت پاله روایت په دې لیدلوري ولاړ دی چې د دغې نیمه لویې وچې مسلمانان یو خپلواک ملت دي او د نورې نیمه لویې وچې د خلکو سره په پرتله ځانته ځانګړی د ژوندانه لیدلوری لري. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Ahmed|first1=Ishtiaq|title=The dissenters|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/the-dissenters/|publisher=[[The Friday Times]]|language=en|date=27 May 2016|لاسرسي نېټه=23 May 2024|خونديځ نېټه=26 July 2020|خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726001304/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/|url-status=dead|خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726001304/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726001304/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/}}</ref><ref name="hazzani-131">{{cite book|title=Pakistan: between mosque and military|last=Ḥaqqānī|first=Husain|year=2005|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|location=Washington|isbn=0-87003-214-3|page=131|access-date=23 May 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA132|quote=Zia ul-Haq is often identified as the person most responsible for turning Pakistan into a global center for political Islam. ...}}</ref>


شاوخوا ۹۷٪ پاکستانیان مسلمانان دي. پاکستان د مسلمانو وګړو د شمېر له مخې له اندونیزیا وروسته په نړۍ کې دویم لوی هېواد دی. اکثریت وګړي یې سني مسلمانان (۸۵ – ۹۰٪) دي او د نفوسو ۱۰ تر ۱۵٪ برخه یې بیا شیعه مسلمانان جوړوي. ورته مهال په وروستیو کې د منځني ختیځ د وهابیانو د نفوذ د زیاتوالي له امله په کې حنبلي مکتب هم پریمانه محبوبیت موندلی دی. قرانیان او غیرمذهبی مسلمانان د دغه هېواد اقلیت مذهبي ډلې جوړوي. ورته مهال په دغه هېواد کې دوه مهدوي ائینونه هم شتون لري چې مهدویه او احمدیه یې بولي؛ دغه ډلې بیا وروسته د پاکستان د اساسي قانون له خوا غیرمسلمانې ډلې شوې چې د دغه هېواد ۱٪ وګړي کېږي. د کراچۍ ښار یې د نړی له ټولو ښارونو څخه زیات مسلمان استوګن وګړي لري. <ref name="Oxford2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618023219/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 18, 2013|title=Pakistan, Islam in|access-date=2010-08-29|work=[[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]]|quote=Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority (85–90)% percent are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between (10–15)% are Shias, mostly Twelvers.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+has+second+largest+muslim+population+in+the+world&pg=PT5|title=Islam in India and Pakistan – A Religious History|last=Singh|first=Dr. Y P|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|year=2016|isbn=9789385505638}}</ref><ref>see: [[Islam by country]]</ref><ref name="LoC2">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf|title=Country Profile: Pakistan|date=February 2005|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 85–90 percent are Sunni and 10–15 percent Shia.|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Pakistan|access-date=2010-09-01}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/#people-and-society|title=Religions|quote=Muslim (official) 96.5% (Sunni 85–90%, Shia 10–15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.5% (2020 est.)|year=2021|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=2021-07-14|work=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref><ref name="PRC">{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|date=October 7, 2009|access-date=2010-08-28|work=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref><ref name="PRCPDF">{{Cite book|url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|date=October 2009|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Tracy|access-date=2010-08-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010050756/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf|archive-date=2009-10-10}}</ref><ref name="State">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm|title=Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008|work=[[United States Department of State]]|date=19 September 2008|access-date=2010-08-28}}</ref><ref name="LoC22">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf|title=Country Profile: Pakistan|date=February 2005|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Pakistan|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=2010-09-01|quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (97 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 90 percent are Sunni and 10 percent Shia.}}</ref><ref name="CIA2">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/#people-and-society|title=Religions|quote=Muslim (official) 96.5% (Sunni 85–90%, Shia 10–15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.5% (2020 est.)|year=2021|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=2021-07-14|work=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref><ref name="LoC3">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf|title=Country Profile: Pakistan|date=February 2005|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Pakistan|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=2010-09-01|quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 10 percent are Sunni and 10 percent Shia.}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/|title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|date=9 August 2012|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=26 December 2016|quote=On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say Shias are not Muslim.}}</ref><ref name="dawn.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1515823|title=Non-Fiction: Pakistan's Shia Dynamics|date=10 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Presss">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618023219/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 18, 2013|title=Pakistan, Islam in|access-date=2010-08-29|work=[[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]]|quote=Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslims. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10–15 percent are Shiis, mostly Twelvers.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/20/pakistan-wahhabi-islam-sufi-terrorism|title=Pakistan must confront Wahhabism &#124; Adrian Pabst|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=20 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="seyed">Dolatabad, Seyed Ali Hosseini, Hossein Naseri Moghadam, and Ali Reza Abedi Sar Asiya. "Pillars, proofs and requirements of the Quran-Sufficiency Theory, along with its criticism." International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) ISSN 2356-5926 (2016): 2303–2319.</ref><ref name="samira">Sheikh, Samira. "Aurangzeb as seen from Gujarat: Shi ‘i and Millenarian Challenges to Mughal Sovereignty." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28.3 (2018): 557–581.</ref><ref name="ahmadi">The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 3 million Ahmadis. However, the 2 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 1% of the country. See:
شاوخوا ۹۷٪ پاکستانیان مسلمانان دي. پاکستان د مسلمانو وګړو د شمېر له مخې له اندونیزیا وروسته په نړۍ کې دویم لوی هېواد دی. اکثریت وګړي یې سني مسلمانان (۸۵ – ۹۰٪) دي او د نفوسو ۱۰ تر ۱۵٪ برخه یې بیا شیعه مسلمانان جوړوي. ورته مهال په وروستیو کې د منځني ختیځ د وهابیانو د نفوذ د زیاتوالي له امله په کې حنبلي مکتب هم پریمانه محبوبیت موندلی دی. قرانیان او غیرمذهبی مسلمانان د دغه هېواد اقلیت مذهبي ډلې جوړوي. ورته مهال په دغه هېواد کې دوه مهدوي ائینونه هم شتون لري چې مهدویه او احمدیه یې بولي؛ دغه ډلې بیا وروسته د پاکستان د اساسي قانون له خوا غیرمسلمانې ډلې شوې چې د دغه هېواد ۱٪ وګړي کېږي. د کراچۍ ښار یې د نړی له ټولو ښارونو څخه زیات مسلمان استوګن وګړي لري. <ref name="Oxford2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618023219/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 18, 2013|title=Pakistan, Islam in|access-date=2010-08-29|work=[[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]]|quote=Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority (85–90)% percent are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between (10–15)% are Shias, mostly Twelvers.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+has+second+largest+muslim+population+in+the+world&pg=PT5|title=Islam in India and Pakistan – A Religious History|last=Singh|first=Dr. Y P|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|year=2016|isbn=9789385505638}}</ref><ref>see: [[Islam by country]]</ref><ref name="LoC2">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf|title=Country Profile: Pakistan|date=February 2005|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 85–90 percent are Sunni and 10–15 percent Shia.|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Pakistan|access-date=2010-09-01}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/#people-and-society|title=Religions|quote=Muslim (official) 96.5% (Sunni 85–90%, Shia 10–15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.5% (2020 est.)|year=2021|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=2021-07-14|work=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref><ref name="PRC">{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|date=October 7, 2009|access-date=2010-08-28|work=[[Pew Research Center]]|خونديځ نېټه=2010-08-30|خونديځ تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730044253/http://www.pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population(6).aspx|url-status=dead|خونديځ-تړی=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830165222/http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population(6).aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830165222/http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population(6).aspx}}</ref><ref name="PRCPDF">{{Cite book|url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|date=October 2009|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Tracy|access-date=2010-08-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010050756/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf|archive-date=2009-10-10}}</ref><ref name="State">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm|title=Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008|work=[[United States Department of State]]|date=19 September 2008|access-date=2010-08-28}}</ref><ref name="LoC22">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf|title=Country Profile: Pakistan|date=February 2005|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Pakistan|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=2010-09-01|quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (97 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 90 percent are Sunni and 10 percent Shia.}}</ref><ref name="CIA2">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/#people-and-society|title=Religions|quote=Muslim (official) 96.5% (Sunni 85–90%, Shia 10–15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.5% (2020 est.)|year=2021|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=2021-07-14|work=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref><ref name="LoC3">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf|title=Country Profile: Pakistan|date=February 2005|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Pakistan|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=2010-09-01|quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 10 percent are Sunni and 10 percent Shia.}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/|title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|date=9 August 2012|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=26 December 2016|quote=On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say Shias are not Muslim.}}</ref><ref name="dawn.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1515823|title=Non-Fiction: Pakistan's Shia Dynamics|date=10 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Presss">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618023219/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 18, 2013|title=Pakistan, Islam in|access-date=2010-08-29|work=[[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]]|quote=Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslims. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10–15 percent are Shiis, mostly Twelvers.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/20/pakistan-wahhabi-islam-sufi-terrorism|title=Pakistan must confront Wahhabism &#124; Adrian Pabst|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=20 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="seyed">Dolatabad, Seyed Ali Hosseini, Hossein Naseri Moghadam, and Ali Reza Abedi Sar Asiya. "Pillars, proofs and requirements of the Quran-Sufficiency Theory, along with its criticism." International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) ISSN 2356-5926 (2016): 2303–2319.</ref><ref name="samira">Sheikh, Samira. "Aurangzeb as seen from Gujarat: Shi ‘i and Millenarian Challenges to Mughal Sovereignty." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28.3 (2018): 557–581.</ref><ref name="ahmadi">The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 3 million Ahmadis. However, the 2 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 1% of the country. See:


* over 2 million: {{cite web|author=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|title=Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 – Nov. 2008)|date=2008-12-04|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49913b5f2c.html|access-date=2012-06-28}}
* over 2 million: {{cite web|author=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|title=Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 – Nov. 2008)|date=2008-12-04|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49913b5f2c.html|access-date=2012-06-28}}

د ۰۴:۰۱, ۲۰ سپټمبر ۲۰۲۴ پورې تازه بڼه

اسلام د پاکستان د اسلامي جمهوریت تر ټولو لوی او دولتي دین دی. پاکستان څه باندې ۲۴۰ میلیونه مسلمانان لري چې له ۹۰٪ زیات یې سني مذهبه دي. ډېری پاکستاني سني مسلمانان له حنفي فقهې څخه پیروي کوي چې د دیوبندي او برېلوي دودونو پر مټ یې څرګندېږي. [۱][۲]

د یو شمېر اټکلونو له مخې ډیری سني مسلمانان یې د دیوبندي دوکتورینو په پرتله په برېلوي دودونو کلک دي. د پاکستان ولسمشر جنرال ضیاالحق چې د دیوبندي مکتب له پیروانو څخه و هڅه یې وکړه پاکستان لا اسلامي کړي؛ ده د اهل سنتو هغو سیاستونو او قوانینو ته لومړیتوب ورکاوه چې له دیوبندي باورونو سره همغږي وو. [۳][۴]

پخوانی پاکستانی خبریال او دیپلومات حسین حقاني پاکستان د «سیاسي اسلام د نړیوال مرکز» په توګه بولي. د هغه پر باور پاکستانی ملت پاله روایت په دې لیدلوري ولاړ دی چې د دغې نیمه لویې وچې مسلمانان یو خپلواک ملت دي او د نورې نیمه لویې وچې د خلکو سره په پرتله ځانته ځانګړی د ژوندانه لیدلوری لري. [۵][۶]

شاوخوا ۹۷٪ پاکستانیان مسلمانان دي. پاکستان د مسلمانو وګړو د شمېر له مخې له اندونیزیا وروسته په نړۍ کې دویم لوی هېواد دی. اکثریت وګړي یې سني مسلمانان (۸۵ – ۹۰٪) دي او د نفوسو ۱۰ تر ۱۵٪ برخه یې بیا شیعه مسلمانان جوړوي. ورته مهال په وروستیو کې د منځني ختیځ د وهابیانو د نفوذ د زیاتوالي له امله په کې حنبلي مکتب هم پریمانه محبوبیت موندلی دی. قرانیان او غیرمذهبی مسلمانان د دغه هېواد اقلیت مذهبي ډلې جوړوي. ورته مهال په دغه هېواد کې دوه مهدوي ائینونه هم شتون لري چې مهدویه او احمدیه یې بولي؛ دغه ډلې بیا وروسته د پاکستان د اساسي قانون له خوا غیرمسلمانې ډلې شوې چې د دغه هېواد ۱٪ وګړي کېږي. د کراچۍ ښار یې د نړی له ټولو ښارونو څخه زیات مسلمان استوګن وګړي لري. [۷][۸][۹][۱۰][۱۱][۱۲][۱۳][۱۴][۱۵][۱۶][۱۷][۱۸][۱۹][۲۰][۲۱][۲۲][۲۳][۲۴][۲۵]

تاریخچه

[سمول]

له خپلواکۍ وړاندې

[سمول]

ویل کېږي د اسلام سپېڅلی دین د حضرت محمد(ص) د ژوندانه پر مهال د هند نیمه لویې وچې ته رسېدلی. د یو شمېر روایاتو له مخې بابا راتن هندي چې یو پنجابی سوداګر و، د اسلام د سپېڅلي پیغمبر په غیر عربو صحابه کرامو کې راتله. مسلمانانو په ۶۴۴ زکال کې د خلفای راشدینو د خلافت پر مهال په راسیل جګړه کې د سند پاچاهۍ ته په ماتې ورکولو سره مکران ونیو. په ۷۱۲ زکال کې ځوان عرب قومندان محمد بن قاسم د سند ډیری سیمه د اسلامي خلافت تر ولکې لاندې راوړه څو په المنصوره کې د مرکز په لرلو د سند ولایت جوړ کړي. د پاکستاني دولت رسمي کرونولوژي ادعا کوي چې دغه مهال د پاکستان بنسټ کېښودل شو. د ۱۰مې میلادي پېړۍ په وروستیو کې دغه سیمه د څو هندو شاهي پاچاهانو له خوا اداره کېده چې غزنوي سترواکۍ ته ځواب ویونکي و. [۲۶][۲۷][۲۸][۲۹][۳۰][۳۱][۳۲][۳۳][۳۴][۳۵][۳۶]

د لومړنیو منځنیو پېړیو دوره (۶۴۲ – ۱۲۱۹ زکال) په سیمه کې د اسلام د پراختیا شاهده وه. په دغه دوره کې صوفي مبلغینو په اسلام باندې د یادې سیمې د بودايي او هندو باورو وګړو د ایمان راوړو په برخه کې مرکزي رول درلود. دغو بدلونونو په یاده سیمه باندې د مسلمانانو د څو پرله پسې سترواکیو واکمنۍ ته لار برابره کړه چې په دغو کې غزنوي سترواکي (۹۷۵ – ۱۱۸۷ زکال)، غوري سترواکي او د ډهلي سلطنت (۱۲۰۶ – ۱۸۵۷ زکال) شامل وو. د لودي لړۍ یا د ډهلي د وروستي سلطنت ځای بیا د مغولو سترواکۍ (۱۵۲۶ – ۱۸۵۷ زکال) ونیو. [۳۷]

په خپلواک پاکستان کې

[سمول]

د دولت ماهیت

[سمول]

د مسلم لیګ رهبرۍ، اسلامي علماوو او جناح د پاکستان اړوند خپل لیدلوری د یو اسلامي دولت په اډانه کې څرګند کړی و. محمد علی جناح دغه مهال له مسلمانو علماوو سره نږدې اړیکې جوړې کړې وې. هغه مهال چې جناح ومړ پاکستاني عالم مولانا شبیراحمد عثماني، جناح له سترواک اورنګ زېب وروسته تر ټولو لوی مسلمان توصیف کړ او العیاذ باالله د هغه مړینه یې د اسلام د سپېڅلي پیغمبر له وفات سره پرتله کړه. عثماني په پاکستانیانو غږ وکړ چې د یووالي، ایمان او نظم اړوند د جناح پیغام په یاد وساتي او د هغه د هیلو د پوره کېدو لپاره هڅې وکړي: [۳۸][۳۹]

څو له کراچۍ څخه تر انقرې او له پاکستان څخه تر مراکش پورې د مسلمانو هېوادونو یو پیاوړی بلاک جوړ کړو. هغه [جناح] غوښتل د نړۍ مسلمانان د اسلام تر بیرغ لاندې یو موټی ژوند وکړي او دغه چاره یې د دښمنانو د نقشو پر وړاندې اړین ګام باله. [۴۰]

په یو ایډیالوژیک اسلامي دولت باندې د پاکستان د اوښتون اړوند لومړنی رسمي ګام د ۱۹۴۹ زکال په مارچ میاشت کې واخیستل شو؛ هغه مهال چې د پاکستان لومړني لومړي وزیر لیاقت علي خان د اساسي قانون شورا ته د خپلو موخو پرېکړه لیک وړاندې کړ. په دغه پرېکړه لیک کې لیکل شوي و چې په ټولې هستۍ باندې واکمن یوازې لوی خدای دی. د مسلم لیګ ګوند مشر چودري خالق زمان اعلان وکړ چې پاکستان به ټول مسلمان هېوادونه په یو پان اسلامي جوړښت یا اسلامستان کې راغونډ کړي. خالق باوري و چې پاکستان یوازې مسلمان هېواد دی او لا اسلامي دولت نه دی، خو مطمئنا وروسته له هغه په یو مسلمان دولت اوښتلی شي چې ټول مسلمانان په یو واحد سیاسي جوړښت کې راغونډ کړي. د پاکستاني سیاستونو په برخه کې له لومړنیو څېړونکو څخه کیټ کلارډ درک کړې چې پاکستانیان هغه مهال په اسلامي نړۍ کې د موخې او لیدلوري په اساسي یووالي باوري وو: [۴۱][۴۲][۴۳][۴۴]

پاکستان د مسلمانانو د آرمان د پراختیا په موخه تاسیس شو. له نورو مسلمانانو هم دغې تمې شتون درلود چې ورسره خواخوږي او آن لیوالتیا ولري. خو دا دې ته اړوند و چې نور مسلمان هېوادونه هم د دین او ملت د رابطې اړوند ورته لیدلوری ولري. [۴۵]

بل پلو د پاکستان پان اسلامېستي احساساتو په نورو مسلمانو دولتونو کې په ورته بڼه شتون نه درلود. د اسلامي نړۍ په نورو برخو کې ملت پالنه د قوم، ژبې او کلتور پر بنسټ وه. په داسې حال کې چې نورو مسلمانو دولتونو د پاکستان له دغه پان اسلامېستي آرمانونو سره خواخوږي نه لرله خو بیا هم د فلسطین لوی مفتي، الحاج امین الحسیني او د اخوان المسلمین په څېر د سیاسي اسلام پالو خوځښتونو مشران دغه هېواد ته په مکرر ډول تلونکو کسانو واوښتل. وروسته له هغه چې جنرال ضیاالحق د یوې پوځي کودتا پر مټ واک خپل کړ، د حزب التحریر (هغه اسلام پاله ډله چې د خلافت غوښتونکې ده) سازماني شبکې په پاکستان کې خپلو فعالیتونو ته پراختیا ورکړه. د دغې ډلې بنسټګر تقي الدین النبهاني د پاکستان د اسلامي جمیعت د ډلې له بنسټګر ابوالعلی مودودي سره منظمه مکاتبه کوله او همدارنګه یې له ډاکټر اسرار احمد څخه وغوښتل څو په پاکستان کې د اسلامي خلافت د تاسیس تر مهاله له جماعت اسلامي سره خپل کار ته دوام ورکړي. [۴۶][۴۷][۴۸]

ټولنپوه نسیم احمد جاوېد د ۱۹۶۹ زکال پر مهال له وړاندې څخه په وېشل شوي پاکستان کې د هغه ملي هویت د ډول اړوند چې مسلکي او د لوړو زده کړو لرونکي کسان یې د ځان اړوند کاروي، یوه نظرپوښتنه ترسره کړه. هغه وموندله چې د ختیځ پاکستان (اوسني بنګلادېش) څه باندې ۶۰٪ وګړي ادعا کوي چې سیکولر ملي هویت لري. ورته مهال په لویدیځ پاکستان (اوسنی پاکستان) کې بیا وګړي د سیکولر هویت پر ځای اسلامي هویت لري. له دې سره هم همدغه شخصیت بیا په ختیځ پاکستان کې خپل هویت د اسلام نه بلکې د قومیت پر بنسټ تعریف کوي. په لویدیځ پاکستان کې چېرې چې اسلام له قوم مهم بلل کېده دغه پایله بیا برعکس وه. [۴۹]

په پاکستان کې له لومړنیو عمومي ټاکنو وروسته منتخب پارلمان د ۱۹۷۳ زکال اساسي قانون جوړ کړ. دغه اساسي قانون پاکستان، اسلامي جمهوریت او د هغو دولتي دین یې هم اسلام اعلان کړ. ورته مهال یې څرګنده کړې وه چې ټول قوانین باید د هغو اسلامي لارښوونو پر بنسټ تنظیم شي چې له قران او سنتو څخه سرچینه اخلي او د دغو سره په مخالفت کې هېڅ قانون نشي جوړېدلی. یاد اساسي قانون همدارنګه د شرعي محکمې او د اسلامي ایډیالوژۍ د شورا په څېر ځانګړي بنسټونه جوړ کړل څو د اسلام د تفسیر له مخې چارې هدایت او تنظیم کړي. [۵۰][۵۱][۵۲]

سرچينې

[سمول]
  1. ↑ "Population". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2021. نه اخيستل شوی 2021-07-14. 238,181,034 (July 2021 est.)
  2. ↑ "Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 'The Digital Census'" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk). 5 August 2023. نه اخيستل شوی 15 August 2023.
  3. ↑ "Barelvi Islam shia Islam". Global Security. نه اخيستل شوی 20 February 2023.
  4. ↑ Hashmi, Arshi Saleem (2014). The Deobandi Madrassas in India and their elusion of Jihadi Politics: Lessons for Pakistan (PhD) (په انګليسي). Pakistan: Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 199. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. نه اخيستل شوی 16 February 2023.
  5. ↑ Ahmed, Ishtiaq (27 May 2016). "The dissenters" (په انګليسي). The Friday Times. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. نه اخيستل شوی 23 May 2024. {{cite web}}: External link in |خونديځ تړی= (help); Unknown parameter |خونديځ-تړی= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Ḥaqqānī, Husain (2005). Pakistan: between mosque and military. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 131. ISBN 0-87003-214-3. نه اخيستل شوی 23 May 2010. Zia ul-Haq is often identified as the person most responsible for turning Pakistan into a global center for political Islam. ...
  7. ↑ "Pakistan, Islam in". Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. نه اخيستل شوی 2010-08-29. Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority (85–90)% percent are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between (10–15)% are Shias, mostly Twelvers.
  8. ↑ Singh, Dr. Y P (2016). Islam in India and Pakistan – A Religious History. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9789385505638.
  9. ↑ see: Islam by country
  10. ↑ "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan. Library of Congress. February 2005. نه اخيستل شوی 2010-09-01. Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 85–90 percent are Sunni and 10–15 percent Shia.
  11. ↑ "Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2021. نه اخيستل شوی 2021-07-14. Muslim (official) 96.5% (Sunni 85–90%, Shia 10–15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.5% (2020 est.)
  12. ↑ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. October 7, 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-08-30. نه اخيستل شوی 2010-08-28. {{cite web}}: External link in |خونديځ تړی= (help); Unknown parameter |خونديځ-تړی= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population (PDF). Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-10. نه اخيستل شوی 2010-08-28.
  14. ↑ "Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008". United States Department of State. 19 September 2008. نه اخيستل شوی 2010-08-28.
  15. ↑ "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan. Library of Congress. February 2005. نه اخيستل شوی 2010-09-01. Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (97 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 90 percent are Sunni and 10 percent Shia.
  16. ↑ "Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2021. نه اخيستل شوی 2021-07-14. Muslim (official) 96.5% (Sunni 85–90%, Shia 10–15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.5% (2020 est.)
  17. ↑ "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan. Library of Congress. February 2005. نه اخيستل شوی 2010-09-01. Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 10 percent are Sunni and 10 percent Shia.
  18. ↑ "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity". Pew Research Center. 9 August 2012. نه اخيستل شوی 26 December 2016. On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say Shias are not Muslim.
  19. ↑ "Non-Fiction: Pakistan's Shia Dynamics". 10 November 2019.
  20. ↑ "Pakistan, Islam in". Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. نه اخيستل شوی 2010-08-29. Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslims. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10–15 percent are Shiis, mostly Twelvers.
  21. ↑ "Pakistan must confront Wahhabism | Adrian Pabst". TheGuardian.com. 20 August 2009.
  22. ↑ Dolatabad, Seyed Ali Hosseini, Hossein Naseri Moghadam, and Ali Reza Abedi Sar Asiya. "Pillars, proofs and requirements of the Quran-Sufficiency Theory, along with its criticism." International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) ISSN 2356-5926 (2016): 2303–2319.
  23. ↑ Sheikh, Samira. "Aurangzeb as seen from Gujarat: Shi ‘i and Millenarian Challenges to Mughal Sovereignty." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28.3 (2018): 557–581.
  24. ↑ The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 3 million Ahmadis. However, the 2 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 1% of the country. See:
  25. ↑ Khan, Nichola (2016). Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190869786. ... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ...
  26. ↑ Heesterman, J. C. (1989). India and Indonesia: General Perspectives. BRILL. ISBN 9004083650.
  27. ↑ Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat (2006). Early Mystics in Turkish Literature (په انګليسي). Psychology Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-415-36686-1.
  28. ↑ M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala – An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145–50, (April 1955).
  29. ↑ "History in Chronological Order". Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. نه اخيستل شوی 15 January 2010.
  30. ↑ "Figuring Qasim: How Pakistan was won". Dawn. 2012-07-19. نه اخيستل شوی 19 February 2015.
  31. ↑ "The first Pakistani?". Dawn. نه اخيستل شوی 19 February 2015.
  32. ↑ "Muhammad Bin Qasim: Predator or preacher?". Dawn. 2014-04-08. نه اخيستل شوی 19 February 2015.
  33. ↑ Paracha, Nadeem F. "Why some in Pakistan want to replace Jinnah as the founder of the country with an 8th century Arab". Scroll.in (په انګليسي). نه اخيستل شوی 2018-01-09.
  34. ↑ "History in Chronological Order". Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. نه اخيستل شوی 15 January 2010.
  35. ↑ Rubina Saigol (2014). "What is the most blatant lie taught through Pakistan textbooks?". Herald. نه اخيستل شوی 14 August 2014.
  36. ↑ Shazia Rafi (2015). "A case for Gandhara". Dawn. نه اخيستل شوی 19 February 2015.
  37. ↑ Ira Marvin Lapidus (2002). A history of Islamic societies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 382–384. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
  38. ↑ Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 497. ISBN 9781316258385. As the book has demonstrated, local ML functionaries, (U.P.) ML leadership, Muslim modernists at Aligarh, the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state.
  39. ↑ Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 489. ISBN 9781316258385. But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama, for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, in his funeral oration, described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
  40. ↑ Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 489. ISBN 9781316258385. But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama, for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, in his funeral oration, described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
  41. ↑ Haqqani, Husain (2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 16. ISBN 9780870032851.
  42. ↑ Hussain, Rizwan. Pakistan. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied “the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based.” It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust," that “the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed,” and that “the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna.” The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.
  43. ↑ Haqqani, Husain (2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 18. ISBN 9780870032851.
  44. ↑ Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 491. ISBN 9781316258385.
  45. ↑ Haqqani, Husain (2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 18. ISBN 9780870032851.
  46. ↑ Haqqani, Husain (2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 18. ISBN 9780870032851.
  47. ↑ Haqqani, Husain (2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 19. ISBN 9780870032851.
  48. ↑ Khan, Sher Ali (12 February 2016). "Global connections: The crackdown on Hizbut Tahrir intensifies". Herald.
  49. ↑ Cochrane, Iain (2009). The Causes of the Bangladesh War. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781445240435. The social scientist, Nasim Ahmad Jawed has conducted a survey of nationalism in pre-divided Pakistan and identifies the links between religion, politics and nationalism in both wings of Pakistan. His findings are fascinating and go some way to explain the differing attitudes of West and East Pakistan to the relationship between Islam and Pakistani nationalism and how this affected the views of people in both wings, especially the views of the peoples of both wings towards each other. In 1969, Jawed conducted a survey on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that just over 60% in the East wing professed to have a secular national identity. However, in the West wing, the same figure professed an Islamic and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in the East wing described their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not in terms of Islam. He found that the opposite was the case in the West wing where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity.
  50. ↑ Diamantides, Marinos; Gearey, Adam (2011). Islam, Law and Identity. Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 9781136675652.
  51. ↑ Iqbal, Khurshid (2009). The Right to Development in International Law: The Case of Pakistan. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 9781134019991.
  52. ↑ Diamantides, Marinos; Gearey, Adam (2011). Islam, Law and Identity. Routledge. p. 196. ISBN 9781136675652.
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