View source for Global warming

{{About|climate change happening on Earth now|climate change in general|Climate change}}

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| image1 = Bobcat Fire, Los Angeles, San Gabriel Mountains.jpg
| alt1 = Bobcat Fire in Monrovia, CA, September 10, 2020
| image2 = Bleached colony of Acropora coral.jpg
| alt2 = Bleached colony of Acropora coral
| image4 = California Drought Dry Lakebed 2009.jpg
| alt4 = A dry riverbed in [[droughts in California|California]], which is experiencing its worst [[megadrought]] in 1,200 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/water-cutbacks-california-6-million-people-drought/|title=California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years|author=Irina Ivanova|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=June 2, 2022}}</ref>
| footer = Some things global warming makes worse (clockwise from top left): [[Wildfire]]s, [[drought]]s, and [[coral bleaching|dead coral]] killed by the ocean getting more hot and [[acidic]].
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[[File:Change in Average Temperature.svg|thumb|center| Places that have become warmer (red) and cooler (blue) over the past 50 years]]

[[File:20200324 Global average temperature - NASA-GISS HadCrut NOAA Japan BerkeleyE.svg|thumb| Earth's average temperature has increased since the [[Industrial Revolution]].]]

'''Global warming''' is the rise in [[temperature]] of the air and oceans globally. It is happening mainly because humans burn [[coal]], [[oil]],[[natural gas]], and cut down forests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/global-warming-overview/|title=What Is Global Warming?|date=2019-01-22|website=National Geographic}}</ref> 

Average temperatures today are about {{convert|1|C-change|F-change|abbr=}} higher than before [[Industrial Revolution|people started burning a lot of coal]] around 1750.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf|title=IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers 2018|author=IPCC|date=2018|page=6|access-date=2019-09-02|archive-date=2021-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723103232/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In some parts of the world it is less, and in some, more. Most climate [[scientist]]s say that by the year 2100, temperatures will be {{convert|2|C-change|F-change|abbr=}} to  {{convert|4|C-change|F-change|abbr=}} higher than they were before 1750.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter12_FINAL.pdf|title=Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility|website=[[IPCC]]}}</ref> 

First of all, it is worth remembering that the [[Earth]]'s temperature has always been changing. It has been warmer than now, and it has been much colder than now. So to talk about global warning we mean it in comparison with its temperature fairly recently, certainly in comparison with the 19th or 20th century.

Global warming is a significant and rapidly accelerating issue caused by human activities, such as greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and the burning of fossil fuels. It is having a profound impact on the environment and our planet. The present global warming is mostly because of people burning things, like [[gasoline]] for cars and [[natural gas]] to keep houses warm. But the heat from the burning itself only makes the world a tiny bit warmer: ''it is the [[carbon dioxide]] from the burning which is the biggest part of the problem''. Among [[greenhouse gas]]es, the increase of carbon dioxide in the [[atmosphere]] is the main cause of global warming. [[Svante Arrhenius]] predicted this more than a hundred years ago. Arrhenius confirmed the work of [[Joseph Fourier]] 200 years ago. 

When people [[combustion|burn]] [[fossil fuels]] like [[coal]], [[oil]] and [[natural gas]] this adds [[carbon dioxide]] into the air.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thompson (Climate Central) |first=Andrea |date=May 19, 2016 |title=Atmospheric CO2 May Have Topped 400 PPM Permanently |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18052016/atmospheric-co2-carbon-dioxide-400-ppm-climate-change-keeling-curve |newspaper=InsideClimate News |access-date=August 12, 2016}}</ref> This is because fossil fuels contain lots of [[carbon]] and burning means joining most of the [[atom]]s in the fuel with [[oxygen]]. When people cut down many trees ([[deforestation]]), this means less carbon dioxide is taken out of the atmosphere by those [[plants]]. [[Ruminant|Animals which have four places in their stomachs]], like cows and sheep, also cause global warming, because their burps contain a greenhouse gas called [[methane]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=Guardian|date=2019-06-29|title='Are a cow's farts the worst for the planet?' Children's climate questions answered|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/29/cows-farts-children-climate-questions-answered|access-date=2022-08-05|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

As the Earth's surface temperature becomes hotter the [[sea level]] rises. This is partly because water over {{convert|4|C|F}} [[Thermal expansion|expands when it gets warmer]].<ref name="Mosher">{{Cite web|last=Mosher|first=Dave|title=A bizarre property of water is flooding coastal cities like New Orleans|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bizarre-property-of-water-is-flooding-coastal-cities-like-new-orleans-2015-6|access-date=2020-12-07|website=Business Insider}}</ref> It is also partly because warm temperatures make [[glacier]]s and [[ice cap]]s melt. The sea level rise causes [[coast]]al areas to [[flood]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/04/science/flooding-of-coast-caused-by-global-warming-has-already-begun.html |title=Flooding of coast, caused by global warming, has already begun; scientists' warnings that the rise of the sea would eventually imperil the United States' coastline are no longer theoretical. |author=Justin Gillis |date=3 September 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> Weather patterns, including where and how much [[precipitation|rain or snow]] there is, are changing. [[Desert]]s will probably get bigger. Colder areas will warm up faster than warm areas. Strong [[storm]]s may become more likely and [[farming]] may not make as much [[food]]. These changes will not be the same everywhere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regional fact sheet - Introduction|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/factsheets/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Regional_Fact_Sheet_Introduction.pdf|website=[[IPCC]]}}</ref>

In the  [[Paris Agreement]] almost all governments agreed to keep temperature rise below {{cvt|2|C-change}}, but current plans are not enough to limit global warming that much.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-10|title=Analysis: Do COP26 promises keep global warming below 2C?|work=Carbon Brief|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-do-cop26-promises-keep-global-warming-below-2c}}</ref> People in [[government]] and the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) are talking about global warming. But governments, [[Company|companies,]] and other people do not agree on what to do about it. Some things that could reduce warming are to burn less fossil fuels, grow more trees, eat less meat, and put some carbon dioxide back in the ground. People could adapt to some temperature change. A few people think nothing should change.

== Temperature changes ==
{{see also|Temperature record of the past 1000 years}}
[[File:2000+ year global temperature including Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age - Ed Hawkins.svg|thumb|center|450px|A graph of temperatures over the past two thousand years. The so-called [[Medieval Warm Period]] and [[Little Ice Age]] were regional phenomena, and were not experienced worldwide.]]

[[Climate change]] has happened constantly over the [[history of the Earth]], including the coming and going of [[ice age]]s. But modern climate change is different because people are putting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere more quickly than before.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate/faq/is-the-current-climate-change-unusual-compared-to-earlier-changes-in-earth2019s-history|title=Is the current climate change unusual compared to earlier changes in Earth's history?|website=European Environment Agency|language=en|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Howard|date=2020-03-19|title=Sudden Ancient Global Warming Event Traced to Magma Flood|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/sudden-ancient-global-warming-event-traced-to-magma-flood-20200319/|access-date=2022-08-01|website=Quanta Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The World Counts|url=https://www.theworldcounts.com/stories/temperature-changes-due-to-global-warming|access-date=2023-08-19|website=www.theworldcounts.com}}</ref>

Since the 1800s, people have recorded the daily temperature. By about 1850, there were enough places measuring temperature so that scientists could know the global [[average]] temperature. Compared with before people started burning a lot of [[coal]] for [[industry]], the temperature has risen by about {{convert|1|C-change|F-change|abbr=}}.<ref name=":0" /> In 1979, [[Satellite (artificial)|satellites]] started measuring the temperature of the Earth.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hausfather|first=Zeke|date=2017-06-30|title=Major correction to satellite data shows 140% faster warming since 1998|work=Carbon Brief|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/major-correction-to-satellite-data-shows-140-faster-warming-since-1998}}</ref>

Before 1850, there were not enough temperature measurements for us to know how warm or cold it was. [[Climatology|Climatologists]] measure other things to try to figure out past temperatures before there were [[thermometer]]s. This means measuring things that change when it gets colder or warmer. One way is to cut into a tree and measure how far apart the [[growth ring]]s are. Trees that live a long time can give us an idea of how [[temperature]] and [[rain]] changed while they were alive.

For most of the past 2000 years the average temperature of the world didn't change much. There were some times where the temperatures were a little warmer or cooler in some places. One of the most famous warm times was the [[Medieval Warm Period]] and one of the most famous cool times was the [[Little Ice Age]] (not really an [[ice age]]). [[Dendrochronology|Tree ring dating]] can only help scientists work out the temperature back to about 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree Rings and Climate {{!}} Center for Science Education|url=https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/how-climate-works/tree-rings-and-climate|access-date=2022-10-17|website=scied.ucar.edu}}</ref> [[Ice core]]s are used to find out all the temperature back to almost a million years ago,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ice cores and climate change|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/data/our-data/publication/ice-cores-and-climate-change/|access-date=2022-10-17|website=British Antarctic Survey|language=en-GB}}</ref> and for some times to over 4 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-12|title=World's oldest ice core could stretch back 5 million years|url=https://newatlas.com/environment/worlds-oldest-ice-core-5-million-years/|access-date=2023-02-03|website=New Atlas|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Greenhouse gases ===
{{main|Greenhouse effect}}
[[File:Global Warming Observed CO2 Emissions from fossil fuel burning vs IPCC scenarios.svg|thumb|right|Fossil fuel related CO<SUB>2</SUB> emissions compared to five IPCC scenarios. The dips are related to global recessions.]]

There are several  [[greenhouse gas]]es that cause the Earth to warm. The most important one is carbon dioxide (CO<SUB>2</SUB>). CO<SUB>2</SUB> comes from [[Power station|power plants]] which burn coal and natural gas to make electricity. Cars also emit CO<SUB>2</SUB> when they burn petrol. About 35 billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into the Earth's atmosphere each year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|last3=Rosado|first3=Pablo|date=2020-05-11|title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions|url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> The amount of CO<SUB>2</SUB> in the air is about 50% more than it was around 1750.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10618|title=WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2020|author=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|year=2021|isbn=978-92-63-11264-4|series=WMO-No. 1264|location=Geneva|ref={{harvid|WMO|2021}}|access-date=2021-12-27|archive-date=2021-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419162743/https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10618|url-status=dead}}</ref> About three-quarters of the CO<SUB>2</SUB> that people have put in the air during the past 20 years are due to burning [[fossil fuel]] like coal or oil. The rest mostly comes from changes in how land is used, like [[deforestation|cutting down trees]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/006.htm |title=Climate change 2001: the scientific basis |publisher=Grida.no |access-date=2010-11-03 |archive-date=2004-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040103133514/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/006.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The second most important greenhouse gas is methane. A tonne of methane is much more warming than a tonne of CO<SUB>2</SUB> but methane stays in the atmosphere for only about ten years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=OAR|date=2016-01-12|title=Understanding Global Warming Potentials|url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials|access-date=2022-10-17|website=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> About 40% comes from nature, like [[Wetland|wetlands]]; and the rest is because of humans, cows, [[landfill]] and leaks when oil and gas are produced.<ref>{{Cite web|website=|title=Methane Tracker 2020|access-date=2021-12-27|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker-2020|publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-05|title=Methane much more sensitive to global heating than previously thought – study|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/05/global-heating-causes-methane-growth-four-times-faster-than-thought-study|access-date=2022-08-06|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

=== Dust ===
[[Dust]] in the air may come from natural sources such as [[volcano]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sun-dimming-volcanoes-partly-explain-global-warming-hiatus/|title=Sun-dimming Volcanoes Partly Explain Global Warming Hiatus|publisher=[[Scientific American]]|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/volcanoes-that-act-as-air-conditioning-for-a-warming-world/ ''Volcanoes that act as air-conditioning for a warming world; Many small eruptions over the past decade or so have helped restrain climate change''] May 2014 issue Scientific American</ref> [[erosion]] and [[meteor]]ic dust. Some of this dust falls out within a few hours. Some is [[aerosol]], so small that it could stay in the air for years. The aerosol particles in the atmosphere make the earth colder. The effect of dust therefore cancels out some of the effects of greenhouse gases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Aerosols/page4.php|title=Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact|date=2010-11-02|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref> Even though humans also put aerosols in the air when they burn coal or oil this only cancels out the greenhouse effect of the fuel burning for less than 20 years, The carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere much longer and keeps on warming the earth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/4474/no_sudden_jump_in_warming_from_emissions_cuts|title='No sudden jump in warming' from emissions cuts|last=Harrison|first=Anna|website=www.leeds.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>

When people burn stuff like the aerosols, for example smoke, are bad because when people breath them they make people ill. But some people say that in a climate change emergency the Earth could be kept cool by reflecting some sunlight back into space, for example by putting aerosols very high in the air or making clouds whiter. They say this would give more time to do a proper fix.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solar Radiation Management {{!}} Wilson Center|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/solar-radiation-management|access-date=2022-08-06 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org|language=en}}</ref> This is so easy and cheap that even a middle-size country could do it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Wake|last2=Wagner|first2=Gernot|date=2018-11-22|title=Stratospheric aerosol injection tactics and costs in the first 15 years of deployment|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aae98d|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124001|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aae98d|bibcode=2018ERL....13l4001S |s2cid=54045721 |issn=1748-9326}}</ref> But there are a lot of problems: for example it might be good for that country but bad for some other countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solar Radiation Management (SRM): Who should control the weather?|url=https://www.oneearth.org/srm-who-should-control-the-weather/|access-date=2022-08-06|website=One Earth|language=en}}</ref>

== Extreme weather ==
{{Expand section}}
Global warming can make dangerous [[Heat wave|heatwaves]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-19|title="This heatwave is the new normal," says WMO Secretary-General|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/%E2%80%9C-heatwave-new-normal%E2%80%9D-says-wmo-secretary-general|access-date=2022-08-24|website=public.wmo.int|language=en|archive-date=2022-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824121319/https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/%E2%80%9C-heatwave-new-normal%E2%80%9D-says-wmo-secretary-general|url-status=dead}}</ref>Seeing nowadays in modern period of 2024 the most dangerous climatic changes in many countries. Heat waves can cause serious damages like burning of forests and diseases that can lead to           undernutrition,malaria,diarrhoea and heat stress alone.Generally increasing of global warming leading to high pressure of heat in coming years.

== Slowing climate change ==
Some people burn less fossil fuel. Countries try to emit less greenhouse gases. The [[Kyoto Protocol]] was signed in 1997. It was meant to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to below their levels in 1990. However, carbon dioxide levels have continued to rise.

[[Energy conservation]] is used to burn less fossil fuel. People can also use energy sources that don't burn fossil fuel, like [[solar panel]]s or electricity from [[nuclear power]] or [[wind power]]. Or they can prevent the carbon dioxide from getting out into the atmosphere, which is called carbon capture and storage (CCS).

== Dealing with impacts of climate change ==
People can change how they live because of the effect of climate change. For example, they can go to places where the weather is better, or build walls around cities to keep flood water out. This cost money, and rich people and rich countries will be able to change more easily than the poor.

== History of climate change science ==
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| caption2 = Svante Arrhenius; believed climate change would take many years
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As early as the 1820s some scientists were discussing climate change: sunlight heats the surface of the Earth, and [[Joseph Fourier]] suggested that some of the heat [[Radiation|radiated]] from the surface is trapped by the atmosphere before it can escape into space. This is called the greenhouse effect.   

In 1856 [[Eunice Newton Foote]] did tests which showed that the warming effect of the Sun is greater for air with water vapour than for dry air, and that the effect is even greater with carbon dioxide. So she said that "An atmosphere of that gas would give to our earth a high temperature...".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA382|title=Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays|last=Foote|first=Eunice|date=November 1856|work=The American Journal of Science and Arts|volume=22|pages=382–383|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>   

[[File:191203 Furnaces of the world - Popular Mechanics - Global warming.jpg|center|600px|The greenhouse effect and its impact on climate were described in this 1912 ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' article meant for reading by the general public.]]
Starting in 1859, [[John Tyndall]] showed that nitrogen and oxygen—together totaling 99% of dry air—are transparent to [[Infrared|radiated heat]]. However, water vapour and gases such as methane and carbon dioxide absorb radiated heat and re-radiate that heat into the atmosphere. Tyndall suggested that changes in the concentration of these gases may have caused climatic changes in the past, including [[Ice age|ice ages]]. In 1896, [[Svante Arrhenius]] tried to prove that it would take thousands of years for the industrial production of CO<sub>2</sub> to raise the Earth’s temperature 5-6[[Celsius|°C]].  

In the mid 20th century, scientists worked out that there was a 10% increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the 19th century, which made it a bit warmer. It was at this time that people believed the emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> would increase exponentially in the future and the oceans would absorb any surplus of greenhouse gases. In 1956, [[Gilbert Plass|Gilbert N. Plass]] decided that greenhouse gas emissions would have an effect on the Earth’s temperature. He argued that not thinking about GHG emissions would be a mistake. Soon after, scientists studying all different kinds of science began to work together to figure out the mystery of GHG emissions and their effects. As technology advanced, it was in the 1980s that there was proof of a rise in CO<sub>2</sub> levels. An ice core, captured through drilling, provided clear evidence that carbon dioxide levels have risen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.aip.org/climate/co2.htm|title=The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect|website=history.aip.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-01}}</ref>

The climate of the Earth will never be absolutely stable because there are small but unpredictable variations in the [[Earth's orbit]] about the Sun. In the deep past there have also been large changes in the Earth's atmosphere. For a longer account, see [[climate change]].

== Effects of global warming on sea levels ==
Sea level is rising because water over {{convert|4|C|F}} [[Thermal expansion|expands when it gets warmer]].<ref name="Mosher"/> Probably more important is the melting of ice sheets. The [[Antarctica]] and [[Greenland]] ice sheets are melting. Sea level will rise between half and one meter by 2100, and between 2 and 7 meter by 2300.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-13|title=RealClimate: Sea level in the IPCC 6th assessment report (AR6)|url=https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2021/08/sea-level-in-the-ipcc-6th-assessment-report-ar6/|access-date=2022-02-25|language=en}}</ref>

Low-lying areas such as [[Bangladesh]], [[Florida]], the [[Netherland]]s and other areas face massive flooding.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/mar/08/climate-change-flooding|title=Scientists to issue stark warning over dramatic new sea level figures|first1=Robin|last1=McKie|newspaper=The Observer |date=7 March 2009|access-date=23 January 2017|via=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|QZmEUD3TftA|President Trump, Military Split on Climate Change}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-15|title=Thousands of Dutch urged to leave their homes as rivers flood|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/thousands-dutch-urged-leave-their-homes-rivers-flood-2021-07-15/|access-date=2023-08-19}}</ref>

=== Cities affected by current sea level rise ===
Many cities are sea [[port]]s and under threat of flooding if the present sea level rises.

These and the other cities have either started trying to deal with rising sea level and related [[storm surge]], or are discussing this, according to [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable sources]].
* [[Rotterdam]] always was below sea level.
* [[London]] <ref>Floods in London. [http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/Teaching+resources/Key+Stage+3+resources/The+geography+of+science/Flood+in+London+A+Mission+Impossible.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091136/http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/Teaching+resources/Key+Stage+3+resources/The+geography+of+science/Flood+in+London+A+Mission+Impossible.htm|date=2015-09-24}} [[Royal Geographical Society]]</ref> Nevertheless, in comparison with most major cities, London is comparatively safe from the Thames. Much has been done over the past to keep control of the river.
* [[New York City]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/energy/45202.html|title=Sea Level Rise - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation|publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation|access-date=23 January 2017|archive-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127181037/http://www.dec.ny.gov/energy/45202.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/our-programs/sea-level-rise interactive map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204806/http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/our-programs/sea-level-rise |date=2015-09-23 }} from Climate Central</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalchange.gov/browse/sea-level-rise-tool-sandy-recovery|title=Mapping Sea Level Rise to Help Recovery after Hurricane Sandy|publisher=U.S. Global Change Research Program|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[[World Bank]], ''World Development Report 2010'', 91.</ref>
* [[Norfolk, Virginia]], in [[Hampton Roads]] area of [[United States]] <ref>{{Cite news| last = Noguchi| first = Yuki| title = As Sea Levels Rise, Norfolk Is Sinking And Planning| work = NPR| access-date = 2014-11-25| date = 2014-06-24| url = https://www.npr.org/2014/06/24/324891517/as-sea-levels-rise-norfolk-is-sinking-and-planning}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://templatelab.com/cna-mab-2014-report/|title=National Security and the Accelerating Risks of Climate Change|date=May 2014|access-date=10 November 2015|website=TemplateLab.com|publisher=CNA Military Advisory Board}}</ref>
* [[Southampton]] <ref>http://www.iapsc.org.uk/document/R_Crighton.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094332/http://www.iapsc.org.uk/document/R_Crighton.pdf |date=2015-04-02 }} Investigation of Air Pollution Standing Conference</ref>
* [[Crisfield, Maryland]], [[United States]] <ref>{{Cite news| last = Montgomery| first = David| title = Crisfield, Md., beats back a rising Chesapeake Bay| newspaper = [[Washington Post]]| access-date = 2013-10-27| date = 2013-10-24| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/crisfield-md-beats-back-a-rising-chesapeake-bay/2013/10/24/ab213bda-0f1f-11e3-85b6-d27422650fd5_story.html}}</ref>
* [[Charleston, South Carolina]] <ref>[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/two-cities-two-different-responses-rising-sea-levels/ ''Two cities, two very different responses to rising sea levels''] July 2, 2015 PBS NewsHour</ref>
* [[Miami]], [[Florida]], has been listed as "the number-one most vulnerable city worldwide" in terms of potential damage to property from storm-related flooding and sea-level rise.<ref name=RS62013>{{cite news|title=Goodbye, Miami|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/why-the-city-of-miami-is-doomed-to-drown-20130620|access-date=June 21, 2013|newspaper=Rolling Stone|date=June 20, 2013|author=Jeff Goodell|quote=The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development lists Miami as the number-one most vulnerable city worldwide in terms of property damage, with more than $416 billion in assets at risk to storm-related flooding and sea-level rise.|archive-date=May 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510050815/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/why-the-city-of-miami-is-doomed-to-drown-20130620|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/02/climate-change-economics/parker-text ''Climate Change Economics''] February 2015 National Geographic</ref>
* [[Saint Petersburg]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.climateadaptation.eu/russia/coastal-floods/|title=Coastal floods in Russia|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref>
* [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] <ref name ="abc">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/29/2229801.htm|title=Most at risk: Study reveals Sydney's climate change 'hotspots'|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=29 April 2008|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref>
* [[Jakarta]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deltacities.com/cities/jakarta/climate-change-adaptation|title=Cities : Jakarta : Climate change adaptation :: Connecting Delta Cities|first=Connecting Delta|last=Cities|access-date=23 January 2017|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414062538/http://deltacities.com/cities/jakarta/climate-change-adaptation|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Thatta]] and [[Badin]], in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]] <ref>{{Cite web| last = Khan| first = Sami| title = Effects of Climate Change on Thatta and Badin| work = Envirocivil.com| access-date = 2013-10-27| date = 2012-01-25| url = http://envirocivil.com/climate/effects-of-climate-change-on-thatta-and-badin/}}</ref>
* [[Malé]], [[Maldives]]
*[[Mumbai]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Rio de Janeiro]] <ref name="ReferenceA"/>

All other coastal cities are in some danger.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-24|title=Rising sea levels besieging Africa's booming coastal cities - World {{!}} ReliefWeb|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/rising-sea-levels-besieging-africas-booming-coastal-cities|access-date=2023-08-19|website=reliefweb.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal|url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/|access-date=2023-08-19|website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/features/keta-tidal-surge-climate-change-crises-political-unity.html}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* [https://www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/geography/general-geography/what-is-climate-change/ ''What is climate change'']  [[National Geographic]] Kids
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-24021772 ''What is climate change? A really simple guide''] [[BBC]]

== Related pages ==
* [[Carbon neutrality]]
* [[Climate change]]
* [[Dike]]/[[Levee]]
* [[Stern Review]]
* [[Pollution]]
* [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]
* [[Greenhouse effect]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
{{sisterlinks|climate change}}
* [http://www.climate-change-guide.com/index.html The Climate Change Guide] easy-to-understand information on Climate Change.

[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Climate change| ]]
[[Category:Air pollution]]