View source for Manganese

[[File:Manganese.jpg|thumb|Manganese slab]]
'''Manganese''' is [[chemical element]] 25 on the [[periodic table]]. Its symbol is '''Mn'''. (Some people get it confused with [[magnesium]], the symbol is Mg). Manganese is used a lot in steel to make it stronger. This is the main use for manganese metal. Manganese compounds, particularly manganese(IV) oxide, are used in alkaline cells and Leclanche cells. Manganese metal is also alloyed with aluminium.

Our bodies and plants need manganese to work right. If we do not get enough manganese, we can get sick. We get manganese from our food and vitamins also have some manganese to make sure that we get enough. It has 25 protons. Its mass number is 54.94.

==Properties==
{{see also|Category:Manganese compounds}}
Manganese is a silvery-gray metal and is part of the group known as the [[transition metal]]s. It is similar to iron. It is hard to melt, but easy to [[oxidation|oxidize]]. Manganese forms [[chemical compound]]s in several [[oxidation state]]s: +2, +4, and +7 are the most common. Manganese compounds can be black, brown, pink, red, green, blue, and purple. Manganese(II) compounds are pink or light brown. They are unreactive. [[Manganese(II) chloride]] is a common example. Manganese(III) compounds are weak [[oxidizing agent]]s. Manganese(IV) compounds are stronger oxidizing agents, but they are rarer. They are normally black in colour. [[Manganese(IV) oxide]] is an example.

Manganese(V) compounds are not stable and [[disproportionation|disproportionate]] easily. They are bright blue. They are very rare. [[Hypomanganate]]s are the most common manganese(V) compounds. Manganese(VI) compounds are made in the process used to make permanganates. They disproportionate too. [[Manganate]]s are weak reducing agents and [[wikt:moderate|moderate]] oxidizing agents. They are bright green.

Manganese(VII) compounds are purple-black and are powerful oxidizing agents. [[Permanganate]]s contain the MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> ion. They are normally purple-black and strong oxidizing agents. [[Potassium permanganate]] is an example.

<gallery>
File:Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate.jpg|Manganese(II) chloride, in +2 oxidation state
File:Manganese(IV) oxide.jpg|Manganese(IV) oxide, in +4 oxidation state
File:Potassium-permanganate-sample.jpg|Potassium permanganate, in +7 oxidation state
</gallery>

== Isotopes ==
Manganese that is found in nature is made up of one stable [[isotope]], which is manganese-55. Manganese has many [[Radioisotope|radioisotopes]] ranging from manganese-44 to manganese-69. The most stable radioisotope is manganese-53. It has a [[Half-life (element)|half-life]] of 3.7 million years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Audi|first1=G.|last2=Kondev|first2=F. G.|last3=Wang|first3=Meng|last4=Huang|first4=W.J.|last5=Naimi|first5=S.|date=2017|title=The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001|journal=Chinese Physics C|volume=41|issue=3|pages=030001|doi=10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001|bibcode=2017ChPhC..41c0001A|issn=1674-1137|via=|access-date=2020-09-28|archive-date=2020-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626233853/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Occurrence==
The [[Earth's crust]] contains about 1000 [[Parts per million|ppm]] of manganese. It is the 12th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. [[Soil]] contains 7–9000 ppm of manganese. [[Seawater]] only contains 10 ppm of manganese. The [[atmosphere]] contains 0.01 µg/m<sup>3</sup> of manganese.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46984609|title=Nature's building blocks : an A-Z guide to the elements|last=Emsley, John.|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-850341-5|location=Oxford|oclc=46984609}}</ref> Manganese mainly occurs as [[pyrolusite]], [[braunite]], [[psilomelane]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhattacharyya|first1=P. K.|last2=Dasgupta|first2=Somnath|last3=Fukuoka|first3=M.|last4=Roy|first4=Supriya|date=1984|title=Geochemistry of braunite and associated phases in metamorphosed non-calcareous manganese ores of India|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00371403|journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology|language=en|volume=87|issue=1|pages=65–71|doi=10.1007/BF00371403|bibcode=1984CoMP...87...65B|s2cid=129495326|issn=0010-7999|via=}}</ref>

Manganese is sometimes found [[alloy]]ed with [[iron]] naturally. These rocks, called [[meteorite]]s, came from space. [[Pyrolusite]] is one of the main sources of manganese. It also occurs as [[manganese carbonate]]. Some [[silicate]]s have manganese in them. The derivation of Manganese may have come from either the Latin 'magnes', meaning [[magnet]], or from the black [[magnesium oxide]], 'magnesia nigra'.

==Preparation==
Manganese is normally made in an alloy with steel. This is made by mixing manganese [[ore]] and iron ore in a furnace and [[reduction (chemistry)|reducing]] it with [[carbon]]. This forms an alloy called [[ferromanganese]]. Pure manganese is made by reacting the manganese ore with [[sulfuric acid]] and [[electrolysis|electrolyzing]] it.

Our bodies and [[plant]]s need manganese to work right. If we do not get enough manganese, we can get sick. We get manganese from our food and vitamins also have some manganese to make sure that we get enough.

== Uses ==
Manganese is used to make cheap [[stainless steel]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manganese Statistics and Information|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/manganese/myb1-2006-manga.pdf|access-date=2020-09-28|website=minerals.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dastur|first1=Y. N.|last2=Leslie|first2=W. C.|date=1981|title=Mechanism of work hardening in Hadfield manganese steel|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02648339|journal=Metallurgical Transactions A|language=en|volume=12|issue=5|pages=749–759|doi=10.1007/BF02648339|bibcode=1981MTA....12..749D|s2cid=136550117|issn=0360-2133|via=}}</ref> [[Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl]] is used as an [[additive]] in [[gasoline]] that does not have [[lead]] to reduce [[engine knocking]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Graham|first1=Leigh A.|last2=Fout|first2=Alison R.|last3=Kuehne|first3=Karl R.|last4=White|first4=Jennifer L.|last5=Mookherji|first5=Bhaskar|last6=Marks|first6=Fred M.|last7=Yap|first7=Glenn P. A.|last8=Zakharov|first8=Lev N.|last9=Rheingold|first9=Arnold L.|date=2005|title=Manganese( i ) poly(mercaptoimidazolyl)borate complexes: spectroscopic and structural characterization of Mn⋯H–B interactions in solution and in the solid state|url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=B412280A|journal=Dalton Trans.|language=en|issue=1|pages=171–180|doi=10.1039/B412280A|pmid=15605161|issn=1477-9226}}</ref>

[[Manganese(IV) oxide]] is used as a [[reagent]] in [[organic chemistry]] for the [[oxidation]] of benzylic [[Alcohol|alcohols]]. Manganese dioxide is also used in the [[manufacture]] of [[oxygen]] and [[chlorine]]. It is also used to dry black [[Paint|paints]]. Sometimes, it is used as a brown [[pigment]] for paint. It is a component of natural [[umber]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCray|first=W. Patrick|date=1998|title=Glassmaking in renaissance Italy: The innovation of venetian cristallo|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11837-998-0024-0|journal=JOM|language=en|volume=50|issue=5|pages=14–19|doi=10.1007/s11837-998-0024-0|bibcode=1998JOM....50e..14M|s2cid=111314824|issn=1047-4838|via=}}</ref>

Manganese compounds have been used as pigments to color [[Ceramic|ceramics]] and [[glass]]. [[Tetravalence|Tetravalent]] manganese is used as an [[Activator (phosphor)|activator]] in [[Phosphor|phosphors]] that glow red.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Daqin|last2=Zhou|first2=Yang|last3=Zhong|first3=Jiasong|date=2016|title=A review on Mn 4+ activators in solids for warm white light-emitting diodes|url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C6RA19584A|journal=RSC Advances|language=en|volume=6|issue=89|pages=86285–86296|doi=10.1039/C6RA19584A|bibcode=2016RSCAd...686285C|issn=2046-2069}}</ref> Manganese oxide is also used in [[Portland cement]] [[Mixture|mixtures]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300962510|title=Magnesium Oxide in Portland Cement|last=Rehsi|first=S.S.|publisher=Elsevier Science & Technology|date=31 December 1983|isbn=9780080286709|location=|pages=}}</ref>

== Biological role ==

There are lots of classes of [[Enzyme|enzymes]] that have manganese [[Co-factor|cofactors]]. They are [[Oxidoreductase|oxidoreductases]], [[Transferase|transferases]], [[Hydrolase|hydrolases]], [[Lyase|lyases]], [[Isomerase|isomerases]], [[Ligase|ligases]], [[Lectin|lectins]], and [[Integrin|integrins]]. The [[Reverse transcriptase|reverse transcriptases]] of many [[Retrovirus|retroviruses]] contain manganese.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S089888380860152X|title=Advances in Inorganic Chemistry|last1=Law|first1=Neil A.|last2=Caudle|first2=M. Tyler|last3=Pecoraro|first3=Vincent L.|date=1998|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-023646-6|volume=46|pages=305–440|language=en|doi=10.1016/s0898-8838(08)60152-x}}</ref>

=== Biological role in humans ===
Manganese is an [[essential nutrient]]. It is found as a [[coenzyme]] in many [[Biological process|biological processes]]. They include [[macronutrient]] [[metabolism]], [[Ossification|bone formation]], and [[free radical]] [[immune system]]. It is a very important component in lots of [[Protein|proteins]] and enzymes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110527872/9783110527872-016/9783110527872-016.xml|title=Essential Metals in Medicine: Therapeutic Use and Toxicity of Metal Ions in the Clinic|date=2019-01-14|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-052787-2|location=Berlin, Boston|pages=253–266|doi=10.1515/9783110527872-016|pmid=30855111|last1=Erikson|first1=K. M.|last2=Aschner|first2=M.|journal=Metal Ions in Life Sciences|volume=19|s2cid=73725546}}</ref> The [[human body]] contains about 12 mg of manganese. Manganese is found in the [[Bone|bones]], [[liver]], [[brain]] and [[Kidney|kidneys]].<ref name=":0" /> In the human brain, the manganese is [[wikt:bound|bound]] to [[Manganese metalloprotein|manganese metalloproteins]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Atsushi|date=2003|title=Manganese action in brain function|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165017302002345|journal=Brain Research Reviews|language=en|volume=41|issue=1|pages=79–87|doi=10.1016/S0165-0173(02)00234-5|pmid=12505649|s2cid=1922613|via=}}</ref>

=== Biological role in plants ===
Manganese is also important in the [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] [[oxygen evolution]] in the [[Chloroplast|chloroplasts]] of [[Plant|plants]]. The [[oxygen-evolving complex]] is a part of [[photosystem II]]. The photosystem ll is found in the [[Thylakoid|thylakoid membranes]] of chloroplasts. It is responsible for the [[Oxygen evolution|photooxidation of water]] during the [[light reactions]] of photosynthesis. It has a [[Metalloprotein|metalloenzyme]] core that has four [[Atom|atoms]] of manganese.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Umena|first1=Yasufumi|last2=Kawakami|first2=Keisuke|last3=Shen|first3=Jian-Ren|last4=Kamiya|first4=Nobuo|date=2011|title=Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nature09913|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=473|issue=7345|pages=55–60|doi=10.1038/nature09913|pmid=21499260|bibcode=2011Natur.473...55U|s2cid=205224374|issn=0028-0836|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/0470862106.ia128|title=Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry|last1=Charles Dismukes|first1=G.|last2=van Willigen|first2=Rogier T.|date=2006-03-15|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|isbn=978-0-470-86078-6|editor-last=King|editor-first=R. Bruce|location=Chichester, UK|pages=ia128|language=en|doi=10.1002/0470862106.ia128|editor-last2=Crabtree|editor-first2=Robert H.|editor-last3=Lukehart|editor-first3=Charles M.|editor-last4=Atwood|editor-first4=David A.|editor-last5=Scott|editor-first5=Robert A.}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Safety==
Manganese dust can irritate lungs. Some manganese compounds cause toxicity when ingested. Manganese is less toxic than nickel or copper. [[Permanganate]]s are the most toxic manganese compounds. When someone is exposed to manganese for a long time it can cause a problem with the [[nervous system]].

==Related pages==
*[[Manganese compounds]]
*[[List of common elements]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
{{Commons|Manganese}}
{{wiktionary|manganese}}
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/52.html National Pollutant Inventory - Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301151751/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/52.html |date=2006-03-01 }}
* [http://www.manganese.org International Manganese Institute]

{{Periodic Table}}
{{Manganese minerals}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Transition metals]]