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Cockatoo

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Cockatoo
Cockatoo perching on a branch. Its plumage on the top of its head above its eyes is white and it has a horn-coloured beak. The rest of its head, its neck, and most of its front are pink. Its wings and tail are grey and blue.
Galah in Australia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Superfamily: Cacatuoidea
Family: Cacatuidae
G. R. Gray 1840
Type genus
Cacatua
Genera

Probosciger
Callocephalon
Nymphicus
Calyptorhynchus
Eolophus
Lophochroa
Cacatua

Map showing southeastern Asia, Australia, Melanesia, and New Zealand. Islands in the Philippines and the Sunda Islands are colored red, east to the Solomon Islands, as is Australia with Tasmania. New Caledonia is colored blue.
Current range of cockatoos – red
Finds of recent fossils – blue
Synonyms

A cockatoo is any of the 21 species belonging to the bird family Cacatuidae, the only family in the superfamily Cacatuoidea. Along with the Psittacoidea (true parrots) and the Strigopoidea (New Zealand parrots), they make up the order Psittaciformes (parrots).

The name cockatoo comes from the Malay name for these birds, kaka(k)tua, via the Dutch kaketoe.[3][4]

Cockatoos are recognisable by the showy crests and curved and strong bills. Their plumage is generally less colourful than that of other parrots, being mainly white, grey or black and often with coloured features in the crest, cheeks or tail. On average they are larger than other parrots; however, the Cockatiel, the smallest cockatoo species, is a small bird.

Distribution and habitat

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Cockatoos have a much more restricted range than the true parrots, occurring naturally only in Australasia.[5] Eleven of the 21 species exist in the wild only in Australia, while seven species occur only in the islands of the Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Interestingly, no cockatoo species are found in Borneo (despite their presence on nearby Palawan and Sulawesi) or many Pacific islands, although fossil remains have been recorded from New Caledonia.[6]

Three species occur in both New Guinea and Australia.[7] Some species have widespread distributions, with the Galah, for example, occurring over most of Australia, whereas other species have tiny distributions, confined to a small part of the continent, such as the Long-billed Black Cockatoo of Western Australia or to a small island group, such as the Tanimbar Corella, which is restricted to the Tanimbar Islands of Indonesia.

Cockatoos occupy a wide range of habitats, from forests in subalpine zones to mangroves. However, no species is found in all types of habitat. The most widespread species, such as the Galah and Cockatiel, are open-country specialists that feed on grass seeds. Other cockatoo species, such as the Glossy Black Cockatoo, inhabit woodlands, rainforests, shrublands and even forests with an alpine climate. The Philippine Cockatoo inhabits mangroves. Several species have adapted well to human modified habitats and are found in agricultural areas and even busy cities.[8]

Taxonomy

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The cockatoos were first defined as a subfamily Cacatuinae within the parrot family Psittacidae by the English naturalist George Robert Gray in 1840, with Cacatua the first listed and type genus.[9] This group has alternately been considered as either a full family or a subfamily by different authorities. The American ornithologist James Lee Peters in his 1937 Check-list of Birds of the World, Sibley and Monroe in 1990 maintained it as a subfamily, while parrot expert Joseph Forshaw classified it as a family in 1973.[10] Subsequent molecular studies indicate that the earliest offshoot from the original parrot ancestors were the New Zealand parrots of the family Strigopidae, and following this the cockatoos, now a well-defined group or clade, split off from the remaining parrots, which then radiated across the southern hemisphere and diversified into the many species of parrots, parakeets, macaws, lories, lorikeets, lovebirds and other true parrots of the family Psittacidae.[11][12][13]

The fossil record of cockatoos is even more limited than that of parrots in general, with only one truly ancient cockatoo fossil known: a species of Cacatua, most probably subgenus Licmetis, found in Early Miocene (16–23 million years ago) deposits of Riversleigh, Australia.[14] Although fragmentary, the remains are similar to the Western Corella and the Galah.[15]

Species and subspecies

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A mainly-white cockatoo with a black beak perched on a wooden perch. Its yellow crest is raised and very conspicuous.
A captive Sulphur-crested Cockatoo displaying its crest in USA

Names in parentheses after generic names indicate subgenera. The current subdivision of this family is as follows:

Subfamily Nymphicinae

Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae: The black cockatoos

Subfamily Cacatuinae

Morphology

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Two grey cockatoos on a lichen-covered tree branch. The red crested male is on the left.
A pair of Gang-gang Cockatoos in NSW, Australia (male with red head feathers).

The cockatoos are mostly medium to large parrots with a heavy, compact body. They range from 30–60 cm (12–24 in) in length and 300–1,200 g (0.66–2.65 lb) in weight. However, one species, the Cockatiel, is considerably smaller and slimmer than the other species, being 32 cm (13 in) long (including its long pointed tail feathers) and 80–100 g (0.18–0.22 lb) in weight.[7]

The movable headcrest, which is present in all cockatoos, is spectacular in many species; it is raised when the bird lands from flying or when it is aroused.

Cockatoos share many features with other parrots, including the characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with the two middle toes forward and the two outer toes backward.[17] They differ however in a number of characteristics, including the presence of a gallbladder, some other anatomical details and their lack of the structures in the feathers which cause the bright blues and greens seen in true parrots.[7]

Like other parrots, cockatoos have short legs and strong claws,[7] and often use their strong bill as a third limb when climbing through branches. They generally have long broad wings used in rapid flight, with speeds up to 70 km/h (43 mph) being recorded for galahs.[17] The members of the genus Calyptorhynchus and larger white cockatoos, such as the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo and Major Mitchell's Cockatoo, have shorter, rounder wings and a more leisurely flight.[17]

Behaviour

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Two mainly white-plumaged cockatoos on what appears to be a lawn. One cockatoo is standing upright and has a long upper mandible and orange-pink feathers its face and chest. The other cockatoo has its head in the grass with its bill not visible.
Feral Long-billed Corellas in Perth. The bird on the right is using its long beak to dig for food in short grass.

Cockatoos are active mainly during the day and require daylight to find their food. They eat a range of mainly vegetable food items. Seeds form a large part of the diet of all species; these are opened with their large and powerful bills. The Galahs, corellas and some of the black cockatoos feed primarily on the ground; others feed mostly in trees.

Like most parrots, the cockatoos are made their nests in holes in trees,[18] which they are unable to excavate themselves. These hollows are formed from decay or destruction of wood by branches breaking off, fungi or insects such as termites or even woodpeckers where their ranges overlap. In many places these holes are scarce and the source of competition, both with other members of the same species and with other species and types of animal.[19] In general, cockatoos choose hollows only a little larger than themselves, hence different-sized species nest in holes of corresponding (and different) sizes.

The female lays two white eggs on small pieces of wood. The young, which is born naked and blind, is fed by the adults with partially digested food for about three months.

Status and conservation

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Two mainly white-plumaged cockatoos in a cage
The Red-vented Cockatoo is a critically endangered species endemic to the Philippines.[20]

According to the IUCN and BirdLife International, seven species of cockatoo are considered to be vulnerable or worse and one is considered to be near threatened. Of these, two species—the Philippine Cockatoo (or Red-vented Cockatoo) and the Yellow-crested Cockatoo—are considered to be critically endangered.[21][22]

The principal threats to cockatoos are habitat loss and the trade in wild animals. All cockatoos nest in trees, and are vulnerable to their loss. Also, many species have specific habitat requirements or live on small islands and have naturally small ranges, making them especially vulnerable.[23]

Cockatoos are popular as pets and the capture and trade has threatened some species; between 1983 and 1990, 66,654 recorded Salmon-crested Cockatoos were exported from Indonesia, a figure that does not include the number of birds caught for the domestic trade or that were exported illegally.[24] The capture of many species has subsequently been banned but the trade continues illegally. Not only are the rare species smuggled out of Indonesia but also common and rare cockatoos alike are smuggled out of Australia.

All species of cockatoo except the Cockatiel are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which restricts import and export of wild-caught parrots to special licensed purposes. Five cockatoo species (including all subspecies)—the Tanimbar Corella (Cacatua goffiniana), Philippine Cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia), Moluccan Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis), Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) and Palm Cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus)—are protected on the CITES Appendix I list. With the exception of the Cockatiel, all remaining cockatoo species are protected on the CITES Appendix II list.[25]

References

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  1. ↑ ICZN (2000). "Opinion 1949. Cacatua Vieillot, 1817 and Cacatuinae Gray, 1840 (Aves, Psittaciformes): conserved". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 57: 66–67.
  2. ↑ Suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 1949 (2000). ICZN (2000). "Opinion 1949. Cacatua Vieillot, 1817 and Cacatuinae Gray, 1840 (Aves, Psittaciformes): conserved". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 57: 66–67.
  3. ↑ "Cockatoo". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Archived from the original on 2005-04-05. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  4. ↑ "Cockatoo". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  5. ↑ Rowley, Ian (1997). "Family Cacatuidae (Cockatoos)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 4, Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 246–69. ISBN 84-87334-22-9.
  6. ↑ Steadman, D (2006). Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-226-77142-7.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Cameron, Matt (2007). Cockatoos. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0-7641-0688-0.
  8. ↑ Temby, Ian (1999). Williams Shaw, Lisa Harris & Larry Vandruff. (ed.). Urban wildlife issues in Australia (PDF). Proceedings of The 4th International Symposium On Urban Wildlife Conservation. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  9. ↑ Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds, with an indication of the typical species of each genus. p. 53. Available on line in Biodiversity Heritage Library
  10. ↑ Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter (2008). Systematics and taxonomy of Australian birds. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
  11. ↑ Nicole E. White, Matthew J. Phillips, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez, Eske Willerslev, Peter R. Mawson, Peter B.S. Spencer, Michael Bunce (2011). "The evolutionary history of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (3): 615–622. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.011. PMID 21419232.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Astuti, Dwi; Azuma, Noriko; Suzuki, Hitoshi; Higashi, Seigo (2006). "Phylogenetic Relationships Within Parrots (Psittacidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome-bGene Sequences". Zoological Science. 23 (2): 191–8. doi:10.2108/zsj.23.191. hdl:2115/54809. PMID 16603811. S2CID 35879495.
  13. ↑ Christidis, L.; Schodde, R.; Shaw, D.D.; Maynes, S.F. (1991). "Relationships among the Australo-Papuan parrots, lorikeets, and cockatoos (Aves, Psittaciformes): protein evidence" (PDF). Condor. 93 (2): 302–317. doi:10.2307/1368946. JSTOR 1368946.
  14. ↑ Boles, Walter E (1993). "A new cockatoo (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae) from the Tertiary of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, and an evaluation of rostral characters in the systematics of parrots". Ibis. 135 (1): 8–18. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1993.tb02804.x.
  15. ↑ Waterhouse, DM (2006). "Parrots in a nutshell: The fossil record of Psittaciformes (Aves)". Historical Biology. 18 (2): 223–34. doi:10.1080/08912960600641224. S2CID 83664072.
  16. ↑ Roselaar CS, Michels JP (2004). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 48. Nomenclatural chaos untangled, resulting in the naming of the formally undescribed Cacatua species from the Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)". Zoologische Verhandelingen. 350: 183–96. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Cameron, Matt (2007). Cockatoos. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. pp. 67–69. ISBN 978-0-7641-0688-0.
  18. ↑ Cameron, M (2006). "Nesting habitat of the glossy black-cockatoo in central New South Wales". Biological Conservation. 127 (4): 402–10. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.08.019.
  19. ↑ Heinsohn, Robert; Murphy, Stephen; Legge, Sarah (2003). "Overlap and competition for nest holes among eclectus parrots, palm cockatoos and sulphur-crested cockatoos". Australian Journal of Zoology. 51 (1): 81–94. doi:10.1071/ZO02003.
  20. ↑ "Philippine Cockatoo – BirdLife Species Factsheet". BirdLife International. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  21. ↑ "Data Zone: Search Species: Cockatoo". Birdlife International. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  22. ↑ "Data Zone: Search Species: Corella". Birdlife International. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  23. ↑ Maron, M (2005). "Agricultural change and paddock tree loss: Implications for an endangered subspecies of Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo". Ecological Management & Restoration. 6 (3): 206–11. doi:10.1111/j.1442-8903.2005.00238.x.
  24. ↑ Kinnaird, Margaret F.; O'Brien, Timothy G.; Lambert, Frank R.; Purmiasa, David (2003). "Density and distribution of the endemic Seram cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis in relation to land use patterns". Biological Conservation. 109 (2): 227–35. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00150-7.
  25. ↑ CITES (27 April 2011). Appendices I, II and III. Accessed 1 July 2013

Other websites

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cacatuidae.
Wikispecies has information on: Cacatuidae.
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