Ogled vira Galilejev primer

[[File:Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636.jpg|thumb|180px|<center>''[[Galileo Galilei|Galilejev]] [[portret]]''<br><small>Naslikal ([[1636]]) [[Justus Sustermans]]]]</small> </center>
'''Galilejev primer''' označuje dogajanje, ki je povezano z različnimi pogledi na podobo o [[vesolje|vesolju]] v zvezi s Ptolomejevim in Kopernikovim sistemom ter učenjem [[sveto pismo|svetega pisma]], kakor tudi odziv takratne [[Rimskokatoliška cerkev|cerkvene]] [[inkvizicija|inkvizicije]] na [[Galileo Galilei|Galilejeva]] astronomska odkritja in svetopisemsko razlago. [[Papež Janez Pavel II.]] je izrečno obžaloval, da je do spora sploh prišlo, rehabilitiral znanstvenika in njegovo delo ter poudaril, da se veda in vera dopolnjujeta; ta spor je namreč sprožil mnenje, češ da si [[vera]] in [[znanost]] nasprotujeta.

== Ptolomejski in kopernikanski pogled na vesolje ==

V Galilejevem času je večina vedežev zastopala [[geocentrični sistem]]. Po nepričakovanih odkritjih [[Nikolaj Kopernik|Kopernika]], [[Johannes Kepler|Keplerja]] – zlasti pa [[Galileo Galilei|Galileja]], so začeli v znanosti vedno bolj upoštevati [[heliocentrični model|heliocentrični sistem]], ki ga je podpiralo Galilejevo opazovanje nebesnih pojavov z izpopolnjenim daljnogledom. 
Galileo je najprej uporabljal heliocentrizem kot podmeno oziroma znanstveno metodo, po kateri je lažje razložil gibanje planetov in njihovih lun. Težave so nastale v znanstvenih krogih, ko ga je začel razlagati kot znanstveno dejstvo in se je spustil na »bogoslovno področje« kljub prijateljskim svarilom.

1614 je bil prisiljen odgovoriti na obtožbo, da njegova »nova veda« nasprotuje nekaterim [[sveto pismo|svetopisemskim]] navedkom. Zagovorniki dobesedne razlage so navajali navedek, ki govori, da je Sonce obstalo na svojem tiru, po katerem je krožilo <ref>Ustavilo se je sonce in mesec je nepremično stal, dokler se ni ljudstvo maščevalo nad svojim sovražnikom.« 
Ali ni takole zapisano v Knjigi Pravičnega: »Sonce se je ustavilo sredi neba in ni hitelo, da bi zašlo, skoraj ves dan.« (Joz 10,13)</ref>; podobno se izraža [[stara zaveza]] še večkrat <ref>psalm 93 in 104, kakor tudi Pridigar 1,5: »Sonce vzhaja in sonce zahaja, hiti k svojemu kraju, od koder spet vzhaja.«</ref> v smislu, da se nebesna telesa gibljejo, Zemlja pa stoji. Sicer je že [[Avguštin iz Hipona|sveti Avguštin]] opozarjal, da sveto pismo nima namena učiti o potovanju Sonca in Lune, ker nas ne želi napraviti za matematike, ampak za kristjane. V tem duhu je tudi Galilei pravilno odsvetoval dobesedno razlago navedenih mest.

== Zavezanost k molku in preklicu ==
[[File:Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition.jpg|thumb|180px|<center>''[[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] pred [[inkvizicija|inkvizicijo]]''<br><small>Naslikal [[Cristiano Banti]] ([[1857]])]] </small></center>
[[File:Galileos Dialogue Title Page.png|180px |thumb|<center>Galilejev ''Pogovor o dveh največjih svetovnih sestavih''<br>[[Firence|Florenca]] [[1632]] ]]</center>

Ko je prišel znanstvenik v Rim na obisk k [[papež Pavel V.|Pavlu V.]], je papež izročil zadevo Svetemu oficiju, in kardinal [[Robert Bellarmino|Bellarmino]] je 1616 stopil na stran geocentrizma. Po srečanju z novim [[papež Urban VIII.|papežem Urbanom VIII.]] je Galilei smel heliocentrizem razlagati kot znanstveno podmeno, ne pa kot dokazano dejstvo, kar je za nekaj časa pomirilo duhove. V svojem delu ''»Galilejev pogovor o dveh največjih svetovnih sestavih: Ptolomejskem in Kopernikovskem«'', ki je izšlo v Florenci 1632, pa je prekršil to prepoved. Še več: stari pogled je v knjigi temeljito zavrnil in osmešil; po vrsti je zavrnil vse ugovore. Geocentrizem, zemljosrednost je v knjigi zastopal ''Simplicio (Preprostež, Naivnež)'', v katerem je papež prepoznal samega sebe; zvezdogled pa se je zameril tudi [[jezuiti|jezuitom]], saj v razpravah ni božal svojih nasprotnikov, ampak jih je znal tudi ozmerjati z raznimi nadevki, tudi živalskimi; to je privedlo do obsodbe 1633, ki je brez potrebe zasekala prepad med vero in vedo.<ref>{{navedi splet|url=https://www.catholic.com/#/tract/the-galileo-controversy|title= The Galileo Controversy|publisher=Catholic Answers|date=|accessdate=29. maj 2018}}</ref>

Papež Urban je najprej kazal podobno naklonjenost kot do kiparja [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Berninija]] tudi do svojega someščana in prijatelja Galileja, saj mu je posvetil celo svojo pesnitev; toda Galilei ni posedoval mehkobe in prilagodljivosti kiparja, in je končal s tem, da je prebudil v Urbanu VIII. oso Barberinijev. (Barberinijevi so imeli najprej v grbu tri ''obade'' oziroma ''ose'', ki so jih zamenjali s ''čebelami''.) Poslanik, ki je zagovarjal Galilejev primer, je res pisal v zvezi s tem toskanskemu nadvojvodu, da je našel papeža »in molta collera« (hudo jeznega). Pozabil je tako na omikanost, ko je podprl to obsodbo k molku in preklicu kopernikanskega pogleda na vesolje, ki še danes teži rimsko Cerkev.<ref>{{navedi knjigo|author=Bargellini, P. |title= L’anno santo nella storia, nella letteratura e nell’ arte |page=152}}</ref>

Leta 1633 je torej papež v Rim na zagovor poklical [[Galileo Galilei|Galileja]], ki se je moral po procesu javno odreči svojim »heretičnim [[heliocentrični model|heliocentričnim]] nazorom« in preživeti zadnja leta življenja v hišnem priporu.

== Rehabilitacija ==
Po 350 letih obsodbe Galileo Galileja na molk in preklic, je Cerkev napravila simboličen korak nazaj 31. oktobra 1992 v zgodovinskem posredovanju [[papež Janez Pavel II.|papeža Janeza Pavla II.]] Cerkev je rehabilitirala Galileja in priznala, da »je bila pogreška njegova obsodba k molku.« Papež je dodal, da je bilo kaznovanje Galileja storjeno »in bona fide« (»v dobri veri«).<ref>{{navedi splet|url=http://www.meteoweb.eu/2016/10/accadde-oggi-31-ottobre-del-1992-la-chiesa-riabilita-galileo-galilei-fu-un-errore-condannarlo-al-silenzio/776770/|title=Accadde oggi: il 31 ottobre del 1992 la Chiesa riabilita Galileo Galilei: “fu un errore condannarlo al silenzio”|publisher=Lorenzo Pasqualini|date=31. oktober 2016|accessdate=6. november 2018}}</ref>

Vendar ni pošteno govorjenje o Galileju, češ da ga je »trpinčila Cerkev, ki je bila ljubosomna na svoje znanje«. Tudi Galilejevi sodniki imajo pravico, da jih sodimo pravično. Da bi razumeli Galilejev primer, moramo izhajati iz predpostavk njegovega časa. Gledati moramo dogodke z očmi njegovih sodobnikov. Nemogoče si je zamisliti, da bi bila sodba nad Galilejem čisto znanstveno vprašanje, saj so mu sodili ljudje, ki niso bili zmožni razmišljati drugače kot bogoslovno. Takrat se je širil protestantizem tudi s pomočjo nekatoliškega načela, da lahko vsak sam razlaga sveto pismo – brez cerkvenega vodstva – in v teh napetih okoliščinah je bila Galilejeva sicer pravilna razlaga – vendar razlaga enega laika – več kot sumljiva.<ref>{{navedi splet|url=http://www1.adnkronos.com/Archivio/AdnAgenzia/2000/08/23/Cultura/GALILEO-LA-CONDANNA-DEL-PAPA-COLPA-DEI-PROTESTANTI_124000.php|title= Galileo: La condanna del papa? Colpa dei protestanti Lo storico di Wojtyla, pieta' per i suoi accusatori|publisher=AdnKronos|date=2014|accessdate=6. november 2018}}</ref>

Po celih 359 letih, 4 mescih in 9 dneh postaja Galileo Galilei ponovno »zakonit sin« [[Rimskokatoliška cerkev|katoliške Cerkve]]. Jutri (tj. 31. oktobra 1992) bo namreč [[Vatikan]] dokončno izbrisal zgodovinsko obsodbo »k molku«, ki jo je naložil pisanskemu vedežu 22. junija 1633 Sveti oficij, ki ga je tistihmal vodil kardinal Robert Belarmin.

=== Postopna rehabilitacija ===
Če pa pogledamo bolje v zgodovino, bomo videli, da so bolj ali manj uspešni poskusi rehabilitacije obstajali tudi poprej.
 
[[Rimskokatoliška cerkev]] ni nikoli razglasila ''kopernikanske teorije''<ref>{{navedi splet|url=https://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-101Z8UEI/e4e5595c-3849-41fe-b96b-3d6786ba0ec8/PDF|title= Kdaj je »kopernikanska« revolucija postala znanstvena revolucija?|publisher=dlib|date=|accessdate=8. november 2018}}</ref> za [[herezija|herezijo]], niti ni objavila kakega odloka, ki bi jo lahko štel za nepopravljivo.

1741 je [[papež Benedikt XIV.|Benedikt XIV.]] dal ''Imprimatur'' za prvo izdajo celotnih Galilejevih del. 1757 je nova izdaja ''Indexa''<ref>''Index librorum prohibitorum – Seznam prepovedanih knjig''</ref> dovoljevala pisanje, ki je podpiralo ''[[Nikolaj Kopernik|Kopernikovo]] teorijo''.<ref>{{navedi splet |url=https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Story/TabId/2672/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/9523/The-Galileo-Affair.aspx |title=The Galileo Affair How do we sort out truth from legend? |first=Matthew |last=Bunson |work=The Catholic Answer |date=10. december 2009 |accessdate=29. maj 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628234221/https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Story/TabId/2672/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/9523/The-Galileo-Affair.aspx |archivedate=2018-06-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Istega leta (1757) je ''Sveti oficij'' povrnil čast njegovi osebnosti s priznanjem, da so znanstvene trditve, ki jih je zastopal, resnične.<ref>{{navedi splet|url=https://www.cittanuova.it/giovanni-paolo-ii-e-la-scienza/|title= Giovanni Paolo II e la scienza|publisher=Città Nuova|date=25. februar 2005|accessdate=6. november 2018}}</ref>

1820 je [[papež Pij VII.|Pij VII.]] pooblastil objavo [[Giuseppe Settele|Setteleovih]] [[astronomija|zvezdoznanskih]] vaj, kanonika, ki je zagovarjal galilejski heliocentrizem. Sveti oficij je prinesel odlok o končanem sporu med vero in znanostjo brez kakega hrupa.<ref>{{navedi splet|url= https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1992/10/30/il-vaticano-cancella-la-condanna-di-galileo.html?refresh_ce|title= Il Vaticano cancella la condanna di Galileo|publisher=Repubblica|date=30. oktober 1992|accessdate=6. november 2018}}</ref>

Za posredno priznanje Galilejevim pogledom velja tudi učenje [[papež Leon XIII.|Leona XIII.]] in [[papež Pij XII.|Pija XII.]]; vsekakor pa je glede tega postavil piko na i [[papež Janez Pavel II.]] Znanstveni razvoj pa je presegel tako geocentrični kot heliocentrični sistem. [[Albert Einstein|Einsteinova]] [[teorija relativnosti]] je glede pogleda na vesolje in lege Zemlje v njem utrla čisto nova pota.
Vsekakor pa še danes velja upoštevati Galilejevo mnenje, da sveto pismo ima namen učiti vero in moralo, ne pa astronomije. Poleg tega je bil Galilei avtor enega prvih [[Galilejeva transformacija|načel relativnosti]], ki je v začetku 20. stoletja privedlo do Einsteinovega pogleda in interpretacije [[prostor]]a in [[čas]]a.

== Glej tudi ==

* [[Galileo Galilei]]
* [[seznam italijanskih znanstvenikov]]
* [[seznam papežev]]
* [[inkvizicija]]

== Sklici ==

{{sklici|2}}

== Nadaljnje branje ==
{{znanost}}

;{{ikona en}}
* {{navedi knjigo | contribution=New Light on the Galileo affair?
              | last=Artigas | first=Mariano 
              | last2= Martínez | first2=Rafael
              | last3= Shea | first3=William R.
              | pages=213–233
              | editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
              | title=The Church and Galileo
              | date=2005
              | publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
              | isbn=0-268-03483-4
              | ref=Reference-Artigas-2005}}

* {{navedi knjigo | contribution=Galileo, Urban VIII, and the Prosecution of Natural Philosophers
              | last=Beretta | first=Franchesco 
              | pages=234–261
              | editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
              | title=The Church and Galileo
              | date=2005
              | publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
              | isbn=0-268-03483-4
              | ref=Reference-Beretta-2005a}}

* {{navedi knjigo | contribution=The Documents of Galileo's Trial: Recent Hypotheses and Historical Criticisms
              | last=Beretta | first=Franchesco
              | pages=191–212
              | editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
              | title=The Church and Galileo
              | date=2005
              | publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
              | isbn=0-268-03483-4
              | ref=Reference-Beretta-2005b}}

* {{cite journal
              | ref = Reference-Baumgartner-1989
              | last = Baumgartner
              | first = Frederic J.
              | title = Galileo Heretic (Book Review)
              | journal = The Sixteenth Century Journal
              | volume = XX
              | issue = 2
              | pages = 309–10
              | date = 1989
              | doi=10.2307/2540675| jstor = 2540675
              }}

* {{navedi knjigo | title= Making modern science: a historical survey
              | last1= Bowler
              | first1= Peter J.
              | last2= Morus
              | first2= Iwan Rhys
              | authorlink1= Peter J. Bowler
              | url= https://books.google.com/?id=LEl3s-wYg10C
              | publisher= University of Chicago Press
              | date= 2005
              | location= Chicago IL
              | isbn= 0-226-06860-9
              | ref=bowler&morus-2005}}

* {{navedi knjigo | title= The life of Galileo Galilei, with illustrations of the advancement of experimental philosophy
              | first= John Elliot Drinkwater
              | last= Bethune
              | authorlink= John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune
              | url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofgalileogal00bethrich
              | publisher= 
              | location= London
              | date= 1830
              | ref=Reference-bethune-1830}}

* {{navedi knjigo | title= Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible
              | url= https://archive.org/details/galileobellarmin0000blac
              | author= Blackwell, Richard J.
              | publisher= University of Notre Dame Press
              | location= Notre Dame, IN 
              | date= 1991
              | isbn= 0-268-01024-2
              | ref=Reference-Blackwell-1991}}

* {{cite journal | title = Una errata reproducida durante siglos cambia la censura de la Iglesia a Galileo
              | last = Domínguez
              | first = Nuño
              | journal = EsMateria.com
              | date = 28 Feb 2014
              | url=http://esmateria.com/2014/02/28/una-errata-reproducida-durante-siglos-cambia-la-censura-de-la-iglesia-a-galileo/}}

* {{navedi knjigo | title= Galileo At Work
              | url= https://archive.org/details/galileoatwork00stil
              | author= Drake, Stillman 
              | authorlink= Stillman Drake
              | publisher= University of Chicago Press
              | date= 1978
              | location= Chicago
              | isbn= 0-226-16226-5
              | ref=Reference-Drake-1978}}

* {{navedi knjigo | title= Galileo: Pioneer Scientist
              | url= https://archive.org/details/galileo00stil_0
              | author= Drake, Stillman 
              | authorlink= Stillman Drake
              | publisher= University of Toronto Press
              | date= 1990
              | location= Chicago, MI
              | isbn= 0-8020-2725-3
              | ref=Reference-Drake-1990}}

* {{navedi knjigo | title= Galileo His Life and Work
              | first= John | last= Fahie
              | url=https://books.google.com/?id=dnn66vXxD2YC
              | publisher= Kessinger
              | date= 2005
              | isbn= 1-4179-6999-7
              | location= Whitefish, MT
              | ref= Reference-Fahie-2005}}

* {{navedi knjigo | contribution = the Disputed Injunction and its role in Galileo's Trial
              | last=Fantoli | first=Annibale
              | pages=117–149
              | editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
              | title=The Church and Galileo
              | date=2005
              | publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
              | isbn=0-268-03483-4
              | ref=Reference-Fantoli-2005}}

* {{navedi knjigo | title= Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale
              |trans-title=The Works of Galileo Galilei, National Edition
              | editor-last= Favaro
              | editor-first= Antonio
              | editor-link= :it:Antonio Favaro 
              | date =  1890–1909
              | url = http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO 
              | language=it
              | publication-place = [[Florence]]
              | publisher= Barbera
              | isbn= 88-09-20881-1
              | ref=Reference-Favaro-1890}} A searchable online copy is available on the [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114183333/http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html Institute and Museum of the History of Science], Florence, and a brief overview of ''Le Opere'' is available at [https://web.archive.org/web/20090103233923/http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm Finn's fine books], and [https://web.archive.org/web/20110103231202/http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition here].

* {{cite journal | title = From Inquisitors to Microhistorians: A Critique of Pietro Redondi's Galileo eretico
              | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1986-06_58_2/page/485
              | last = Ferrone
              | first = Vincenzo
              | last2=Firpo |first2=Massimo
              | journal = The Journal of Modern History
              | volume = 58
              | issue = 2
              | pages = 485–524
              | date = June 1986
              | doi = 10.1086/243016
              | ref=Reference-Ferrone&Firpo-1986}}

* {{navedi knjigo | title= Killing Time: The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend
              | url= https://archive.org/details/killingtimeautob00feye
              | author= Feyerabend, Paul
              | authorlink= Paul Feyerabend
              | publisher= University of Chicago Press
              | date= 1995
              | location= Chicago, MI
              | isbn= 0-226-24531-4
              | ref=Reference-Feyerabend-1995}}

* {{Citation | title = Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the two Affairs
             | author=Finocchiaro, Maurice
             | publisher=Springer
             | year= 2010
             | isbn= 978-9048132003
             | ref= Reference-Finocchiaro-2010}}

* {{navedi knjigo | title= The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History
              | author= Finocchiaro, Maurice A.
              | publisher= University of California Press
              | url= https://books.google.com/?id=wKCZFJuMCaQC
              | date= 1989
              | location= Berkeley, CA
              | isbn= 0-520-06662-6
              | ref=Reference-Finocchiaro-1989}}

* {{navedi knjigo | title= Retrying Galileo, 1633–1992
              | last= Finocchiaro
              | first= Maurice A.
              | authorlink=
              | publisher= University of California Press
              | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IKW-4LyQeHYC
              | date= 2005
              | location= Berkeley, CA
              | isbn= 0-520-24261-0
              }}

* {{Citation
 | title = Setting Aside All Authority: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo
 | author = Graney, Christopher M.
 | publisher=University of Notre Dame Press
 | year= 2015
 | isbn= 978-0268029883
 | ref= Reference-Graney-2015}}

* {{navedi knjigo
 | title= Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
| url= https://archive.org/details/dialogueconcerni00gali_0
| others = Translator: Stillman Drake
 | author= Galileo Galilei
 | publisher= University of California Press
 | date= 1953
 | location= Berkeley, CA
 | ref=Reference-Drake-1953
 | isbn= 0-520-00449-3}}

* {{navedi knjigo | title= Galileo on the World Systems: A New Abridged Translation and Guide
              | author1= Galileo Galilei
              | last2= Finocchiaro
              | first2= Maurice A.
              | publisher= University of California Press
              | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Li4eh7JIMtIC
              | date= 1997
              | location= Berkeley, CA
              | isbn= 0-520-20548-0 
              | ref=Reference-Finocchiaro-1997}}

* {{navedi knjigo | title= Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
              | author= Galileo Galilei
              | authorlink= Galileo Galilei
              | url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/753
              | publisher= Dover Publications Inc.
              | date= 1954
              | origyear= 1638,1914
              | location= New York, NY.
              | isbn= 0-486-60099-8
              | ref=Reference-Galileo-1954
              | others= Translators: G Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio }}

* {{cite journal | title = Galileo Eretico (Book Review)
              | last = Gosselin
              | first = Edward A.
              | journal = The Sixteenth Century Journal
              | volume = XVI
              | issue = 4
              | pages = 523–24
              | date = 1985
              | ref=Reference-Gosselin-1985
 | doi=10.2307/2541227| jstor = 2541227
              }}
* {{navedi knjigo | last=Heilbron |first=John L.
              | title=Galileo
              | url=https://archive.org/details/galileo0000heil | date=2010
              | publisher=Oxford University Press
              | location=Oxford
              | isbn=9780199583522 |oclc=642283198
              | ref=Reference-Heilbron-2010}}
* {{navedi knjigo | contribution= Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo
              | author= Heilbron, John L.
              | editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
              | title=The Church and Galileo
              | date=2005
              | publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
              | isbn=0-268-03483-4
              | ref=Reference-Heilbron-2005}}
* {{navedi knjigo
 | title = The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe
 | url = https://archive.org/details/sleepwalkershist00koes_0
 | last=Koestler |first=Arthur
 | publisher= Penguin
 | date= 1990
 | origyear = 1959
 | isbn= 0-14-019246-8
 | ref= Reference-Koestler-1990}} Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London).

* {{navedi knjigo
 | title= Galileo, Science and the Church
 | author= Langford, Jerome K.
 | publisher= St. Augustine's Press
 | edition= third
 | date= 1998
 | origyear= 1966
 | isbn= 1-890318-25-6
 | ref=Reference-Langford-1998}}. Original edition by Desclee (New York, NY, 1966)

* {{navedi knjigo | title= Pioneers of Science
              | first= Oliver
              | last= Lodge
              | authorlink= Oliver Lodge
              | url= https://books.google.com/?id=LrYlZ0ncgHcC
              | publisher= Kessinger
              | date= 2003
              | origyear= 1893
              | location= Whitefish, MT
              | isbn= 0-7661-3500-4
              | ref=Reference-Lodge-2003}}

* McMullen, Emerson Thomas, ''Galileo's condemnation: The real and complex story'' (Georgia Journal of Science, vol.61(2) 2003)
* {{navedi knjigo | title=The Church and Galileo
              | editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
              | date=2005
              | publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
              | isbn=0-268-03483-4
              | id=Reference-McMullin-2005 }}

* {{navedi knjigo | contribution=The Church's Ban on Copernicanism, 1616
              | last=McMullin | first=Ernan
              | pages=150–190
              | editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
              | title=The Church and Galileo
              | date=2005
              | publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
              | isbn=0-268-03483-4
              | ref=Reference-McMullin-2005b}}

*{{Cite encyclopedia
| first = Ernan
| last = McMullin
| title = Robert Bellarmine
| url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Robert_Bellarmine.aspx#1
| publisher = Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies
| editor-last = Gillispie
| editor-first = Charles
| encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]
| date = 2008
| ref=Reference-McMullin-2008
}}

* {{navedi knjigo
 | title= Rhetoric & dialectic in the time of Galileo
 | first1= Jean Dietz
 | last1= Moss
 | first2= William
 | last2= Wallace
 | url= https://books.google.com/?id=Lw50esHmgacC
 | publisher= CUA Press
 | date= 2003
 | location= Washington D.C.
 | isbn= 0-8132-1331-2
 | ref=Reference-Moss&Wallace-2003}}

<!-- Should this be cite book? It has an ISBN. -->
*{{navedi splet
 |title       = I Documenti del Processo di Galileo Galilei
 |editor-last = Pagano
 |editor-first = Sergio M.
 |publisher   = Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum Scripta Varia, no.53, Vatican City
 |date        = 1984
 |url         = http://asv.vatican.va/it/stud/download/CAV_21.htm
 |accessdate  = 2005-07-22
 |ref         = Reference-Pagano-1984
 |url-status  = dead
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20060226022933/http://asv.vatican.va/it/stud/download/CAV_21.htm
 |archivedate = 2006-02-26
 |df          = 
}} {{ISBN|88-85042-11-2}}.

* {{navedi knjigo | title= Turning point for Europe? The Church in the Modern World—Assessment and Forecast
              | url= https://archive.org/details/turningpointfore0000bene
              | author= Ratzinger, Joseph A.
              | authorlink= Papež Benedikt XVI.
              | others= translated from the 1991 German edition by Brian McNeil
              | publisher= Ignatius Press
              | date= 1994
              | location = San Francisco, CA
              | isbn= 0-89870-461-8
              | oclc= 60292876
              | ref= Reference-Ratzinger-1994}}

*{{navedi knjigo | title= Galileo Heretic
             | first=Pietro
             | last=Redondi
             | url= https://archive.org/details/galileoheretic00redo
             | origyear= 1983
             | publisher= Princeton University Press 
             | date= 1987
             | location = Princeton, NJ
             | isbn= 0-691-08451-3
             | ref= Reference-Redondi-1983
             | others= English translation translator: Raymond Rosenthal}}

*{{navedi knjigo | title= The Crime of Galileo
             | first=Giorgio
             | last=de Santillana
             | authorlink= Giorgio de Santillana
             | url= https://books.google.com/?id=RABIZBnf_y4C
             | origyear= 1955
             | publisher= University of Chicago Press
             | date= 1976
             | location = Chicago, Ill
             | isbn= 0-226-73481-1
             | ref= Reference-Santillana-1976
             | others=Midway reprint}}

* {{navedi knjigo
 | title= Galileo Galilei, his life and his works
 | author= Seeger, Raymond J.
 | publisher= Pergamon Press
 | date= 1966
 | location= Oxford
 | ref= Reference-Seeger-1966}}

* {{cite journal
 |last1=Segre
 |first1=Michael
 |title=Four centuries later:  how to close the galileo case?
 |journal=Physis Riv Int Stor Sci
 |date=2011–2012
 |volume=48
 |issue=1–2
 | ref= segre2011}}

* Speller, Jules, ''Galileo's Inquisition Trial Revisited '', Peter Lang Europäischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2008. 431 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|978-3-631-56229-1}} / US-{{ISBN|978-0-8204-8798-4}}
*{{navedi knjigo | title= Galileo: Decisive Innovator
             | last=Sharratt | first=Michael
             | publisher=Cambridge University Press
             | date= 1994
             | location= Cambridge
             | isbn=0-521-56671-1
             | ref=Reference-Sharratt-1994}}

*{{navedi knjigo | title= Galileo, the Jesuits and the Medieval Aristotle
             | author= Wallace, William A.
             | publisher= Variorum
             | date= 1991
             | location= Great Yarmouth
             | isbn= 0-86078-297-2
             | ref=Reference-Wallace-1991}}

*{{cite journal | title = Galileo Heretic (Book Review)
             | last = Westfall
             | first= Richard S.
             | journal = Science
             | volume = 237
             | pages = 1059–60
             | date = 1987
             | doi = 10.1126/science.237.4818.1059
             | pmid = 17837398
             | issue = 4818
             | ref=Reference-Westfall-1987|bibcode = 1987Sci...237.1059W }}
*{{navedi knjigo | title= Essays on the Trial of Galileo
             | author= Westfall, Richard S.
             | publisher= Vatican Observatory
             | date= 1989
             | location= Vatican City
             | ref=Reference-Westfall-1989}}

*{{navedi knjigo | title= Galileo antichrist
             | url= https://archive.org/details/galileoantichris0000whit
             | first= Michael
             | last= White
             | publisher= Weidenfeld & Nicolson
             | date= 2007
             | location= London
             | isbn=978-0-297-84868-4
             | ref=Reference-White-2007}}

== Zunanje povezave ==
{{kategorija v Zbirki|Galileo Galilei}}
{{Commons|Galileo affair}}

;{{ikona sl}}
*[https://www.druzina.si/icd/spletnastran.nsf/knjigarna/BFD02A2C03165F97C1256EFD004C54C1/$FILE/CD80.PDF Papež Janez Pavel II.: Okrožnica »Vera in razum« Družina, Ljubljana 1999]
*[https://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-C4ISE1TI/55850a4f-3892-4776-a6e9-0192200788c3/PDF Matjaž Vesel: Filozofski vestnik | Letnik XXX | Številka 1 | 2009 | 21-45 Galilei proti kardinalu Bellarminu: zagovor astronomsko-filozofskega programa]
*[http://www.rad.sik.si/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Pape%C5%BE-in-Galilei.pdf Marijan Prosen: Papež in Galilei. Kranj – Zlato Polje. 18. 11. 2016]
*[http://fizika.dssl.si/Galileo/index6079.html?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=53 Galileo: Življenjepis Powered by Jaomla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125130442/http://fizika.dssl.si/Galileo/index6079.html?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=53 |date=2018-11-25 }}
*[https://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-101Z8UEI/e4e5595c-3849-41fe-b96b-3d6786ba0ec8/PDF Andrej Ule: Kdaj je »kopernikanska« revolucija postala znanstvena revolucija?]
*[https://www.jw.org/sl/publikacije/revije/g201506/galileo/ Prebudite se! | Junij 2015 Portreti iz preteklosti: Galileo]
;{{ikona en}}
*[http://www.cmri.org/04-galileo-galilei.shtml The Case of Galileo Gailei By Rev. Fr. Gabriel Lavery, CMRI]
*[http://www.thearda.com/asrec/archive/papers/Kinkel%20-%20The%20Galileo%20Affair.pdf The Galileo affair: a sociological investigation into religious conflict by R. John Kinkel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418093154/http://www.thearda.com/asrec/archive/papers/Kinkel%20-%20The%20Galileo%20Affair.pdf |date=2017-04-18 }}
*[http://galileo.rice.edu/bio/narrative_7.html Galileo and the Inquisition by Galileo project]
*[https://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/GALILEO.HTM EWTN by George Sims Johnston: The Galileo Affair]
*[http://origins.osu.edu/milestones/february-2016-400-years-ago-catholic-church-prohibited-copernicanism February 2016: 400 Years Ago the Catholic Church Prohibited Copernicanism By Maurice A. Finocchiaro]
*[http://catholicnews.sg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3909:galileo-and-the-inquisition&catid=393&Itemid=473&lang=en Galileo and the Inquisition Special To The M.C.L. The Catholic News – Diecese of Singapoore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629002331/http://catholicnews.sg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3909:galileo-and-the-inquisition&catid=393&Itemid=473&lang=en |date=2018-06-29 }}
*[https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Story/TabId/2672/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/9523/The-Galileo-Affair.aspx The Galileo Affair How do we sort out truth from legend? Matthew Bunson The Catholic Answer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628234221/https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Story/TabId/2672/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/9523/The-Galileo-Affair.aspx |date=2018-06-28 }}
*[http://www.famous-trials.com/galileotrial/1014-home  Douglas O. Linder: The Trial of Galileo]
*[http://stevenssocst.wikispaces.com/file/view/+galileo+recant.pdf After 350 Years, Vatican Says Galileo Was Right: It Moves By ALAN COWELL New York Times Published: October 31, 1992] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726121704/https://stevenssocst.wikispaces.com/file/view/%20galileo%20recant.pdf |date=2018-07-26 }}
*[https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/common-misconceptions/the-galileo-affair.html GEORGE SIM JOHNSTON: The Galileo affair is the one stock argument used to show that science and Catholic dogma are antagonistic.] 
*[https://thegalileocontroversy.weebly.com/church-punishes-galileo.html The Galileo Controversy. Galileo's Punishment]
*[https://www.catholic.com/#/tract/the-galileo-controversy Catholic Answers: The Galileo Controversy]
*[http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node52.html Jose Wudka: Galileo and the Inquisition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709155527/http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node52.html |date=2018-07-09 }}
* [http://www.thomasaquinas.edu/news/recent_events/Decaen-Galileo.html ''Galileo Galilei, Scriptural Exegete, and the Church of Rome, Advocate of Science''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608054230/http://www.thomasaquinas.edu/news/recent_events/Decaen-Galileo.html |date=2011-06-08 }} lecture ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110108175957/http://thomasaquinas.edu/news/recent_events/Galileo%20Galilei-Scripture%20Exegete.mp3 audio here]) by [[Thomas Aquinas College]] tutor Dr. Christopher Decaen
* "[http://www.traditioninaction.org/History/A_003_Galileo.html The End of the Myth of Galileo Galilei]" by Atila Sinke Guimarães
*[http://www.bard.edu/admission/forms/pdfs/galileo.pdf ''The Starry Messenger'' (1610)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207150253/http://www.bard.edu/admission/forms/pdfs/galileo.pdf |date=2012-02-07 }}. An English translation from [http://www.bard.edu/ Bard College]
*[http://www.disf.org/en/documentation/03-Galileo_PBCastelli.asp Galileo's letter to Castelli of 1613]. The English translation given on the web page at this link is from [[#Reference-Finocchiaro-1989|Finocchiaro (1989)]], contrary to the claim made in the citation given on the page itself.
*[http://www.disf.org/en/documentation/03-Galileo_Cristina.asp Galileo's letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of 1615]
*[http://www.disf.org/en/documentation/03-Bellarmino.asp Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini of 1615]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013053/http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html Inquisition documents, 1616 and 1633]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070822052559/http://home.comcast.net/~icuweb/c02901.htm Galileo: Science and Religion] Extensively documented series of lectures by William E.Carroll and Peter Hodgson.
;{{ikona it}}
*[http://www.meteoweb.eu/2016/10/accadde-oggi-31-ottobre-del-1992-la-chiesa-riabilita-galileo-galilei-fu-un-errore-condannarlo-al-silenzio/776770/ Accadde oggi: il 31 ottobre del 1992 la Chiesa riabilita Galileo Galilei: “fu un errore condannarlo al silenzio” A cura di Lorenzo Pasqualini]
*[http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/it/speeches/1992/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19921031_accademia-scienze.html Discorso di Giovanni Paolo II ai partecipanti alla sessione plenaria della Pontificia accademia delle scienze Sabato, 31 ottobre 1992]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwqd0vQtSNU Papa Giovanni Paolo II chiede il perdono per i peccati della Chiesa 13. mar. 2013 (vidnik) FACEBOOK - https://www.facebook.com/azione.prometeo BLOG - http://azioneprometeo.wordpress.com]
*[http://www.fmboschetto.it/didattica/Il_Papa_riabilita_Galilei.PDF Il Papa riabilita Galilei]
*[http://www.annalestheologici.it/fascicoli/volume-24-2-2010/giovanni-paolo-ii-e-galileo-galilei Giovanni Paolo II e Galileo Galilei (italijansko-angleško) Giuseppe Tanzella-Nitti]
*[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1992/10/30/il-vaticano-cancella-la-condanna-di-galileo.html?refresh_ce Orazio la Rocca 30 ottobre 1992 Il Vaticano cancella la condanna di Galileo]
*[https://astronomiasite.wordpress.com/2016/05/01/san-giovanni-paolo-ii-e-galileo-galilei/ Pubblicato il 1 maggio 2016 di Roberto Caione Astronomiasite San Giovanni Paolo II e Galileo Galilei]
*[https://www.cittanuova.it/giovanni-paolo-ii-e-la-scienza/ Giovanni Paolo II e la scienza 25 febbraio 2005 Di AA.VV. Fonte: Città Nuova]
*[http://www1.adnkronos.com/Archivio/AdnAgenzia/2000/08/23/Cultura/GALILEO-LA-CONDANNA-DEL-PAPA-COLPA-DEI-PROTESTANTI_124000.php AdnKronos Archivio . AdnAgenzia . 2000 . 08 . 23 Galileo: La condanna del papa? Colpa dei protestanti Lo storico di Wojtyla, pieta' per i suoi accusatori]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713092939/http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO Edizione Nationale] Kopija Favaro's National Edition of Galileo's works na spletu [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114183333/http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html Institute and Museum of the History of Science], Florence.
*[https://www.corriere.it/bello-italia/notizie/galileo-caravaggio-stesso-destino-papa-urbano-viii-l-illusione-una-liberta-antidogmatica-518cf342-f55d-11e7-b250-16cc66648122.shtml?refresh_ce-cp Corriere della Sera primavera bruciata Galileo e Caravaggio, stesso destino: Con papa Urbano VIII l’illusione di una libertà antidogmatica  diFrancesca Bonazzoli]
;{{ikona la}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629144745/http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/g/galilei/sidereus_nuncius/html/sidereus.htm ''Sidereus Nuncius'' (1610)] Izvirno latinsko besedilo na spletu [http://www.liberliber.it/ LiberLiber] online library.

{{portal|Astronomija}}

{{normativna kontrola}}

[[Kategorija:Galileo Galilei]]
[[Kategorija:Inkvizicija]]
[[Kategorija:Kopernikanski obrat]]
[[Kategorija:Astronomske kontroverze]]