Indo-grčko kraljevstvo — разлика између измена

Indo-grčko kraljevstvo
Indo-grčko kraljevstvo;
180 pne–10. godina
	Teritorija Indo-grka oko 100 pne.
Prestonica	Aleksandrija na Kavkazu (Kapisi/Bagram); Taksila (Sirkap) ; Činiotis (Činiot) ; Sagala (Sijalkot); Peukelaotis (Čarsada, Puškalavati)
Zajednički jezici	Grčki (Grčki alfabet); Pali (Karošči pismo); Sanskrit; Prakrit; (Brahmi pismo)
Religija	Grčki politeizam; budizam; hinduizam; zoroastrianizam
Vlada	Monarhija
Kralj
• 180–160 pne	Apolodot I
• 25 pne – 10.	Strato II & Strato III
Istorijska era	Antika
• Uspostavljen	180 pne
• Ukinut	10. godina
Površina
150 pne	1.100.000 km2 (420.000 sq mi)
Prethodnik	Naslednik
	Grčko-baktrijsko kraljevstvo
Indo-Skiti
Danas deo	Avganistan; Indija; Pakistan; Turkmenistan

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Indo-grčko kraljevstvo ili Grčko-indijsko kraljevstvo^[2] je bilo helenističko kraljevstvo koje se prostiralo od današnjeg Avganistana, u klasičnim ograničenjima Pundžaba Indijskog potkontinenta (severni Pakistan i severozapadna Indija),^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] tokom poslednja dva veka pre nove ere. Kraljevstvom je vladalo više od trideset kraljeva, često u međusobnom sukobu.

Kraljevstvo je osnovano kada je grčko-baktrijski kralj Demetrije napao potkontinent početkom drugog veka pre nove ere. Grci na Indijskom potkontinentu su na kraju odvojeni od Grko-baktrijaca koncentrisanih u Baktriji (sada granici između Avganistana i Uzbekistana), i Indo-grka u današnjem severozapadnom Indijskom potkontinentu. Najpoznatiji indo-grčki vladar bio je Menander (Milinda). On je imao prestonicu u Sakali u Pundžabu (današnjem Sialkotu).

Izraz „Indo-grčko kraljevstvo” labavo opisuje niz različitih dinastičkih politika, koje su tradicionalno povezane sa velikim brojem regionalnih prestonica, kao što je Taksila^[9] (moderni Pandžab (Pakistan)), Puškalavati i Sagala.^[10] Drugi potencijalni centri su samo nagovešteni; na primer, Ptolomejeva Geografija i nomenklatura kasnijih kraljeva sugerišu da je izvesni Teofil na jugu indo-grčke sfere uticaja takođe mogao biti satrapno ili kraljevsko sedište u jednom trenutku.

Tokom dva veka njihove vladavine, indo-grčki kraljevi su kombinovali grčke i indijske jezike i simbole, kao što se vidi na njihovim kovanicama, i mešali grčke i indijske ideje, kao što se vidi u arheološkim ostacima.^[11] Rasprostranjenost indo-grčke kulture imala je posledice koje se i danas osećaju, naročito kroz uticaj grčko-budističke umetnosti.^[12] Etnička pripadnost Indo-grka je možda u određenoj meri hibridna. Eutidem I bio je, prema Polibiju,^[13] Magnezijski Grk. Njegov sin, Demetrijus I, osnivač Indo-grčkog kraljevstva, bio je stoga grčkog etničkog porekla barem po ocu. Dogovor o braku je sklopljen za Demetrija sa kćerkom seleukidskog vladara Antioha III (koji je delom imao persijsko poreklo).^[14] Etnička pripadnost kasnijih indo-grčkih vladara je ponekad manje jasna.^[15] Na primer, pretpostavlja se da je Artemidoros (80. pne) bio indo-skitskog porekla, iako je to sada sporno.^[16]

Nakon smrti Menandera, veći deo njegovog carstva je razbijen i indo-grčki uticaj je znatno smanjen. Mnoga nova kraljevstva i republike istočno od reke Ravi počele su da prave nove kovanice koje prikazuju vojne pobede.^[17] Najistaknutiji entiteti koji su se formirali bile su republika Jaudeja, Arjunajanas i Audumbaras. Jaudeja i Arjunajanas su obe tvrdile da su osvojile „pobedu mačem”.^[18] U Maturi su ubrzo sledile dinastija Data i dinastija Mitra. Indo-grci su na kraju nestali kao politički entitet oko 10. godine nakon invazije Indo-skita, iako su se enklave grčkih populacija verovatno zadržale tokom nekoliko vekova pod kasnijom vladavinom Indo-partijanaca i Kušana.^[19]

Reference

^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). „Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.”. Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 132. JSTOR 1170959. doi:10.2307/1170959.
^ As in other compounds such as "African-American", "Asian-American", "French-Canadian" and so on, the nationality or race of the newcomers usually comes first, and the area of arrival comes second, so that "Greco-Indian" is normally a more accurate nomenclature than "Indo-Greek". The latter however has become the general usage, especially since the publication of Narain's book The Indo-Greeks. In Thomas McEvilley 2002 "The Shape of Ancient Greek Thought" p. 395 Note 52
^ Jackson J. Spielvogel (14. 9. 2016). Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500. Cengage Learning. стр. 96. ISBN 978-1-305-95281-2. „The invasion of India by a Greco-Bactrian army in ... led to the creation of an Indo-Greek kingdom in northwestern India (present-day India and Pakistan).”
^ Zürcher, Erik (1962). Buddhism: its origin and spread in words, maps, and pictures. St Martin's Press. стр. 45. „Three phases must be distinguished, (a) The Greek rulers of Bactria (the Oxus region) expand their power to the south, conquer Afghanistan and considerable parts of north-western India, and establish an Indo-Greek kingdom in the Panjab where they rule as 'kings of India'; i”
^ Roupp, Heidi (4. 3. 2015). Teaching World History: A Resource Book. Routledge. стр. 171. ISBN 978-1-317-45893-7. „There were later Indo-Greek kingdoms in northwest India...”
^ Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. стр. 74. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4. „They are referred to as 'Indo-Greeks' and there were about forty such kings and rulers who controlled large areas of northwestern India and Afghanistan. Their history ...”
^ Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Pal, Pratapaditya (1986). Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700. University of California Press. стр. 15. ISBN 978-0-520-05991-7. „Since parts of their territories comprised northwestern India, these later rulers of Greek origin are generally referred to as Indo-Greeks.”
^ Aruz, Joan; Elisabetta Valtz Fino (2012). Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations Along the Silk Road. Metropolitan Museum of Art. стр. 42. ISBN 978-1-58839-452-1. „The existence of Greek kingdoms in Central Asia and northwestern India after Alexander's conquests had been known for a long time from a few fragmentary texts from Greek and Latin classical sources and from allusions in contemporary Chinese chronicles and later Indian texts.”
^ Mortimer Wheeler (1968). Flames over Persepolis. London. стр. 112. ff. It is unclear whether the Hellenistic street plan found by Sir John Marshall's excavations dates from the Indo-Greeks or from the Kushans, who would have encountered it in Bactria; Tarn (1951, pp. 137, 179) ascribes the initial move of Taxila to the hill of Sirkap to Demetrius I, but sees this as "not a Greek city but an Indian one"; not a polis or with a Hippodamian plan.
^ "Menander had his capital in Sagala" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 83. McEvilley supports Tarn on both points, citing Woodcock: "Menander was a Bactrian Greek king of the Euthydemid dynasty. His capital (was) at Sagala (Sialkot) in the Punjab, "in the country of the Yonakas (Greeks)"." McEvilley, p. 377. However, "Even if Sagala proves to be Sialkot, it does not seem to be Menander's capital for the Milindapanha states that Menander came down to Sagala to meet Nagasena, just as the Ganges flows to the sea."
^ "A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences", India, the Ancient Past, Burjor Avari, p. 130
^ Ghose, Sanujit (2011). "Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world". Ancient History Encyclopedia
^ 11.34
^ Polybius 11.34
^ ("Notes on Hellenism in Bactria and India". W. W Tarn Journal of Hellenic Studies. 22: 268—293. 1902. Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ)).
^ Osmund Bopearachchi Was Indo-Greek Artemidoros the son of Indo-Sctythian Maues
^ "Most of the people east of the Ravi already noticed as within Menander's empire -Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas- began to coins in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics.", Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India
^ Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24. 6. 2010). The Greeks in Bactria and India. ISBN 9781108009416.
^ "When the Greeks of Bactria and India lost their kingdom they were not all killed, nor did they return to Greece. They merged with the people of the area and worked for the new masters; contributing considerably to the culture and civilization in southern and central Asia." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 278

Literatura

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Bernard, Paul. "The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia." In: History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 1994. ISBN 92-3-102846-4. стр. 99–129..
Boardman, John (1994). The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03680-9.
Bopearachchi, Osmund (1991). Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné (на језику: French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. ISBN 978-2-7177-1825-6.
Bopearachchi, Osmund (1998). SNG 9. New York: American Numismatic Society. ISBN 978-0-89722-273-0.
Bopearachchi, Osmund (2003). De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale (на језику: French). Lattes: Association imago-musée de Lattes. ISBN 978-2-9516679-2-1.
Bopearachchi, Osmund (1993). Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian Institution. OCLC 36240864.
Bussagli, Mario; Tissot, Francine; Béatrice Arnal (1996). L'art du Gandhara (на језику: French). Paris: Librairie générale française. ISBN 978-2-253-13055-0.
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- reprinted by Oxford, 1962, 1967, 1980; reissued (2003), "revised and supplemented", by B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
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- Second edition, with addenda and corrigenda, (1951). Reissued, with updating preface by Frank Lee Holt (1985), Ares Press, Chicago. ISBN 978-0-89005-524-3.
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Spoljašnje veze

[Taagepera132-1] Taagepera, Rein (1979). „Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.”. Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 132. JSTOR 1170959. doi:10.2307/1170959.

[2] As in other compounds such as "African-American", "Asian-American", "French-Canadian" and so on, the nationality or race of the newcomers usually comes first, and the area of arrival comes second, so that "Greco-Indian" is normally a more accurate nomenclature than "Indo-Greek". The latter however has become the general usage, especially since the publication of Narain's book The Indo-Greeks. In Thomas McEvilley 2002 "The Shape of Ancient Greek Thought" p. 395 Note 52

[Spielvogel2016-3] Jackson J. Spielvogel (14. 9. 2016). Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500. Cengage Learning. стр. 96. ISBN 978-1-305-95281-2. „The invasion of India by a Greco-Bactrian army in ... led to the creation of an Indo-Greek kingdom in northwestern India (present-day India and Pakistan).”

[Zürcher1962-4] Zürcher, Erik (1962). Buddhism: its origin and spread in words, maps, and pictures. St Martin's Press. стр. 45. „Three phases must be distinguished, (a) The Greek rulers of Bactria (the Oxus region) expand their power to the south, conquer Afghanistan and considerable parts of north-western India, and establish an Indo-Greek kingdom in the Panjab where they rule as 'kings of India'; i”

[Roupp2015-5] Roupp, Heidi (4. 3. 2015). Teaching World History: A Resource Book. Routledge. стр. 171. ISBN 978-1-317-45893-7. „There were later Indo-Greek kingdoms in northwest India...”

[KulkeRothermund2004-6] Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. стр. 74. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4. „They are referred to as 'Indo-Greeks' and there were about forty such kings and rulers who controlled large areas of northwestern India and Afghanistan. Their history ...”

[ArtPal1986-7] Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Pal, Pratapaditya (1986). Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700. University of California Press. стр. 15. ISBN 978-0-520-05991-7. „Since parts of their territories comprised northwestern India, these later rulers of Greek origin are generally referred to as Indo-Greeks.”

[AruzFino2012-8] Aruz, Joan; Elisabetta Valtz Fino (2012). Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations Along the Silk Road. Metropolitan Museum of Art. стр. 42. ISBN 978-1-58839-452-1. „The existence of Greek kingdoms in Central Asia and northwestern India after Alexander's conquests had been known for a long time from a few fragmentary texts from Greek and Latin classical sources and from allusions in contemporary Chinese chronicles and later Indian texts.”

[9] Mortimer Wheeler (1968). Flames over Persepolis. London. стр. 112. ff. It is unclear whether the Hellenistic street plan found by Sir John Marshall's excavations dates from the Indo-Greeks or from the Kushans, who would have encountered it in Bactria; Tarn (1951, pp. 137, 179) ascribes the initial move of Taxila to the hill of Sirkap to Demetrius I, but sees this as "not a Greek city but an Indian one"; not a polis or with a Hippodamian plan.

[10] "Menander had his capital in Sagala" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 83. McEvilley supports Tarn on both points, citing Woodcock: "Menander was a Bactrian Greek king of the Euthydemid dynasty. His capital (was) at Sagala (Sialkot) in the Punjab, "in the country of the Yonakas (Greeks)"." McEvilley, p. 377. However, "Even if Sagala proves to be Sialkot, it does not seem to be Menander's capital for the Milindapanha states that Menander came down to Sagala to meet Nagasena, just as the Ganges flows to the sea."

[11] "A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences", India, the Ancient Past, Burjor Avari, p. 130

[sanujit-12] Ghose, Sanujit (2011). "Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world". Ancient History Encyclopedia

[11.34-13] 11.34

[Polybius_11.34-14] Polybius 11.34

[15] ("Notes on Hellenism in Bactria and India". W. W Tarn Journal of Hellenic Studies. 22: 268—293. 1902. Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ)).

[academia1-16] Osmund Bopearachchi Was Indo-Greek Artemidoros the son of Indo-Sctythian Maues

[17] "Most of the people east of the Ravi already noticed as within Menander's empire -Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas- began to coins in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics.", Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India

[google1-18] Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24. 6. 2010). The Greeks in Bactria and India. ISBN 9781108009416.

[19] "When the Greeks of Bactria and India lost their kingdom they were not all killed, nor did they return to Greece. They merged with the people of the area and worked for the new masters; contributing considerably to the culture and civilization in southern and central Asia." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 278

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@@ Ред 34: / Ред 34: @@
 |stat_area1 = 1100000
 |today = [[Avganistan]]<br>[[Indija]]<br>[[Pakistan]]<br>[[Turkmenistan]]
-|ref_area1=<ref name="Taagepera132">{{cite journal| year=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|jstor=1170959|journal=[[Social Science History]]|volume=3|issue=3/4|page=132|doi=10.2307/1170959|last=Taagepera|first=Rein}}</ref>|stat_year1=150 pne}}
+|ref_area1=<ref name="Taagepera132">{{cite journal| year=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|jstor=1170959|journal=[[Social Science History]]|date= |volume=3|issue=3/4|page=132|doi=10.2307/1170959|last=Taagepera|first=Rein}}</ref>|stat_year1=150 pne}}
-'''Indo-grčko kraljevstvo''' ili '''Grčko-indijsko kraljevstvo'''<ref>As in other compounds such as "African-American", "Asian-American", "French-Canadian" and so on, the nationality or race of the newcomers usually comes first, and the area of arrival comes second, so that "Greco-Indian" is normally a more accurate nomenclature than "Indo-Greek". The latter however has become the general usage, especially since the publication of Narain's book ''The Indo-Greeks''. In Thomas McEvilley 2002 "The Shape of Ancient Greek Thought" p. 395 Note 52</ref> je bilo [[Хеленистичка ера|helenističko]] kraljevstvo koje se prostiralo od današnjeg [[Avganistan]]a, u klasičnim ograničenjima [[Панџаб|Pundžaba]] [[Индијски потконтинент|Indijskog potkontinenta]] (severni [[Pakistan]] i severozapadna [[Indija]]),<ref name="Spielvogel2016">{{cite book|author=Jackson J. Spielvogel|title=Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_S6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|date=14. 9. 2016|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-95281-2|page=96|quote=The invasion of India by a Greco-Bactrian army in ... led to the creation of an Indo-Greek kingdom in northwestern India (present-day India and Pakistan).}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher1962">{{cite book| last = Zürcher | first = Erik |title=Buddhism: its origin and spread in words, maps, and pictures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73YWAQAAMAAJ|year=1962|publisher=St Martin's Press|page=45|quote=Three phases must be distinguished, (a) The Greek rulers of Bactria (the Oxus region) expand their power to the south, conquer Afghanistan and considerable parts of north-western India, and establish an Indo-Greek kingdom in the Panjab where they rule as 'kings of India'; i}}</ref><ref name="Roupp2015">{{cite book| last = Roupp | first = Heidi |title=Teaching World History: A Resource Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|date=4. 3. 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45893-7|page=171|quote=There were later Indo-Greek kingdoms in northwest India. ... }}</ref><ref name="KulkeRothermund2004">{{cite book| last1 = Kulke | first1 = Hermann |author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA74|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|page=74|quote=They are referred to as 'Indo-Greeks' and there were about forty such kings and rulers who controlled large areas of northwestern India and Afghanistan. Their history ...}}</ref><ref name="ArtPal1986">{{cite book|author1=Los Angeles County Museum of Art| last2 = Pal | first2 = Pratapaditya |title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC&pg=PA15|year=1986|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05991-7|page=15|quote=Since parts of their territories comprised northwestern India, these later rulers of Greek origin are generally referred to as Indo-Greeks.}}</ref><ref name="AruzFino2012">{{cite book| last1 = Aruz | first1 = Joan |author2=Elisabetta Valtz Fino|title=Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations Along the Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4_it5yw9WsC&pg=PA42|year=2012|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-452-1|page=42|quote=The existence of Greek kingdoms in Central Asia and northwestern India after Alexander's conquests had been known for a long time from a few fragmentary texts from Greek and Latin classical sources and from allusions in contemporary Chinese chronicles and later Indian texts.}}</ref> tokom poslednja dva veka pre nove ere. Kraljevstvom je vladalo više od trideset kraljeva, često u međusobnom sukobu.
+'''Indo-grčko kraljevstvo''' ili '''Grčko-indijsko kraljevstvo'''<ref>As in other compounds such as "African-American", "Asian-American", "French-Canadian" and so on, the nationality or race of the newcomers usually comes first, and the area of arrival comes second, so that "Greco-Indian" is normally a more accurate nomenclature than "Indo-Greek". The latter however has become the general usage, especially since the publication of Narain's book ''The Indo-Greeks''. In Thomas McEvilley 2002 "The Shape of Ancient Greek Thought" p. 395 Note 52</ref> je bilo [[Хеленистичка ера|helenističko]] kraljevstvo koje se prostiralo od današnjeg [[Avganistan]]a, u klasičnim ograničenjima [[Панџаб|Pundžaba]] [[Индијски потконтинент|Indijskog potkontinenta]] (severni [[Pakistan]] i severozapadna [[Indija]]),<ref name="Spielvogel2016">{{cite book|author=Jackson J. Spielvogel|title=Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_S6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|date=14. 9. 2016|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-95281-2|page=96|quote=The invasion of India by a Greco-Bactrian army in ... led to the creation of an Indo-Greek kingdom in northwestern India (present-day India and Pakistan).}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher1962">{{cite book| last = Zürcher | first = Erik |title=Buddhism: its origin and spread in words, maps, and pictures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73YWAQAAMAAJ|year=1962|publisher=St Martin's Press|page=45|quote=Three phases must be distinguished, (a) The Greek rulers of Bactria (the Oxus region) expand their power to the south, conquer Afghanistan and considerable parts of north-western India, and establish an Indo-Greek kingdom in the Panjab where they rule as 'kings of India'; i}}</ref><ref name="Roupp2015">{{cite book| last = Roupp | first = Heidi |title=Teaching World History: A Resource Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|date=4. 3. 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45893-7|page=171|quote=There were later Indo-Greek kingdoms in northwest India... }}</ref><ref name="KulkeRothermund2004">{{cite book| last1 = Kulke | first1 = Hermann |author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA74|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|page=74|quote=They are referred to as 'Indo-Greeks' and there were about forty such kings and rulers who controlled large areas of northwestern India and Afghanistan. Their history ...}}</ref><ref name="ArtPal1986">{{cite book|author1=Los Angeles County Museum of Art| last2 = Pal | first2 = Pratapaditya |title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC&pg=PA15|year=1986|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05991-7|page=15|quote=Since parts of their territories comprised northwestern India, these later rulers of Greek origin are generally referred to as Indo-Greeks.}}</ref><ref name="AruzFino2012">{{cite book| last1 = Aruz | first1 = Joan |author2=Elisabetta Valtz Fino|title=Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations Along the Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4_it5yw9WsC&pg=PA42|year=2012|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-452-1|page=42|quote=The existence of Greek kingdoms in Central Asia and northwestern India after Alexander's conquests had been known for a long time from a few fragmentary texts from Greek and Latin classical sources and from allusions in contemporary Chinese chronicles and later Indian texts.}}</ref> tokom poslednja dva veka pre nove ere. Kraljevstvom je vladalo više od trideset kraljeva, često u međusobnom sukobu.
 Kraljevstvo je osnovano kada je [[Грчко-бактријско краљевство|grčko-baktrijski]] kralj [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrije]] napao potkontinent početkom drugog veka pre nove ere. Grci na [[Индијски потконтинент|Indijskom potkontinentu]] su na kraju odvojeni od [[Грчко-бактријско краљевство|Grko-baktrijaca]] koncentrisanih u Baktriji (sada granici između [[Avganistan]]a i [[Uzbekistan]]a), i Indo-grka u današnjem severozapadnom Indijskom potkontinentu. Najpoznatiji indo-grčki vladar bio je [[Menander I|Menander (Milinda)]]. On je imao prestonicu u [[Sagala|Sakali]] u [[Панџаб|Pundžabu]] (današnjem [[Сијалкот|Sialkotu]]).
-Izraz „Indo-grčko kraljevstvo” labavo opisuje niz različitih dinastičkih politika, koje su tradicionalno povezane sa velikim brojem regionalnih prestonica, kao što je [[Taxila|Taksila]]<ref>Mortimer Wheeler ''Flames over Persepolis'' (London, 1968). Pp. 112 ''ff.'' It is unclear whether the Hellenistic street plan found by Sir John Marshall's excavations dates from the Indo-Greeks or from the Kushans, who would have encountered it in Bactria; Tarn (1951, pp. 137, 179) ascribes the initial move of Taxila to the hill of Sirkap to Demetrius I, but sees this as "not a Greek city but an Indian one"; not a ''polis'' or with a [[Hippodamian plan]].</ref> (moderni [[Pandžab (Pakistan)]]), [[Pushkalavati|Puškalavati]] i [[Sagala]].<ref>"Menander had his capital in Sagala" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 83. McEvilley supports Tarn on both points, citing Woodcock: "Menander was a Bactrian Greek king of the Euthydemid dynasty. His capital (was) at Sagala (Sialkot) in the Punjab, "in the country of the Yonakas (Greeks)"." McEvilley, p. 377. However, "Even if Sagala proves to be Sialkot, it does not seem to be Menander's capital for the Milindapanha states that Menander came down to Sagala to meet Nagasena, just as the Ganges flows to the sea."</ref> Drugi potencijalni centri su samo nagovešteni; na primer, [[Клаудије Птолемеј|Ptolomejeva]] [[Географија (Птолемеј)|Geografija]] i nomenklatura kasnijih kraljeva sugerišu da je izvesni [[Theophilos (king)|Teofil]] na jugu indo-grčke sfere uticaja takođe mogao biti [[satrap]]no ili kraljevsko sedište u jednom trenutku.
+Izraz „Indo-grčko kraljevstvo” labavo opisuje niz različitih dinastičkih politika, koje su tradicionalno povezane sa velikim brojem regionalnih prestonica, kao što je [[Taxila|Taksila]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Mortimer Wheeler|title=Flames over Persepolis |url=https://archive.org/details/flamesoverpersep0000mort|location= London|publisher= |year=1968|pages=[https://archive.org/details/flamesoverpersep0000mort/page/112 112] }}''ff.'' It is unclear whether the Hellenistic street plan found by Sir John Marshall's excavations dates from the Indo-Greeks or from the Kushans, who would have encountered it in Bactria; Tarn (1951, pp. 137, 179) ascribes the initial move of Taxila to the hill of Sirkap to Demetrius I, but sees this as "not a Greek city but an Indian one"; not a ''polis'' or with a [[Hippodamian plan]].</ref> (moderni [[Pandžab (Pakistan)]]), [[Pushkalavati|Puškalavati]] i [[Sagala]].<ref>"Menander had his capital in Sagala" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 83. McEvilley supports Tarn on both points, citing Woodcock: "Menander was a Bactrian Greek king of the Euthydemid dynasty. His capital (was) at Sagala (Sialkot) in the Punjab, "in the country of the Yonakas (Greeks)"." McEvilley, p. 377. However, "Even if Sagala proves to be Sialkot, it does not seem to be Menander's capital for the Milindapanha states that Menander came down to Sagala to meet Nagasena, just as the Ganges flows to the sea."</ref> Drugi potencijalni centri su samo nagovešteni; na primer, [[Клаудије Птолемеј|Ptolomejeva]] [[Географија (Птолемеј)|Geografija]] i nomenklatura kasnijih kraljeva sugerišu da je izvesni [[Theophilos (king)|Teofil]] na jugu indo-grčke sfere uticaja takođe mogao biti [[satrap]]no ili kraljevsko sedište u jednom trenutku.
-Tokom dva veka njihove vladavine, indo-grčki kraljevi su kombinovali grčke i indijske jezike i simbole, kao što se vidi na njihovim kovanicama, i mešali grčke i indijske ideje, kao što se vidi u arheološkim ostacima.<ref>"A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences", ''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 130</ref> Rasprostranjenost indo-grčke kulture imala je posledice koje se i danas osećaju, naročito kroz uticaj [[Greco-Buddhist art|grčko-budističke umetnosti]].<ref name="sanujit">Ghose, Sanujit (2011). [http://www.ancient.eu.com/article/208/ "Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world"]. Ancient History Encyclopedia</ref> Etnička pripadnost Indo-grka je možda u određenoj meri hibridna. [[Euthydemus I|Eutidem -{I}-]] bio je, prema Polibiju,<ref name="11.34">[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+11.34 11.34]</ref> [[Magnetes|Magnezijski]] [[Grk]]. Njegov sin, [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrijus -{I}-]], osnivač Indo-grčkog kraljevstva, bio je stoga grčkog etničkog porekla barem po ocu. Dogovor o braku je sklopljen za Demetrija sa kćerkom [[Селеукидско царство|seleukidskog]] vladara [[Антиох III Велики|Antioha -{III}-]] (koji je delom imao [[Persijci|persijsko]] poreklo).<ref name="Polybius 11.34">[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+11.34 Polybius 11.34]</ref> Etnička pripadnost kasnijih indo-grčkih vladara je ponekad manje jasna.<ref>([https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/623931?uid=3739616&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102674788243 "Notes on Hellenism in Bactria and India".] W. W. Tarn. ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'', Vol. 22 (1902), pp. 268–293).</ref> Na primer, pretpostavlja se da je [[Artemidoros Aniketos|Artemidoros]] (80. pne) bio indo-skitskog porekla, iako je to sada sporno.<ref name="academia1">Osmund Bopearachchi [https://www.academia.edu/14260604/Was_Indo-Greek_Artemidoros_the_son_of_Indo-Sctythian_Maues Was Indo-Greek Artemidoros the son of Indo-Sctythian Maues]</ref>
+Tokom dva veka njihove vladavine, indo-grčki kraljevi su kombinovali grčke i indijske jezike i simbole, kao što se vidi na njihovim kovanicama, i mešali grčke i indijske ideje, kao što se vidi u arheološkim ostacima.<ref>"A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences", ''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 130</ref> Rasprostranjenost indo-grčke kulture imala je posledice koje se i danas osećaju, naročito kroz uticaj [[Greco-Buddhist art|grčko-budističke umetnosti]].<ref name="sanujit">Ghose, Sanujit (2011). [http://www.ancient.eu.com/article/208/ "Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world"]. Ancient History Encyclopedia</ref> Etnička pripadnost Indo-grka je možda u određenoj meri hibridna. [[Euthydemus I|Eutidem -{I}-]] bio je, prema Polibiju,<ref name="11.34">[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+11.34 11.34]</ref> [[Magnetes|Magnezijski]] [[Grk]]. Njegov sin, [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrijus -{I}-]], osnivač Indo-grčkog kraljevstva, bio je stoga grčkog etničkog porekla barem po ocu. Dogovor o braku je sklopljen za Demetrija sa kćerkom [[Селеукидско царство|seleukidskog]] vladara [[Антиох III Велики|Antioha -{III}-]] (koji je delom imao [[Persijci|persijsko]] poreklo).<ref name="Polybius 11.34">[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+11.34 Polybius 11.34]</ref> Etnička pripadnost kasnijih indo-grčkih vladara je ponekad manje jasna.<ref>([https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/623931?uid=3739616&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102674788243 "Notes on Hellenism in Bactria and India".] W. {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal=W Tarn Journal of Hellenic Studies|date=1902|volume=22|issue=|pages=268–293}}).</ref> Na primer, pretpostavlja se da je [[Artemidoros Aniketos|Artemidoros]] (80. pne) bio indo-skitskog porekla, iako je to sada sporno.<ref name="academia1">Osmund Bopearachchi [https://www.academia.edu/14260604/Was_Indo-Greek_Artemidoros_the_son_of_Indo-Sctythian_Maues Was Indo-Greek Artemidoros the son of Indo-Sctythian Maues]</ref>
 Nakon smrti Menandera, veći deo njegovog carstva je razbijen i indo-grčki uticaj je znatno smanjen. Mnoga nova kraljevstva i republike istočno od reke [[Рави (река)|Ravi]] počele su da prave nove kovanice koje prikazuju vojne pobede.<ref>"Most of the people east of the Ravi already noticed as within Menander's empire -Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas- began to coins in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics.", Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India</ref> Najistaknutiji entiteti koji su se formirali bile su republika [[Yaudheya|Jaudeja]], [[Arjunayanas|Arjunajanas]] i [[Audumbaras]]. Jaudeja i Arjunajanas su obe tvrdile da su osvojile „pobedu mačem”.<ref name="google1">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA324#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=The Greeks in Bactria and India| isbn=9781108009416| last=Tarn| first=William Woodthorpe| date=24. 6. 2010}}</ref> U [[Матура (град)|Maturi]] su ubrzo sledile [[atta dynasty|dinastija Data]] i [[Mitra dynasty|dinastija Mitra]]. Indo-grci su na kraju nestali kao politički entitet oko 10. godine nakon invazije [[Indo-skitsko carstvo|Indo-skita]], iako su se enklave grčkih populacija verovatno zadržale tokom nekoliko vekova pod kasnijom vladavinom [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom|Indo-partijanaca]] i [[Кушанско царство|Kušana]].<ref>"When the Greeks of Bactria and India lost their kingdom they were not all killed, nor did they return to Greece. They merged with the people of the area and worked for the new masters; contributing considerably to the culture and civilization in southern and central Asia." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 278</ref>
@@ Ред 50: / Ред 50: @@
 == Literatura ==
-{{refbegin|30em}}
+{{Литература|30em}}
 * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Avari | first = Burjor
  | authorlink =
@@ Ред 138: / Ред 138: @@
 * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Lowenstein | first = Tom
  | authorlink =
- | title = The vision of the Buddha: Buddhism, the path to spiritual enlightenment | year = 2002 | publisher = Duncan Baird
+ | title = The vision of the Buddha: Buddhism, the path to spiritual enlightenment | url = https://archive.org/details/visionofbuddhali0000toml | year = 2002 | publisher = Duncan Baird
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-1-903296-91-2
@@ Ред 156: / Ред 156: @@
 * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = McEvilley | first = Thomas
  | authorlink = Thomas McEvilley
- | title = The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies | year = 2002 | publisher = Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts
+ | title = The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies | url = https://archive.org/details/liang.shapeofancientth0001mcev | year = 2002 | publisher = Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts
  | location =
  | isbn = 978-1-58115-203-6
@@ Ред 189: / Ред 189: @@
 * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Rosenfield | first = John M.
  | authorlink =
- | title = The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans | year = 1967 | publisher = University of California Press
+ | title = The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans | url = https://archive.org/details/dynasticartsofku0000rose | year = 1967 | publisher = University of California Press
  | location = Berkeley, California
  | isbn = 978-81-215-0579-6
@@ Ред 217: / Ред 217: @@
  | isbn = 978-0-9709268-6-9
 }}
-* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Tarn | first = W. W.
+* {{Cite book | ref=harv | last = Tarn | first = W. W.
  | authorlink = William Woodthorpe Tarn
  | title = The Greeks in Bactria and India | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73340 | year = 1938 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
- | location = | ref =harv
+ | location = }}
+** Second edition, with addenda and corrigenda, (1951). Reissued, with updating preface by Frank Lee Holt (1985), Ares Press, Chicago. {{page|year=|isbn=978-0-89005-524-3|pages=}}
-}}
-** Second edition, with addenda and corrigenda, (1951). Reissued, with updating preface by Frank Lee Holt (1985), Ares Press, Chicago {{page|year=|id={{ISBN|978-0-89005-524-3}}|pages=}}
 * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = | first =
  | authorlink =
@@ Ред 248: / Ред 247: @@
  | isbn = 978-618-82624-0-9
 }}
+{{Литература крај}}
-{{refend}}
 == Spoljašnje veze ==
@@ Ред 263: / Ред 262: @@
 {{Authority control-lat}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Индо-грчко краљевство}}
+{{СОРТИРАЊЕ:Индо-грчко краљевство}}
 [[Категорија:Историја Авганистана]]
 [[Категорија:Историја Индије]]