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Chrysolina coerulans — разлика између измена

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Одрасли инсекти су дуги 6–10 mm,<ref name="ukbeetles">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukbeetles.co.uk/chrysolina-herbacea|title=''Chrysolina herbacea'' (Linnaeus, 1758)|website=uk beetles|language=en|accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref> а ноге и [[Антена (биологија)|антене]] су им црне. Глава је глатка, без уздужног жлеба,<ref name="ukbeetles" /> са тораксом проширеним на боковима.<ref name="Salisbury">{{cite journal|last1=Salisbury|first1=Andrew|last2=Malumphy|first2=Chris|last3=Halstead|first3=Andrew J.|date=2012|title=First record of blue mint beetle ''Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba, 1791) (Chrysomelidae) breeding in Britain.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280921405|journal=The Coleopterist|volume=21|issue=1|pages=35–37|doi=|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> Покрилца су глатка,<ref name="ukbeetles" /> металик плава.<ref name="candide" />
Одрасли инсекти су дуги 6–10 mm,<ref name="ukbeetles">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukbeetles.co.uk/chrysolina-herbacea|title=''Chrysolina herbacea'' (Linnaeus, 1758)|website=uk beetles|language=en|accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref> а ноге и [[Антена (биологија)|антене]] су им црне. Глава је глатка, без уздужног жлеба,<ref name="ukbeetles" /> са тораксом проширеним на боковима.<ref name="Salisbury">{{cite journal|last1=Salisbury|first1=Andrew|last2=Malumphy|first2=Chris|last3=Halstead|first3=Andrew J.|date=2012|title=First record of blue mint beetle ''Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba, 1791) (Chrysomelidae) breeding in Britain.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280921405|journal=The Coleopterist|volume=21|issue=1|pages=35–37|doi=|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> Покрилца су глатка,<ref name="ukbeetles" /> металик плава.<ref name="candide" />


These beetles should not be confused with the 'green mint beetle' (or ''[[Chrysolina herbacea]]''), as it is greener in appearance (emerald green,<ref name="Amateur">{{cite web|url=https://www.amateurgardening.com/news/watch-out-for-blue-mint-beetle-4977|title=Watch out for blue mint beetle|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Marc|date=20 August 2012|website=amateurgardening.com|accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>) and slightly larger in size,<ref name="candide" /> as ''C. herbacea'' measures 7–11&nbsp;mm in length.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coleoptera.org.uk/species/chrysolina-herbacea|title=''Chrysolina herbacea'' (Duftschmid, 1825)|publisher=Coleoptera.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124195007/https://www.coleoptera.org.uk/species/chrysolina-herbacea|archive-date=2023-01-24|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-03-27}}</ref> ''C. herbacea'' and ''[[Chrysolina graminis]]'' (''tansy beetle'') both have a mixture of fine and coarse punctures on the pronotal disk.<ref name="Salisbury" />
Ову врсту некада називају 'плава нанина буба' и не треба је бркати са 'зеленом нанином бубом' (''[[Chrysolina herbacea]]''), која је смарагднозелена<ref name="Amateur">{{cite web|url=https://www.amateurgardening.com/news/watch-out-for-blue-mint-beetle-4977|title=Watch out for blue mint beetle|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Marc|date=20 August 2012|website=amateurgardening.com|accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref> и мало крупнија, 7–11 mm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coleoptera.org.uk/species/chrysolina-herbacea|title=''Chrysolina herbacea'' (Duftschmid, 1825)|publisher=Coleoptera.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124195007/https://www.coleoptera.org.uk/species/chrysolina-herbacea|archive-date=2023-01-24|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-03-27}}</ref> Врсти ''[[Chrysolina graminis]]'' је слична по томе што обе имају и финију и грубљу пунктуру на пронотуму.<ref name="Salisbury" />


== Распрострањење ==
Similar to other species of Chrysolina beetles, ''C. coerulans'' has [[cardiac glycosides]] (including [[xylose]]) in its defensive glands.<ref>E. David Morgan {{google books|AbXid2E-17YC|Biosynthesis in Insects (2004)|page=112}}</ref>
Овај инсект настањује целу Србију, и цео централни део Европе, па је одсутан само са Иберијског полуострва, Грчке и Скандинавије.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:242207|title=EU-nomen|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Taxonomy ==
== Станиште ==
Може се наћи на влажним ливадама и дуж река и потока, све до надморске висине од 1650 m,<ref name="Tomov">Blagoĭ Gruev and Vassil Tomov {{google books|Pb9E4fpH0XgC|Catalogus Faunae Bulgaricae Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (1998)|page=48}}</ref> свуда где има [[Нана|нане]]. У нашем поднебљу се може наћи од фебруара све до новембра, али је најчешћа у мају и јуну.
It is commonly known as the blue mint beetle,<ref name="gbif" /><ref name="Jarvis">Dr. Peter Jarvis {{google books|RHbnDwAAQBAJ|The Pelagic Dictionary of Natural History of the British Isles: Descriptions (2020)|page=312}}</ref><ref name="rhs">{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=768|title=Blue mint beetle|publisher=rhs.org.uk|accessdate=20 April 2017}}</ref><!-- also <ref name=Wisley>--> or blue mint leaf beetle.<ref name="safari">{{cite web|url=https://www.uksafari.com/blue_mint_leaf_beetles.htm|title=Blue Mint Leaf Beetles - Chrysolina coerulans - UK Safari|website=www.uksafari.com|accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>


== Референце ==
It was originally published and described by German theologian and [[entomologist]], [[Ludwig Gottlieb Scriba]] in 1791 in ''Journal für die Liebhaber der Entomologie'', Volume 3 on page 286.<ref name="Gruev">Blagoĭ Gruev {{google books|7MFqjN1Wg_YC|Checklist of Eumolpinae, Chrysomelinae, Alticinae, Hispinae and Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) In Republic of Macedonia (1998)|page=2}}</ref><ref name="Tomov">Blagoĭ Gruev and Vassil Tomov {{google books|Pb9E4fpH0XgC|Catalogus Faunae Bulgaricae Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (1998)|page=48}}</ref>

Its species name ''coerulans'' is a form of the [[Латин|Latin]] noun {{lang|la|caeruleus}} meaning 'turning blue',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/marcoacuna/docs/the_names_of_plants_114|title=The Names of Plants, David Gledhill|date=28 August 2014|accessdate=8 May 2020}}</ref> or ''coeruleus'' meaning 'blue'.<ref name="Jarvis" /> Occasionally, it is misspelt as ''Chrysolina caerulans'', (with an 'a' in the second name).<ref name="ukbeetles" /><ref name="Salisbury" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/speciestaxon?id=52505|title=coerulans Scriba, 1791 described in Chrysomela|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
Its distribution spans mid and eastern Europe,<ref name="Jarvis" /><ref name="safari" /> including [[Cyprus]],<ref name="George">George P. Georghiou, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 1977 {{google books|LKscAQAAMAAJ|The Insects and Mites of Cyprus: With Emphasis on Species of Economic Importance to Agriculture, Forestry, Man, and Domestic Animals|page=46}}</ref> [[Hungary]],<ref>Pierre Jolivet, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay and Michael Schmitt (Editors) {{google books|4JrgIfqtBSAC|Research on Chrysomelidae: Volume 2 (2009)|page=243}}</ref> [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], [[Turkey]].<ref name="Gruev" /> Then in 2009; [[Latvia]],<ref name="Baltic">{{cite journal|last1=Bukejs|first1=Andris|date=January 2009|title=Two new leaf-beetles species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for the Latvian fauna|journal=Baltic Journal of Coleopterology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=155–160}}</ref> and then in 2011; [[Austria]], Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Ukraine.<ref name="Salisbury" /> The 2009 source also mentions the range extending to Central Asia; the Caucasus, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, southern Urals, western China, northern and eastern India.<ref name="Baltic" />

== Habitat ==
It is found in damp meadows and along riversides,<ref name="safari" /> in lowlands and mountains, up to {{convert|1650|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name="Tomov" />

== Biology ==
[[Датотека:Chrysolina_Coerulans_02.jpg|мини|''Chrysolina coerulans'']]
Adults can be found from May to September. Their life span is one year,<ref name="safari" /> and they are [[Diurnality|diurnal]] (meaning active during the day),<ref name="candide" /> They feed on various plant species of ''[[Mentha]]'' and ''[[Tanacetum]]'',<ref name="Tomov" /> including within a garden setting; [[Mentha#Species|garden mint]], Moroccan mint, [[spearmint]] and [[Corsican mint]] types,<ref name="candide" /> as well as the wild [[Mentha sylvestris|horse mint]].<ref name="George" /> Both larvae and adults feed on mint leaves in spring and summer.<ref name="Jarvis" /><ref name="safari" /><ref name="Wisley">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00wwqtx|title=RHS Wisley. Blue mint beetle|website=www.bbc.co.uk|publisher=Gardener's World|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref><!-- also <ref name="candide"/><ref name="Amateur"/> -->

== Blue mint beetle in the UK ==
In [[Кент|Kent]],<ref name="candide" /> it was detected breeding in the UK for the first time in July 2011,<ref name="Jarvis" /><ref name="rhs" /><ref name="safari" /> it had come from mainland Europe.<ref name="safari" /> It was then first reported to the Royal Horticultural Society's entomology department.<ref name="Amateur" />

The RHS then started asking gardeners to check mint plants for tell-tale holes, then report them back to them.<ref name="Amateur" /><ref name="Wisley" /> There had been a single confirmed sighting, the RHS was keen to find out if it was an isolated outbreak.<ref name="Amateur" />

RHS plant health principal scientist Andrew Halstead said as the bug was established on mainland Europe, "The detection of breeding adults in the UK could mean problems for gardeners who grow this herb," he said. "It is important that we find out if there are other breeding adults in the UK."<ref name="Amateur" />

Main symptoms UK gardeners were asked to look for irregular holes in foliage and blue beetles on the leaves.<ref name="rhs" /><ref name="safari" />

In 2012, it was recorded as being found in several locations in [[Cambridgeshire]] and [[Lincolnshire]].<ref name="Jarvis" /><ref name="Salisbury" /><ref name="rhs" />

It was later recorded as being found in [[Hampshire]], parts of [[Лондон|London]] and [[Edinburgh]]. It was expected to spread further throughout the UK,<ref name="candide" /><ref name="Jarvis" /><ref name="rhs" /> as the beetle has a widespread occurrence on the mainland of Europe.<ref name="Amateur" />

There are a few other beetles that are similar in form to the blue mint beetle, but they feed on different plants. A metallic blue beetle located near an alder tree will most likely be an alder leaf beetle (''[[Agelastica alni]]''), as opposed to a blue mint beetle found on mint plants.<ref name="candide" />

== Treatment ==

=== Biological treatment ===
Mint plants are quite hardy and are able to tolerate some damage to the leaves. However, hand removal of beetles can be done if required.

=== Chemical treatment ===
As mint plants are normally grown to be used for culinary purposes, it is recommended that chemical treatments should not be used. Also [[pesticides]] should be avoided if plants are located near water bodies.

If needed, there is a wide range of organic pesticides on the market. These can be applied to the larvae over a course of several applications. However, as chemicals are non-selective, they can affect everything nearby.<ref name="candide" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


*
== External links ==

* [http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/solve-problems/how-to-tackle-blue-mint-beetle/ Monty Don from Gardeners World explains with RHS expert Andrew Halstead shows the signs of the beetle]

== Other sources ==

* Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, (2000). Entomology Abstracts, Volume 31, Issues 7-9
* Salisbury, A. & Halstead, A.J. (2012). Blue mint beetle ''Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba) (Chrysomelidae) breeding in Cambridgeshire. The Coleopterist 21(3): 145.
* Sage, B. (2009). ''Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba) (Chrysomelidae) in Norfolk: the second British record. The Coleopterist 18(1): 6.
* Sage, B. (2009). The second occurrence of ''Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba) (Chrysomelidae) in Norfolk. The Coleopterist 18(2): 138.
* Recently found ''Chrysolina coerulans'' in village of Dearham, Cumbria in May 2022. Photographed.
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1303165}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1303165}}

Верзија на датум 28. мај 2024. у 08:49

Chrysolina coerulans
Научна класификација уреди
Домен: Eukaryota
Царство: Animalia
Тип: Arthropoda
Класа: Insecta
Ред: Coleoptera
Инфраред: Cucujiformia
Породица: Chrysomelidae
Род: Chrysolina
Подрод: Synerga
Врста:
C. coerulans
Биномно име
Chrysolina coerulans
Ludwig Gottlieb Scriba, 1791)
Синоними

Chrysomela coerulans L.G.Scriba, 1791

Chrysomela coerulans је врста тврдокрилца из породице буба листара (Chrysomelidae).[1]

Chrysolina coerulans, also known as the blue mint beetle or blue mint leaf beetle, is a species of beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is a member of the subgenus Synerga of the genus Chrysolina. It is native to a wide range of countries between mid and eastern Europe and lives alongside rivers and in meadows, it feeds on various plant members of the mint family.

It was first spotted in the UK in 2011, when it was first reported to the Royal Horticultural Society's entomology department in July. In 2012, it was found breeding in Kent, Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire. It has further spread throughout the UK.

Опис

Chrysolina coerulans
Chrysolina coerulans

The larvae of Chrysolina coerulans are soft-bodied, rounded in shape and black in colour.[2]

Одрасли инсекти су дуги 6–10 mm,[3] а ноге и антене су им црне. Глава је глатка, без уздужног жлеба,[3] са тораксом проширеним на боковима.[4] Покрилца су глатка,[3] металик плава.[2]

Ову врсту некада називају 'плава нанина буба' и не треба је бркати са 'зеленом нанином бубом' (Chrysolina herbacea), која је смарагднозелена[5] и мало крупнија, 7–11 mm.[6] Врсти Chrysolina graminis је слична по томе што обе имају и финију и грубљу пунктуру на пронотуму.[4]

Распрострањење

Овај инсект настањује целу Србију, и цео централни део Европе, па је одсутан само са Иберијског полуострва, Грчке и Скандинавије.[7]

Станиште

Може се наћи на влажним ливадама и дуж река и потока, све до надморске висине од 1650 m,[8] свуда где има нане. У нашем поднебљу се може наћи од фебруара све до новембра, али је најчешћа у мају и јуну.

Референце

  1. ^ Alciphron — врста Chrysomela coerulans.
  2. ^ а б „Blue Mint Beetle Chrysolina coerulans”. candide gardening.com. Архивирано из оригинала 3. 8. 2020. г. Приступљено 9. 5. 2020. 
  3. ^ а б в „Chrysolina herbacea (Linnaeus, 1758)”. uk beetles (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 7. 5. 2020. 
  4. ^ а б Salisbury, Andrew; Malumphy, Chris; Halstead, Andrew J. (2012). „First record of blue mint beetle Chrysolina coerulans (Scriba, 1791) (Chrysomelidae) breeding in Britain.”. The Coleopterist. 21 (1): 35—37. Приступљено 3. 5. 2021. 
  5. ^ Rosenberg, Marc (20. 8. 2012). „Watch out for blue mint beetle”. amateurgardening.com. Приступљено 7. 5. 2020. 
  6. ^ „Chrysolina herbacea (Duftschmid, 1825)”. Coleoptera.org. Архивирано из оригинала 2023-01-24. г. Приступљено 2017-03-27. 
  7. ^ „EU-nomen”. 
  8. ^ Blagoĭ Gruev and Vassil Tomov Catalogus Faunae Bulgaricae Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (1998), стр. 48, на сајту Гугл књиге
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysolina_coerulans&oldid=27814421”