Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Pulo Jawa

{{kotakinfo pulo|
|nami=Jawa
|peta=[[Gambar:Java Locator.svg|300px]]
|nagara=[[Indonesia]]
|kapuloan=Jawa
|lega=138.793,6 km&sup2; [[Daptar pulo dumasar lega wilayah|(13)]]
|garisbasisir=2884,7 km
|pangeusi=91.269.528 (1980)
}}

'''Pulo Jawa''' téh hiji [[pulo]] di di gugusan [[kapuloan Sunda]], [[Indonésia]], nu mangrupa pulo pangpadetna di sakuliah dunya. Legana [[1 E11 m²|132.000 km pasagi]] kalawan 151.6 pangeusi, mun mangrupa nagara mandiri mah bakal jadi nagara kadua pangpadetna sadunya. Pulo Jawa mangrupa lemah cai pikeun pituin pikeun [[urang Sunda]] jeung [[urang Jawa|Jawa]].

Ibu kota Indonésia, [[Jakarta]], aya di basisir kalér-kuloneun Jawa. Loba kajadian penting sajarah Indonésia nu lumangsung di Jawa. Jawa jadi pusat karajaan Hindu-Budha, kasultanan Islam, jeung jadi inti koloni Walanda di [[Dutch East Indies|Hindia Wétan]]. Dina dékade 1930-an jeung 1940-an, Jawa ogé jadi puseur perjuangan kamerdékaan Indonésia. Sacara pulitik, ékonomi, jeung budaya, Jawa dominan di Indonésia. Opat tina dalapan situs warisan dunya UNESCO di Indonésia perenahna di Jawa, kaasup [[Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon]], [[Candi Borobudur]], [[Candi Prambanan]], jeung [[Situs Manusa Purba Sangiran]].

Jawa kabentuk tina letusan gunung api, alatan [[subduksi]] [[Lempéng Australia]] di handapeun [[Lempéng Sunda]]. Jawa mangrupa pulo nu panggedéna ka-13 di dunya jeung ka-5 di Indonésia, legana kira-kira 138,800 kilométer pasagi. Pulo ieu dicirikeun ku ranté gunung api nu ngajajar ti wétan ka kulon.

Di Jawa, aya opat basa utama nu digunakeun: [[Basa Jawa|basa Jawa]], [[Basa Sunda|Sunda]], [[Basa Madura|Madura]], jeung [[Basa Betawi|Betawi]]. Basa Jawa jeung Sunda nyaéta nu paling loba dicaturkeun.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Naim |first1=Akhsan |last2=Syaputra |first2=Hendry |year=2011 |title=Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-Hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.html |location=Jakarta |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |isbn=9789790644175 |language=id |page=47}}</ref> [[Urang Jawa]] aya di bagéan tengah jeung wétan, sedengkeun [[urang Sunda]] di bagéan kulon. [[Urang Madura]] di wewengkon wétan Jawa nyaéta migran ti Pulo Madura, sedengkeun [[urang Betawi]] di Jakarta asalna tina campuran rupa-rupa suku di Indonésia. Lolobana padumuk di Jawa mah ngomong dua basa, nyaéta basa Indonésia (basa resmi Indonésia) salaku basa kahiji atawa kadua. Sanajan mayoritasna [[Islam|Muslim]], padumuk Jawa téh rupa-rupa agama, suku, jeung budaya.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stockdale |first1=John Joseph |url={{GBurl|id=YJxt2i2HbjEC|q=java island}} |title=Island of Java |last2=Bastin |first2=John |date=2004-03-15 |publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Limited |isbn=978-962-8734-23-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==Etimologi==
Asal muasal nami "Jawa" téh tacan écés. Salah sahiji kamungkinanana, pulo ieu dinamian sanggeus tutuwuhan ''jáwa-wut'', nu dipikanyaho loba tumuwuh di pulo harita, sarta sateuacan pangaruh India, pulo ieu mibanda nami anu béda.<ref>Raffles, Thomas E.: ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)|History of Java]]''. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 2.</ref> Aya ogé sumber-sumber séjén: kecap ''jaú'' sareng variasina hartosna "di luar" atanapi "jauh".<ref name="Raffles, Thomas E. 1965. Page 3">Raffles, Thomas E.: ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)|History of Java]]''. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 3.</ref> Terus, dina [[Basa Sansekerta]] ''yava'' hartina jelai, tutuwuhan anu kawéntar di pulo ieu.<ref name="Raffles, Thomas E. 1965. Page 3"/> "Yavadvipa" disebatkeun dina épik pangkolotna [[India]], [[Ramayana]]. [[Sugriwa]], pamingpin pasukan [[Rama]], ngutus jalma-jalmana ka Yavadvipa, pulo Jawa, néangan [[Sita]].<ref>{{Cite book |url={{GBurl|id=9ic4BjWFmNIC|p=465}} |title=History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e |date=January 30, 2010 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=9788120749108 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ku kituna, pulo ieu katelah di India ku nami Sansekerta "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = pulo). Jawa ogé disebatkeun dina téks kuna [[Basa Tamil|Tamil]] ''[[Manimekalai]]'' karya [[Chithalai Chathanar]], anu nyaritakeun yén Jawa mibanda karajaan jeung ibukota nu ngaranna Nagapuram.<ref>Hindu culture in ancient India by Sekharipuram Vaidyanatha Viswanatha, p. 177.</ref><ref>Tamil Literature by M. S. Purnalingam Pillai, p. 46.</ref><ref>The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago by V. Kanakasabhai, p. 11.</ref> Sumber séjén nyebutkeun yén kecap "Jawa" asalna tina akar kecap [[Proto-Austronesia]], hartina "imah".<ref>INSERT_REFERENCE</ref> Pulo gedé Iabadiu atawa Jabadiu disebat dina ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'' karya [[Ptolemy]], anu ditulis kira-kira taun 150 M dina [[Karajaan Romawi]]. ''Iabadiu'' disebutkeun hartina "pulo jelai", beunghar ku emas, sarta mibanda kota perak nu ngaranna Argyra di tungtung kulon. Nami ieu nuduhkeun Java<ref>Hatley, R., Schiller, J., Lucas, A., Martin-Schiller, B., (1984). "Mapping cultural regions of Java" in: Other Javas away from the kraton. pp. 1–32.</ref> sarta sigana asalna tina nami Sansekerta Java-dvipa (Yavadvipa).

== Géografi ==
[[Gambar:Semeru Bromo Temple.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Gunung Bromo]], salah sahiji pangirutan alam [[Jawa Wétan]].]]
Jawa perenahna antawis [[Sumatra]] di kulon jeung [[Bali]] di wétan. [[Borneo]] aya di kalér, sedengkeun [[Pulo Natal]] aya di kidul. Éta mangrupa pulo ka-13 panggedéna di dunya. Jawa dikurilingan ku [[Laut Jawa]] di kalér, [[Selat Sunda]] di kulon, [[Samudra Hindia]] di kidul sarta [[Selat Bali]] jeung [[Selat Madura]] di wétan.

Sacara ampir kabéh, Jawa téh asalna tina gunung seuneuan; aya tilu puluh dalapan gunung nu ngabentuk tulang tonggong ti wétan ka kulon nu kungsi aktip jadi gunung seuneuan. Gunung seuneuan pangluhurna di Jawa nyaéta Gunung [[Semeru]], 3676 meter. Gunung seuneuan pangaktipna di Jawa jeung ogé di Indonésia nyaéta [[Gunung Merapi]], 2930 meter. Sakabéhna, Jawa mibanda leuwih ti 150 gunung.

=== Alam ===
Pulo Jawa mangrupa wewengkon anu ngandung kabeungharan kahirupan alam anu loba rupa-rupana. [[Lingkungan alam]] di Jawa nyaéta [[leuweung hujan tropis]], kalayan ékosistem anu rupa-rupa, ti mimiti leuweung [[mangrove]] di basisir kalér, tepas basisir karang di basisir kidul, jeung leuweung tropis handap nepi ka leuweung hujan di luhur gunung api di pedalaman. Lingkungan jeung iklim di Jawa robah sacara bertahap ti kulon ka wétan; ti leuweung hujan nu lembab jeung baseuh di bagéan kulon, nepi ka lingkungan [[savana]] garing di wétan, anu cocog jeung iklim jeung curah hujan di daérah éta. [[Gambar:Java-1934 -2.jpg|thumb|Badak Jawa jalu nu ditémbak di Jawa Kulon taun 1934. Kiwari ngan saeutik jumlah Badak Jawa anu hirup di [[Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon|Ujung Kulon]]; éta mangrupa badak nu paling langka di dunya.]]

Kahirupan satwa di Jawa asalna ngarojong kabeungharan biodiversity, dimana loba spésiés [[Endemism|endemik]] tina flora jeung fauna nu mekar; saperti [[Badak Jawa]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=11 |title=Badak Jawa (Rhinoceros sondaicus) |publisher=EDGE Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered |access-date=26 Juni 2012 |archive-date=8 Nopémber 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108202706/http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=11 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108202706/http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=11 |date=2017-11-08 }}</ref> [[Banteng Jawa]], [[Babi Tutul Jawa]], [[Elang Jawa]], [[Merak Jawa]], [[Owa Jawa]], [[Lutung Jawa]], [[Kijang Jawa]], [[Rusa Jawa]], jeung [[Macan Jawa]]. Kalayan leuwih ti 450 spésiés manuk jeung 37 spésiés endemik, Jawa mangrupa surgana pikeun nu mikaresep ngimeutan manuk.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wildlifenews.co.uk/2011/indonesia-bird-watching-tour-with-wildlife-news-travel/ |title=Wisata Ngimeutan Manuk di Indonesia |publisher=wildlifenews.co.uk |access-date=26 Juni 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209021238/http://wildlifenews.co.uk/2011/indonesia-bird-watching-tour-with-wildlife-news-travel/ |archive-date=9 Pébruari 2012 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209021238/http://wildlifenews.co.uk/2011/indonesia-bird-watching-tour-with-wildlife-news-travel/ |date=2012-02-09 }}</ref> Aya kira-kira 130 spésiés lauk cai tawar di Jawa.<ref>Nguyen, T. T. T., jeung S. S. De Silva (2006). ''Kabéhéran jeung Konservasi Lauk Cai Tawar: Perspektif Asia.'' Biodiversity & Conservation 15(11): 3543–3568.</ref> Aya ogé sababaraha spésiés amfibi endemik di Jawa, kaasup 5 spésiés [[Rhacophoridae|bangkong tangkal]].

Ti jaman baheula, jalma-jalma geus muka leuweung hujan, ngarobah ékosistem, ngawangun bentang alam jeung nyiptakeun [[Sawah|sawah padi]] jeung terasering pikeun ngarojong tumuwuhna populasi. Terasering sawah di Jawa geus aya leuwih ti sarébu taun sarta geus ngarojong karajaan tatanén kuna. Populasi manusa nu beuki ngaronjat geus méré tekanan nu beurat ka kahirupan satwa di Jawa, sabab leuweung hujan beuki ngurangan jeung ngan aya di lereng gunung luhur atawa semenanjung anu terasing. Sababaraha spésiés endemik Jawa ayeuna kaayaanana kritis pisan, kalayan sababaraha geus punah; Jawa tadina mibanda [[Macan Jawa]] jeung [[Gajah Jawa]], tapi duanana geus punah. Ayeuna, aya sababaraha taman nasional di Jawa anu ngajaga sésa-sésa kahirupan satwa anu rentan, saperti [[Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon|Ujung Kulon]], [[Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak|Gunung Halimun-Salak]], [[Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango|Gede Pangrango]], [[Taman Nasional Baluran|Baluran]], [[Taman Nasional Meru Betiri|Meru Betiri]], [[Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru|Bromo Tengger Semeru]] jeung [[Taman Nasional Alas Purwo|Alas Purwo]].

=== Manusa ===
Jawa mangrupa pulo pangpadetna sa-Indonésia, ampir 60% populasi Indonésia matuhna di pulo Jawa [http://www.bps.go.id/sector/population/table1.shtml]. Pangeusi ieu pulo utamana mah urang Sunda (di bagian kulon) jeung Jawa (di bagian wétan), ngan ku sabab laju migrasi ka ieu pulo nu luhur pisan, utamana ka wewengkon pakotaan, méh baé lengkep ku séké sélér ti mana baé. Pikeun ngimbangan ieu masalah, ti taun [[1970]] pamaréntah Indonésia ngampanyeukeun [[program transmigrasi]]: mindahkeun sabagian wargana sacara sukaréla ka pulo-pulo nu leuwih carang populasina (kayaning [[Sumatera]], [[Kalimantan]], jeung [[Sulawesi]]) sangkan pulo Jawa teu padet teuing.

Pulo ieu dibagi kana genep [[Propinsi di Indonésia|Daérah Tingkat I]]:
* Propinsi [[Banten]]
* DKI [[Jakarta]]
* Propinsi [[Jawa Kulon]] (Jawa Barat)
* Propinsi [[Jawa Tengah]]
* [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]]
* Propinsi [[Jawa Wétan]] (Jawa Timur)

== Sajarah ==
Pulo Jawa kawentar ku "[[manusa Jawa]]"-na, sakumpulan sésa [[fosil]] ''[[Homo erectus]]'' nu kapanggih deukeut [[walungan Brantas]] di Jawa Wétan. Kadieunakeun, kapanggih ogé sababaraha fosil ti wewengkon séjén, kayaning di situs [[Plawangan]], [[guha Pawon]], jeung sababaraha tempat séjénna.

=== Karajaan Hindu jeung Buda ===
Karajaan [[Tarumanagara|Taruma]] sareng Sunda di kulon Jawa muncul dina abad ka-4 sareng ka-7, sedengkeun [[Kalingga]] mimiti ngirim utusan ka Cina ti mimiti taun 640.<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book |last=Coedès |first=George|author-link= George Coedès |editor=Walter F. Vella |others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |year=1968 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|53,79}} Nanging, karajaan utama nu munggaran téh nyaéta [[Mataram]] anu ngadeg di tengah Jawa dina awal abad ka-8. Ageman Mataram téh ngutamakeun déwa Hindu [[Shiva]], sarta karajaan ieu ngahasilkeun sawatara candi Hindu pangkolotna di Jawa anu aya di [[Dieng Plateau|Dataran Luhur Dieng]]. Kurang leuwih dina abad ka-8, dinasti [[Shailendra dynasty|Sailendra]] mucunghul di [[Kedu]] sareng janten pamayang [[Mahayana Buddhism|agem Buddha Mahayana]]. Karajaan kuna ieu ngawangun monumen saperti [[Candi Borobudur]] sareng [[Prambanan]] anu diadegkeun dina abad ka-9 di tengah Jawa.


=== Karajaan Islam jeung penjajahan Walanda ===
<!--The earliest [[Muslim]] [[Evangelist|evangelists]] were called the [[Wali Songo]], the nine ambassadors. Several of them were of [[Chinese]] origin, leading to speculation of [[Zheng He]]'s influence on the trade in the Straits of Malacca. Many of their tombs are still well-preserved, and often visited for superstitious and religious reasons. Most of the brand of [[Islam]] that is adopted in Java is mixed with longstanding indigenous beliefs, and has a decidedly local flavor. For example, the legend of [[Nyi Roro Kidul]] was invented as a mix of the superstition common in the southern banks of Java and Islamic influences.

The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) established its trading and administrative headquarters in Batavia (now the capital city of Jakarta).  This capital, along with other coastal cities such as [[Semarang]] and [[Surabaya]],  was the focus of Dutch attention during most of the colonial period. The VOC maintained control over the mountainous interior of the island through indigenous client states such as [[Mataram]] in central Java.

The nineteenth century saw the Dutch government take over administration of the East Indies from the Dutch East India Company, and in the mid-nineteenth century they implemented the ''cultuurstelsel'' and ''cultuurprocenten'' policies, which caused widespread famine and poverty. A Dutch author [[Multatuli|Douwes Dekker]] wrote a novel [[Max Havelaar]] to protest these conditions, and in turn the political and social movement spurned by this protest resulted in the [[Ethical Policy]], by which many Javanese elites were given a chance to earn Dutch education both in Java and in the Netherlands itself. It was from this elite that the most prominent [[nationalism|nationalist]] leaders came. They formed the core of the new government when Indonesia became independent after [[World War II]].
-->
=== Pascamerdika ===
Ku dipilihna [[Jakarta]] jadi ibukota, pulo Jawa jadi puseur kagiatan politik jeung ékonomi Indonésia. Ka dieunakeun, alatan teu walatrana pangwangunan, antara puseur dayeuh jeung pilemburan téh jungkrangna beuki lega. Dayeuh-dayeuh jadi puseur kabeungharan, sedengkeun pilemburan di pulo Jawa tetep sangsara.

Sacara nasional, kanyataan jungkrang laju pangwangunan téh jadi masalah, antukna loba nu boga angen-angen hayang mindahkeun ibukota ka wewengkon nu leuwih tengah sacara nasional, misalna ka [[Kalimantan]], kalawan harepan pangwangunan bisa leuwih walatra sa-[[Nusantara]].

== Budaya ==
Sacara umum, kabudayaan nu aya di pulo Jawa bisa dibagi dua: budaya [[urang Sunda|Sunda]] di wewengkon kulon jeung budaya Jawa di wewengkon wétan. Wates dua kabudayaan ieu, dumasar pangaruh kakawasaan masing-masing bangsa dina sawatara sumber sajarah, kira aya di walungan Cipamali atawa Diéng.

''Tempo ogé [[Budaya Indonésia]]''

== Ageman ==
Pangeusi pulo Jawa lolobana ngagem [[Islam]], lajeng [[Kristen]] (utamana di pakotaan), [[Hindu]] di sabudeureun Banyuwangi jeung basisir nu deukeut ka [[Bali]], [[Katolik]] di sababaraha lembur di wewengkon kidul Jawa Tengah, [[Sunda Wiwitan]] di sawatara kampung adat Sunda (misalna di [[Kanékés]]), [[Budha]] nu diaragem nu urang [[Cina Indonésia|Cina]], jeung ageman lianna.

== Séké sélér ==
* [[urang Jawa]] (''tempo'' [[basa Jawa]])
* [[urang Sunda]] (''tempo'' [[basa Sunda]])
* [[urang Madura]]
* [[Cina Indonésia]]

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Sailendra]]
* [[Singhasari]]
* [[urang Tengger]]
* [[urang Kanékés]]

== Bacaan salajengna ==
{{commons|Category:Java}}
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS646x2xW819j/ ''JAVA, FACTS AND FANCIES''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830183800/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS646x2xW819j/ |date=2005-08-30 }}, karya Augusta De Wit (1905). ''(faksimili nu bisa disusud ti Pabukon Universitas Georgia; [[DjVu]] & format [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS646x2xW819j/1f/java_facts_and_fancies.pdf lapis PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524064341/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS646x2xW819j/1f/java_facts_and_fancies.pdf |date=2006-05-24 }})''

{{Pulo utama Indonésia}}

[[Kategori:Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Pulo di Indonésia]]