Hristiyan sosyalizmi

Hristiyan sosyalizmi, Hristiyanlıkla sosyalizmi birleştiren, İncil'e ve İsa'nın öğretilerine dayanan sol siyaseti ve sosyalist ekonomiyi destekleyen dini ve politik bir felsefedir.^[1]

Pek çok Hristiyan sosyalist, kapitalizmin putperestlik olduğuna ve köklerinin açgözlülük günahından beslendiğine inanmaktadır.^[2]^[3] Hristiyan sosyalistler sosyal eşitsizliğin sebebini kapitalizmle ilişkilendirdikleri için açgözlülük olarak tanımlıyorlar.^[2]

Hristiyan sosyalizmi, 19. yüzyıldan itibaren Birleşik Krallık'ta büyük bir hareket haline geldi. 2013'ten bu yana Soldaki Hristiyanlar olarak bilinen Hristiyan Sosyalist Hareketi, resmi bir gruptur.^[2]^[4] ve aynı zamanda İşçi Partisi'nin bir fraksiyonudur.^[5]^[6]

Encyclopædia Britannica'ya göre sosyalizm, "Mülkiyet ve doğal kaynakların özel mülkiyeti veya kontrolü yerine kamuya sahipliği ve kontrolünü öngören açık bir sosyal ve ekonomik doktrin"dir. Sosyalist görüşe göre, bireyler izole bir şekilde yaşamaz veya çalışmaz, bunun yerine bir toplumla işbirliği içinde yaşarlar. Ayrıca, insanların ürettiği her şey bir toplumsal üründür ve bir malın üretimine katkıda bulunan toplumdaki herkesin bu üründen pay alma hakkı vardır. Bu nedenle toplum olarak mülkiyete sahip olmalı veya en azından mülkiyete sahip olmak kontrol edilmelidir.

İlk Hristiyan toplulukları aynı zamanda mal ve emeğin paylaşımını da uygulamaktaydı. Daha sonra belirli manastır türlerinde de görülebilen basit bir sosyalizm biçimiydi. Birçok manastır bugün hala bu uygulamaları sürdürüyor.^[7] Hutteritler, kendilerinin İncil ilkelerine ve kilise disiplinine sıkı sıkıya bağlı kalındığına inanıyorlar ve bir tür komünizmi uyguluyorlardı. Tarihçiler Max Stanton ve Rod Janzen'in sözleriyle, Hutteritler "topluluklarında yaşamın tüm yönlerini kontrol eden ve tam bir perspektif sağlayan kurallar ve düzenlemelerden oluşan katı Ordnungen sistemini kurdular."

Bir ekonomik sistem olarak Hristiyan komünizmi Alman Köylü Savaşı gibi on altıncı yüzyılda Orta Avrupa'da toplumsal devrimi destekleyen köylülerin çoğu için ilgi çekiciydi ve Friedrich Engels, Anabaptist hareketini proto-komünistler olarak görmeye başladı.^[8]

Hristiyan sosyalist olarak görülen diğer kişiler arasında 19. yüzyıl yazarları FD Maurice (İsa'nın Krallığı, 1838),^[4] John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow (Hristiyan Sosyalist, 1850),^[4] Adin Ballou (Pratik Hristiyan Sosyalizmi, 1854) yer alır.^[9] Thomas Hughes (Tom Brown'ın Okul Günleri, 1857),^[10] John Ruskin (Sonuna Kadar, 1862),^[11] Charles Kingsley (Su Bebekleri, Bir Kara Bebeği İçin Bir Peri Masalı, 1863),^[4] Frederick James Furnivall (Oxford İngilizce Sözlüğü'nün ortak yaratıcısı) ve Francis Bellamy (Baptist bir papaz ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde Pledge of Allegiance kitabının yazarı).^[12]

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

^ Williams, Anthony Alan John (Mart 2016). "Christian Socialism as a Political Ideology" (PDF). University of Liverpool Repository. University of Liverpool. s. 5. 3 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 16 Ocak 2023. Firstly, Christian Socialists based their socialism mainly on the Bible, church teaching and the sacraments, to a far greater extent than any other sources. Secondly, Christian Socialists called for a revolution but were committed to democratic methods, suggesting a synthesis between revolutionary and democratic socialism. In practice this can be sketched out as a three-stage process: first, persuading people of the deficiencies of capitalism and the need for socialism; second, the election of a Labour government / the persuasion of other politicians to adopt socialism; third, the establishment of socialism, brought about by a socialist government and population. Thirdly, Christian Socialists sought to create a society of co-operation and collectivism, equality, democracy and peace ... the concept at the core of Christian Socialism is brotherhood, based on the idea of the universal Fatherhood of God, and that other key concepts – co-operation, equality and democracy – are derived from this. In seeking co-operation, equality and democracy Christian Socialism is not necessarily distinct from other forms of socialism, but it is distinct in drawing upon Christian theology as a basis for these concepts as well as the language to describe a future socialist society.
^ ^a ^b ^c Leech 2000.
^ McIlhenny, Ryan C., (Ed.) (16 Temmuz 2015). Render unto God: Christianity and Capitalism in Crisis. hardbook. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-7705-3. 15 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Aralık 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Schmidt, Alvin J., (Ed.) (2012) [2011]. "Christian Socialism". The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0289. ISBN 9781405157629. Although Frederick Denison Maurice's father was a Unitarian clergyman, Maurice later joined the Church of England, and in 1834 he became one of its ordained clergy. He was appalled by the widespread poverty, the misery of child labor, and the economic plight of the poor and working class in the 1830s and 40s. Similar to his acquaintance, John Malcolm Ludlow, he believed that socialism would ameliorate England's socio-economic problems of the economically oppressed. But neither Maurice nor Ludlow wanted socialism, divorced from Christian principles. Socialism, in their opinion, needed the guidance of Christian values. Thus, Maurice coined the term 'Christian socialism' in 1848, as he launched the Christian Socialist Movement. He had another close associate in Charles Kingsley, also an avid proponent of Christian socialism. In 1850, a periodical, The Christian Socialist, was created with Ludlow as editor.
^ Routledge, Paul (22 Mayıs 1994), "Labour revives faith in Christian Socialism", The Independent on Sunday Archived from the original on 1 July 2018.
^ Kurian, Thomas, (Ed.) (2011). "Christian socialism". The Encyclopedia of Political Science. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. s. 1555. ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0.
^ Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard (30 Nisan 2020). "Socialism". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 16 Haziran 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Eylül 2020.
^ Janzen, Rod; Stanton, Max (2010). The Hutterites in North America. illustrated. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. s. 17. ISBN 978-0-8018-9925-6.
^ Sartwell, Crispin (1 Ocak 2018). "Anarchism and Nineteenth-Century American Political Thought". Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy: 454-483. doi:10.1163/9789004356894_018. ISBN 978-9-0043-5688-7. 1 Haziran 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Aralık 2023.
^ Norman, Edward (2002) [1987]. The Victorian Christian Socialists. paperback. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. s. 91. ISBN 978-0-5215-3051-4.
^ MacCarthy, Fiona (1994). William Morris: A Life for Our Time. Faber and Faber. ss. 69-70, 87.
^ Dorn, Charles (8 Eylül 2017). "How a Socialist Ended Up Writing the Pledge of Allegiance". Fortune. 30 Mart 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 16 Ocak 2023.

[1] Williams, Anthony Alan John (Mart 2016). "Christian Socialism as a Political Ideology" (PDF). University of Liverpool Repository. University of Liverpool. s. 5. 3 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 16 Ocak 2023. Firstly, Christian Socialists based their socialism mainly on the Bible, church teaching and the sacraments, to a far greater extent than any other sources. Secondly, Christian Socialists called for a revolution but were committed to democratic methods, suggesting a synthesis between revolutionary and democratic socialism. In practice this can be sketched out as a three-stage process: first, persuading people of the deficiencies of capitalism and the need for socialism; second, the election of a Labour government / the persuasion of other politicians to adopt socialism; third, the establishment of socialism, brought about by a socialist government and population. Thirdly, Christian Socialists sought to create a society of co-operation and collectivism, equality, democracy and peace ... the concept at the core of Christian Socialism is brotherhood, based on the idea of the universal Fatherhood of God, and that other key concepts – co-operation, equality and democracy – are derived from this. In seeking co-operation, equality and democracy Christian Socialism is not necessarily distinct from other forms of socialism, but it is distinct in drawing upon Christian theology as a basis for these concepts as well as the language to describe a future socialist society.

[FOOTNOTELeech2000-2] Leech 2000.

[3] McIlhenny, Ryan C., (Ed.) (16 Temmuz 2015). Render unto God: Christianity and Capitalism in Crisis. hardbook. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-7705-3. 15 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Aralık 2023.

[Schmidt_2012-4] Schmidt, Alvin J., (Ed.) (2012) [2011]. "Christian Socialism". The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0289. ISBN 9781405157629. Although Frederick Denison Maurice's father was a Unitarian clergyman, Maurice later joined the Church of England, and in 1834 he became one of its ordained clergy. He was appalled by the widespread poverty, the misery of child labor, and the economic plight of the poor and working class in the 1830s and 40s. Similar to his acquaintance, John Malcolm Ludlow, he believed that socialism would ameliorate England's socio-economic problems of the economically oppressed. But neither Maurice nor Ludlow wanted socialism, divorced from Christian principles. Socialism, in their opinion, needed the guidance of Christian values. Thus, Maurice coined the term 'Christian socialism' in 1848, as he launched the Christian Socialist Movement. He had another close associate in Charles Kingsley, also an avid proponent of Christian socialism. In 1850, a periodical, The Christian Socialist, was created with Ludlow as editor.

[5] Routledge, Paul (22 Mayıs 1994), "Labour revives faith in Christian Socialism", The Independent on Sunday Archived from the original on 1 July 2018.

[6] Kurian, Thomas, (Ed.) (2011). "Christian socialism". The Encyclopedia of Political Science. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. s. 1555. ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0.

[7] Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard (30 Nisan 2020). "Socialism". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 16 Haziran 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Eylül 2020.

[8] Janzen, Rod; Stanton, Max (2010). The Hutterites in North America. illustrated. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. s. 17. ISBN 978-0-8018-9925-6.

[Sartwell_2018-9] Sartwell, Crispin (1 Ocak 2018). "Anarchism and Nineteenth-Century American Political Thought". Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy: 454-483. doi:10.1163/9789004356894_018. ISBN 978-9-0043-5688-7. 1 Haziran 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Aralık 2023.

[Norman_2002_p._91-10] Norman, Edward (2002) [1987]. The Victorian Christian Socialists. paperback. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. s. 91. ISBN 978-0-5215-3051-4.

[MacCarthy_1994-11] MacCarthy, Fiona (1994). William Morris: A Life for Our Time. Faber and Faber. ss. 69-70, 87.

[Dorn_2017-12] Dorn, Charles (8 Eylül 2017). "How a Socialist Ended Up Writing the Pledge of Allegiance". Fortune. 30 Mart 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 16 Ocak 2023.

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