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afrdis akruran

From ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ

afrdis akruran (s tfransist: élément chimique) d tagrumma n iblkimn (atome) ẓlinin s yan wuṭṭun imdn n ibrutunen g wuẓm (noyau) nnsn. uṭṭun ad, nna nttara s Z, nttini as uṭṭun awblkim n ufrdis akruran. g tilawt, tiɣariwin tikruranin n iblkimn ttuswttant s tuskiwt nnsn tawliktrunt nna iqqnen srid s wuṭṭun n ibrutunen n wuẓm nnsn, aynna yakkan mas d iblkimn yaksuln g wuṭṭun awblkim ttiksiln asnt tɣariwin tikruranin. g unmgal, zmrn iblkimn n ufrdis akruran igan yan ad ilin yan wuṭṭun imzarayn n inutrunen g wuẓm nnsn, ar asn nttini tiẓutufin (isotopes).

ahidrujin, akarbun, aẓut, uksijin, uzzal, anas, aẓrf, urɣ, atg. gan ifrdisn ikruranen. yal yuwn dgsn ittusnkad s yan yinigl akruran: H, C, N, O, Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, atg. g uɣrud, ttyafan ar assa 118 n ifrdisn ikruranen, sg wuṭṭun awblkim 1 ar 118. sgsn, 94 n ifrdin ttusmagin ɣf wakal g wammas agaman, d 80 ɣursn s tdrsi yan uẓutuf izgan (wid akk ɣrsn uṭṭun awblkim imẓẓiy ɣf nɣ igda 82 amr ifrdisn 43 d 61).

ẓḍarn ifrdisn ikruranen ad munen g tizi n imyaggatn ikruranen bar ad ssilɣn yat tartalla n wuddisn ikruranen. s umdya, aman gan tayafut n usnay n wuksijin d uhidrujin aynna aɣ yakkan afnuz bu tnfalit takrurant H2O — sin iblkimn n uhidrujin d yan ublkim n wuksijin. g tfadiwin tiwmhalin imyallan, izmr wuksijin d uhidrujin ad fkn uddisn imyallan, amm abiruksid n uhidrujin nɣ d aman ittuksijinan, bu tanfalit H2O2 — sin iblkimn n uhidrujin d sin iblkimn n wuksijin. g unmgal, yal uddis akruran iɣy ad iry ig ifrdisn imyallan, s umdya aman ẓḍarn ad ttuliktrulizan ɣr wuksijin d uhidrujin.

tanga tazddagt yulɣn s iblkimn n ufrdis akruran igan yan nqqar as tafkka tafrart, ur issin ad try ɣr ifrdisn imyallan, mka, a s nsmziriy gr tfkka tfrart d ufrdis akruran. s umdya, uksijin d afrdis akruran, maca urrig nna akk nssn d nna mi nttini g wawal n yal ass "uksijin" hat tafkka tafrart ayd iga ig yism nns unɣid asinuksijin, tanfalit nns O2, bar ad t nsmyilli d wuẓun bu tnfalit O3, igan altu tafkka tafrart; uẓun d usinuksijin gan anawn isnfliḍnanen n ufrdis uksijin. addad anaway n yan ufrdis akruran d addad n tfkka tafrart mi tga tntalfit (Enthalpie) tanawayt n ussilɣ tanlmaḍt akk g tfadiwin timagnutin n uzɣal d ussikl, igdan 0 s umsasa.

afrdis akruran ur issin ad infl ɣr yan ufrdis yaḍn s umyagga akruran, amyagga anuẓm ittusmman ammskl anuẓm ka'ay iẓḍarn ad ig asnfl ad. asnml ad isnfali t i tikklt izwarn umskrura afransis antwan labwazyi g 1789[1],[2].

ifrdisn ikruranen ttusmaln g tmyurt g yat tflwit d ikkan tiwuriwin n umskrura arusi dimitri mundalif ar as ttinin "taflwit tawalant n ifrdisn":

taflwit tawalant n ifrdisn
1 2   3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 1
H
    2
He
2 3
Li
4
Be
  5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
3 11
Na
12
Mg
  13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
4 19
K
20
Ca
  21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
5 37
Rb
38
Sr
  39
Y
40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo
43
Tc
44
Ru
45
Rh
46
Pd
47
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe
6 55
Cs
56
Ba

*
71
Lu
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
7 87
Fr
88
Ra

*
*
103
Lr
104
Rf
105
Db
106
Sg
107
Bh
110
Ds
111
Rg
112
Cn
113
Nh
114
Fl
115
Mc
116
Lv
117
Ts
118
Og
   
Lanthanides
*
57
La
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd
65
Tb
66
Dy
67
Ho
68
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb
 
Actinides
*
*
89
Ac
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
94
Pu
95
Am
96
Cm
97
Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
100
Fm
101
Md
102
No
 

isnmal

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ismawn, iniglan

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g 2011, tdggi tamunt tagraɣlant n tkrura tazddagt d tmsnast (UICPA) ismawn s tnglizt d iniglan ikruranen igraɣlanen n 112 n ifrdisn imzwura (s unmala n wuṭṭun awblkim)[3]. g 31 may 2012, ismma UICPA sin ifrdisn yaḍn, aflirubyum Fl d ulibirmuryum Lv (uṭṭun 114 d 116)[4],[5]. g 31 dujanbir 2015 issuded UICPA inniy n kkuẓ n ifrdisn yaḍn, win wuṭṭunen iwblkimn 113, 115, 117 d 118, maca ur asn ifki kra n yismawn igguran. maca da ttwannan s yismawn imaddasn iran ad infl ad day asn ttustayn yismawn, ad tn igan d unutryum (Uut), ununbuntyum (Uuv), ununsatyum (Uus) d ununuktyum (Uuo)[6], maca umẓn ismawn nnsn igguran g 28 nuwanbir 2016, s uzrak anihunyum (Nh), amuskubyum (Mc), atinis (Ts) d uganisun (Og)[7].

anammr

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anammr n mraw n ifrdisn illan wala g umahllaw nnɣ, nna tssitg tktazɣuɣt[8].
Z afrdis ppm
1 ahidrujin 739 000
2 ahilyum 240 000
8 uksijin 10 400
6 aẓuẓim 4 600
10 anyyun 1 340
26 uzzal 1 090
7 aẓut 960
14 asilisyum 650
12 amagnizyum 580
16 awḍis 440

iniglan, tasmlismt d ussmil

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tiɣariwin n ifrdisn imyallan

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isuɣal

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tadlsumuɣt

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ẓr altu

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isaɣuln

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  1. Traité élémentaire de chimie, p.101.
  2. amsnfizi d umskrura ayrlandi rubir buyl, nna wala ittusnkadn mas iga amara n tmiḍrant n ufrdis akruran, pratiquait en fait l'alchimie et recherchait le moyen de procéder à la transmutation des métaux entre eux. C'est davantage dans le domaine de l'atomisme qu'il a été précurseur, avec ses travaux fondateurs sur la physique des gaz et l'énoncé de la loi de Mariotte.
  3. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements taflwit tawalant n ifrdisn, sg ɣur l'IUPAC (21 innayr 2011). 9 bṛayṛ 2016.
  4. (en) Element 114 is Named Flerovium and Element 116 is Named Livermorium Les éléments 114 et 116 sont nommés flérovium et livermorium. consulté le 9-2-2016
  5. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements taflwit tawalant n ifrdisn sg ɣur l'UICPA 1-5-2013).16-09-2015
  6. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements taflwit tawalant n ifrdisn, sg ɣur l'UICPA (8-1-2016). consulté le 9-2-2016.
  7. (en) Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 are now formally named nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts), and oganesson (Og) 30-11-2016.
  8. Alchemy of the Heavens. kin kruswil. taẓrigt tamzwarut. ancur. nyu yurk. bṛayṛ 1996. (ISBN 978-0-385-47214-2) ɣr g uzday

isaɣuln

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