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第1行： {{noteTA ~~{{Translating\|[[:en:Free_culture_movement]]\|\|tpercent=20\|time=2014-08-31T02:23:47+00:00}}~~ \|G1=Copyright \|G2=IT [[Image:Larry lessig etech05 050317.jpg\|thumb\|alt=勞倫斯·雷席格站在有麥克風、上面放著一檯筆電的講台前。\|[[勞倫斯·雷席格]] 正站在一台貼著「自由文化」的電腦前面]]▼ \|G3=free license }}▼ {{redirect\|自由文化\|同名书籍\|自由文化 (书)}} ▲[[Image:Larry lessig etech05 050317.jpg\|thumb\|alt=勞倫斯·雷席格站在有麥克風、上面放著一檯筆電的講台前。\|[[勞倫斯·雷席格]] 正站在一台貼著有「自由文化」字样的電腦前面]] '''自由文化運動'''~~（Free~~（{{Lang-en\|Free culture ~~movement）~~movement}}）是提倡以[[網際網路]]或其他[[媒體]]，散佈、修改各式[[自由內容]][[作品]]的[[社會運動]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://wiki.freeculture.org/What_does_a_free_culture_look_like%3F\|title=What does a free culture look like?\|publisher=Students of Free culture\|accessdate=2009-10-24\|archive-date=2012-09-19\|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AmjTF0yr?url=http://wiki.freeculture.org/What_does_a_free_culture_look_like}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://wiki.freeculture.org/Free_culture\|title=What is free culture?\|publisher=Students of Free culture\|accessdate=2009-10-24\|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AmjTo87T?url=http://wiki.freeculture.org/Free_culture\|archive-date=2012-09-19\|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。此運動反對當前太過限縮的[[著作權]]法，許多運動人士認為這樣的法律已經阻礙了[[創造力]]，並且稱呼這樣的系統為「許可制的文化」。<ref>Robert S. Boynton: ''[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801EFDA1439F936A15752C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 The Tyranny of Copyright?] {{Wayback\|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801EFDA1439F936A15752C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 \|date=20090228064018 }}'' [[The New York Times]], January 25, 2004</ref> [[創用CC]]是[[勞倫斯·雷席格]]發起的組織，提供[[创作共用授权\|相關授權條款]]，讓創作者聲明在一定條件下分享自己的作品。該組織也提供線上搜尋引擎，供民眾搜尋以創用CC授權的作品。自由文化運動在自由分享創作的立場上與[[自由軟體運動]]有志一同。自由軟體運動的成員[[理查·斯托曼]]，同時也是[[GNU\|GNU 計劃]]發起人，提倡自由分享資訊，<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://stallman.org/articles/end-war-on-sharing.html \|title=Ending the War on Sharing \|first=Richard \|last=Stallman \|authorlink=Richard Stallman \|year=2009 \|access-date=2014-08-31 \|archive-date=2021-05-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506030404/https://stallman.org/articles/end-war-on-sharing.html }}</ref>並以提出自由軟體為「是像『言論自由』那樣的自由，而不是免費」（free as in "free speech," not "free beer"）聞名。<ref>Richard Stallman: "[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html Open Source Misses the Point] {{Wayback\|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html \|date=20110820060328 }}", [[GNU project]], 2007</ref> 今日，自由文化運動一詞與其他許多運動息息相關，諸如[[駭客\|駭客文化]]、[[知識無界運動]]、[[copyleft\|著佐權]]運動等。「自由文化」一詞出自 2003 年 [[{{tsl\|en\|World Summit on Information Society]]\|世界信息社会峰会}}<ref name="WSIS PCT events">WSIS (2001). [http://muguet.com/www.wsis-pct.org/pct-events.html "PCT WORKING GROUP EVENT"] {{Wayback\|url=http://muguet.com/www.wsis-pct.org/pct-events.html \|date=20130729180141 }}</ref>，當中用這個詞呈獻第一份給藝術家使用的公眾授權條款 -- 由法國著佐權倡議團體自 2001 年起草發展的「[[free art license]]」。而後，這個詞彙於 2004 年[[勞倫斯·雷席格]]的著作《[[自由文化 (书)\|自由文化]]》中繼續發展。<ref name="Quart">Quart, Alissa (2009). [http://www.cjr.org/feature/expensive_gifts.php "Expensive Gifts"] {{Wayback\|url=http://www.cjr.org/feature/expensive_gifts.php \|date=20161221164311 }}, ''Columbia Journalism Review'', 48(2).</ref> == 發展背景 == [[File:THE BATTLE OF COPYRIGHT.jpg\|thumbnail\|right\|[[著作權]]世界裡，著作權法與自由文化、[[公共領域]]的戰爭。]] 在 1998 年，[[美國國會]]通過了[[桑尼·波諾版權期限延長法案]]，由柯林頓總統簽署。這份法案將著作權的期限延長了二十年，使得原先在著作人身後的著作權保護期限增加至七十年。因為這份立法過程經過像是[[迪士尼]]這樣的企業大力遊說，有時被戲稱為「保護米老鼠法案」。勞倫斯·雷席格表示，版權法是阻礙文化發展，知識共享和技術創新，且是基於私人利益（而不是公共利益）的立法。<ref>{{cite book \|last=Lessig \|first=Lawrence \|date=2004 \|title=Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1hs1GWwnx-wC&dq=free+culture \|location=New York \|publisher=Penguin \|pages=368 \|isbn=9781101200841 \|accessdate=2014 \|archive-date=2021-04-27 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427173353/https://books.google.com/books?id=1hs1GWwnx-wC&dq=free+culture }}</ref>他在 1998 年到美國各地的校園演講，催生了自由文化運動，也為[[斯沃斯莫爾學院]]的[[{{tsl\|en\|Students for Free Culture\|自由文化學生組織]]}}奠立了基礎。在 1999 年，雷席格挑戰了桑尼波諾法案，上訴到[[美國最高法院]]，儘管他有著勝訴的堅定信念，引援[[美國憲法]]內文關於「有限的」版權詞語，雷席格只拿到了兩張不同意見票，分別來自大法官[[史蒂芬·布雷耶]]與[[約翰·保羅·史蒂文斯]]。在 2001 年，雷席格發起了[[創用CC]]，一個「保留部份權利」的許可制度來替代默認「保留所有權利」的版權制度。 == 定義「自由」 == {{further\|创作共用授权}} 在自由文化运动中，[[创用CC]]被指责缺少自由的标准。<ref>[http://mako.cc/writing/toward_a_standard_of_freedom.html Towards a Standard of Freedom: Creative Commons and the Free Software Movement] {{Wayback\|url=http://mako.cc/writing/toward_a_standard_of_freedom.html \|date=20120615143208 }}. Mako.cc. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> 因此，一些人认为只有部分创作共用协议符合{{link-en\|自由文化作品的定义\|Definition of Free Cultural Works}}。<ref>[[Freedomdefined:\|Definition of Free Cultural Works]]. Freedomdefined.org (2008-12-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> 在2008年2月，[[创用CC]]为其~~''署~~「姓名''標示」（BY）和~~''署~~「姓名標示-相同方式共分享''」（BY-SA）协议增加了一个'''自由文化作品认证'''的标志。<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051 \|title=Approved for Free Cultural Works \|date=2008-02-20 \|access-date=2014-08-31 \|archive-date=2015-11-17 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117080649/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051 }}</ref> 商业用途或衍生作品不需要特殊的标记。 ~~{{TransH}}~~ == 相關組織 == <!-- 這邊要加入一些中文世界的相關組織，也或許刪掉一些與中文世界較為無關的？ --> The organization commonly associated with free culture is [[Creative Commons]] (CC), founded by [[Lawrence Lessig]]. CC promotes sharing creative works and diffusing ideas to produce cultural vibrance, scientific progress and business innovation. [http://questioncopyright.org QuestionCopyright.org] is another organization whose stated mission is "to highlight the economic, artistic, and social harm caused by distribution monopolies, and to demonstrate how freedom-based distribution is better for artists and audiences."<ref>[http://questioncopyright.org/ A Clearinghouse For New Ideas About Copyright]. QuestionCopyright.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> QuestionCopyright may be best known for its association with artist [[Nina Paley]], whose multi-award winning feature length animation [[Sita Sings The Blues]] has been held up as an extraordinarily successful<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n04IeQo4RCQ Nina Paley at HOPE 2010]. YouTube. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> example of free distribution under the aegis of the "Sita Distribution Project".<ref>[http://questioncopyright.org/sita_distribution The Sita Sings the Blues Distribution Project]. QuestionCopyright.org (2009-09-15). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> The web site of the organization has a number of resources, publications, and other references related to various copyright, patent, and trademark issues. The student organization [[Students for Free Culture]] is sometimes confusingly called "the Free Culture Movement," but that is not its official name. The organization is a subset of the greater movement. The first chapter was founded in 1998 at Swarthmore College, and by 2008, the organization had twenty-six chapters nationwide (US?).<ref>Hayes, Christopher (2009). [http://www.thenation.com/article/mr-lessig-goes-washington "Mr. Lessig Goes to Washington"], ''Nation'', June 16, 2008</ref> The free culture movement takes the ideals of the free software movement and extends them from the field of [[Computer software\|software]] to all [[Culture\|cultural]] and creative works. Early in Creative Commons' life, [[Richard Stallman]] (the founder of the [[Free Software Foundation]] and the [[free software]] movement) supported the organization. He withdrew his support due to the introduction of several licenses including a developing nations and the sampling licenses<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060222104211/http://www.linuxp2p.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=10771 interview for LinuxP2P] (6 february 2006)</ref> and later restored some support when Creative Commons retired those licenses. The [[free music]] movement, a subset of the free culture movement, started out just as the Web rose in popularity with the Free Music Philosophy<ref name="Samudrala">{{cite web\|url = http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp.html#what_it_is\|title = The Free Music Philosophy \|accessdate = 2008-10-26\|last = Samudrala\|first = Ram\|authorlink =Ram Samudrala\|year = 1994}}</ref> by [[Ram Samudrala]] in early 1994. It was also based on the idea of free software by [[Richard Stallman]] and coincided with nascent open art and open information movements (referred to here as collectively as the "free culture movement"). The Free Music Philosophy used a three pronged approach to voluntarily encourage the spread of unrestricted copying, based on the fact that copies of recordings and compositions could be made and distributed with complete accuracy and ease via the Internet. The subsequent free music movement was reported on by diverse media outlets including ''[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]'',<ref name="billboard_jul181998"/> ''[[Forbes]]'',<ref name="forbes_jul111997"/> ''Levi's Original Music Magazine'',<ref name="levi_nov192008"/> ''[[Free Radical (magazine)\|The Free Radical]]'',<ref name="free_radical_2001"/> ''[[Wired (magazine)\|Wired]]''<ref name="wired_jun101997"/><ref name="wired_jun121998"/> and ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="nyt_dec161998"/> Along with [[free software]] and [[Linux]] (a free operating system), [[copyleft]] licenses, the explosion of the Web and rise of [[Peer-to-peer\|P2P]] and [[lossy compression]], and despite the efforts of the music industry, free music became largely a reality in the early 21st century.<ref name="troelsjust"/> Organizations such as the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] and Creative Commons with free information champions like Lawrence Lessig were devising numerous licenses that offered different flavors of copyright and copyleft. The question was no longer why and how music should be free, but rather how creativity would flourish while musicians developed models to generate revenue in the Internet era.<ref name="schulman_1999a"/><ref name="music_future"/><ref name="napster_compendium"/> == 反對意見 == The most vocal criticism against the free culture movement comes from copyright proponents. Rick Carnes, the president of the [[Songwriters Guild of America]], and Coley Hudgins, the executive director of ''arts+labs'', an alliance of technology and media companies, claim that despite the free culture movement’s argument that copyright is “killing culture,” the movement itself, and the media it creates, damages the arts industry and hurts economic growth.<ref>Carnes, Rick, and Coley Hudgins (2009). "COPYRIGHT IS CRUCIAL FOR CULTURE", ''Billboard'', 121(31).</ref> In addition, some argue that the atmosphere of the copyright debate has changed. Free culture may have once defended culture producers against corporations. But now free culture may hurt smaller culture producers. Prominent technologist and musician [[Jaron Lanier]] discusses this perspective and many other critiques of Free Culture in his 2010 book ''[[Jaron_Lanier#You_Are_Not_a_Gadget_.282010.29\|You Are Not A Gadget]]''. Lanier's concerns include the depersonalization of crowd-sourced anonymous media (such as Wikipedia) and the economic dignity of middle-class creative artists. [[Andrew Keen]], a critic of [[Web 2.0]], criticizes some of the Free Culture ideas in his book, ''[[Cult of the Amateur]],'' describing Lessig as an "intellectual property [[communist]]."<ref name="keen2.0">Keen, Andrew (May 16, 2006). [http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/714fjczq.asp Web 2.0; The second generation of the Internet has arrived. It's worse than you think.] ''[[The Weekly Standard]]''</ref> In the news media industry, some blame free culture as the cause behind the decline of its market. However, scholars like [[Clay Shirky]] claim that the market itself, not free culture, is what is killing the journalism industry.<ref name="Quart"/> ~~{{TransF}}~~ == 參考 == 第69行 ⟶ 第49行： [[开放源代码]] {{colend}} == 參考文件 == {{Reflist~~\|35em\|refs=~~}} <ref name="billboard_jul181998">{{cite book\|author=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. \|title=Billboard \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9wkEAAAAMBAJ \|accessdate=3 December 2011 \|date=18 July 1998 \|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. \|id={{ISSN\|00062510}}}}</ref> <ref name="forbes_jul111997">[http://www.forbes.com/1997/07/11/habeus.html Penenberg A. Habias copyrightus. ''Forbes'', July 11 1997]. Forbes.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> <ref name="free_radical_2001">[http://www.freeradical.co.nz/content/47/47ballin.php Ballin M. Unfair Use. ''The Free Radical'' 47, 2001]. Freeradical.co.nz. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> <ref name="levi_nov192008">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100601073457/http://www.levi.co.za/MusicMag/Category/Detail/Detail.aspx?ID=914 Durbach D. Short fall to freedom: The free music insurgency. ''Levi's Original Music Magazine'', November 19, 2008]. Web.archive.org (2010-06-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> ~~<ref name="music_future">[http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/music_future.html Samudrala R. The future of music. 1997]. Ram.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref>~~ <ref name="napster_compendium">[http://www.musicdish.com/downloads/napster_compendium.pdf Story of a Revolution: Napster & the Music Industry. ''MusicDish'', 2000]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> <ref name="nyt_dec161998">[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/12/cyber/articles/16trade.html Napoli L. Fans of MP3 forced the issue. ''The New York Times'', December 16 1998]. Nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> <ref name="schulman_1999a">[http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v12/oldNonPaginated(DONOTUSE)/12HarvJLTech589.pdf Schulman BM. The song heard 'round the world: The copyright implications of MP3s and the future of digital music. ''Harvard Journal of Law and Technology'' 12: 3, 1999.]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> ~~<ref name="troelsjust">[http://www.troelsjust.dk/?page_id=149 Just T. Alternate Kinds of Freedom]. Troelsjust.dk. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref>~~ <ref name="wired_jun101997">[http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/1997/06/4361 Oakes C. Recording industry goes to war against web sites. Wired, June 10 1997]. Wired.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> <ref name="wired_jun121998">[http://freerockload.ucoz.com/ Stutz M. They (used to) write the songs. Wired, June 12 1998]. Freerockload.ucoz.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> ▲}} == 外部資源 == ~~{{wikiversity}}~~ ~~<!-- ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================== -->~~ ~~<!-- \| DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF \| -->~~ ~~<!-- \| LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, \| -->~~ ~~<!-- \| but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link \| -->~~ ~~<!-- \| to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project ([[linkification: http://www.dmoz.org\|www.dmoz.org]])\| -->~~ ~~<!-- \| and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. \| -->~~ ~~<!-- \| \| -->~~ ~~<!-- \| Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. \| -->~~ ~~<!-- \| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details \| -->~~ ~~<!-- \| See talk page for discussion about this page \| -->~~ ~~<!-- ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================== -->~~ ; Resources: Berry, David M. and Giles Moss. 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100411063525/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1403/1321 The Politics of the Libre Commons]. First Monday. Volume 11 (September) * Pasquinelli, Matteo. [http://matteopasquinelli.com/docs/ideology-of-free-culture.pdf "The Ideology of Free Culture and the Grammar of Sabotage"]{{dead link\|date=2018年1月 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}; now in ''Animal Spirits: A Bestiary of the Commons'', Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2008. * Videoblog: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715064818/http://perspektive89.com/2006/10/18/free_culture_free_software_free_infrastructures_openness_and_freedom_in_every_layer_of_the_network_flo_fleissig_episo Free Culture, Free Software, Free Infrastructures! Openness and Freedom in every Layer of the Network] (Interviews with Kloschi ([[Freifunk]]), [[German Wikipedia\|Kurt Jansson]] ([[Wikimedia Foundation\|Wikimedia]]), [[Jürgen Neumann]] ([[Freifunk]]), [[Rishab Aiyer Ghosh]] ([[United Nations University]]), [[Lawrence Lessig]] ([[Creative Commons]]) and Allison and Benoit ([[Montréal Wireless]])) ; Organisations: * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110508/http://www.libervis.com/ Libervis.com] is a project of building and promoting a free culture community online. * [http://fcforum.net/ Charter for Innovation, Creativity and Access to Knowledge] {{Wayback\|url=http://fcforum.net/ \|date=20210211041556 }} {{Open navbox}} {{创作共用}} [[Category:~~知識產權~~自由文化運動\| ]] [[Category:數位權利]] [[Category:免費]] [[Category:知识产权行动主义]] [[Category:社會運動]] [[Category:協作]]