日本战争罪行：修订间差异
删除的内容 添加的内容
小无编辑摘要 |
|||
| （未显示3个用户的5个中间版本） | |||
第6行：
}}
[[File:Nanking bodies 1937.jpg|thumb|right|200px|南京大屠殺]]
在日本的[[军国主义]]时代，尤其是在[[中国抗日战争]]和[[太平洋战争]]期间，[[大日本帝国]]在许多亚太国家均犯下了'''[[战争罪|战争罪行]]'''。这些事件中相当一部分被西方描述为“亚洲的[[納粹大屠殺|犹太人大屠杀]]{{noteTag|如英語「{{Lang|en|Asian Holocaust}}」。「{{Lang|en|Holocaust}}」是[[燔祭]]，後用來指代[[納粹大屠殺]]。}}”。<ref name="nyt-1999">{{Cite news|last=Blumenthal|first=Ralph|date=7 March 1999|title=The World: Revisiting World War II Atrocities; Comparing the Unspeakable to the Unthinkable|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E6DB153FF934A35750C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|access-date=26 July 2008|archive-date=2011-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321043541/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E6DB153FF934A35750C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="latimes-1995">{{Cite news|last=Kang|first=K. Connie|date=4 August 1995|title=Breaking Silence : Exhibit on 'Forgotten Holocaust' Focuses on Japanese War Crimes|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-08-04-me-31301-story.html|accessdate=2022-08-14|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119212048/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-08-04-me-31301-story.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>[[日本军|日军]]在19世纪后期亦曾犯下过一些战争罪行，但绝大部分战争犯罪和大屠杀均发生在[[昭和|昭和时代]]前期。
[[昭和天皇|裕仁天皇]]领导下的日本[[大日本帝國陸軍|陆]][[大日本帝國海軍|海]]军曾犯下了无数战争罪行，导致了数百万人丧生。一些对历史上日本战争罪行所造成的死亡人数的估计范围从300<ref name="rummel">{{Cite web |title=Rummell, ''Statistics'' |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM |publisher=Hawaii.edu |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-date=2010-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323044733/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM |dead-url=no }}</ref>到 1400<ref name="sterling">{{Cite news|title=Sterling and Peggy Seagrave: Gold Warriors|url=http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=9196|url-status=live|access-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613202437/http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=9196|archive-date=13 June 2008}}</ref>万不等，这些死亡人数主要是由当时日本军队和政府直接实施或间接纵容的[[屠杀]]、[[虐待]]、[[人体试验|人体实验]]、[[饑荒|人为饥荒]]、[[奴隶制度|奴役]]以及[[強迫勞動|强迫劳动]]所造成的。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese War Criminals World War Two |url=http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Japanese_War_Criminals_World_War_Two |publisher=The National Archives (U.K.) |access-date=2022-08-14 |archive-date=2012-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812041131/http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Japanese_War_Criminals_World_War_Two |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2016 |title=Japanese War Crimes |url=https://www.archives.gov/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/ |publisher=The National Archives (U.S.) |access-date=2022-08-14 |archive-date=2011-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001125321/http://www.archives.gov/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pacific Theater Document Archive |url=http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~warcrime/PT.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=War Crimes Studies Center, University of California, Berkeley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718103739/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~warcrime/PT.htm |archive-date=18 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kafala, Tarik|date=21 October 2009|title=What is a war crime?|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1420133.stm|accessdate=2022-08-14|archive-date=2019-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109041645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1420133.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bibliography: War Crimes |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~memory/research/bibliography/warcrimes.html |url-status=dead |publisher=Sigur Center for Asian Studies, George Washington University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816032304/https://www2.gwu.edu/~memory/research/bibliography/warcrimes.html |archive-date=16 August 2019 |access-date=21 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gruhl|first=Werner|title=Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialjapanswo00unse|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7658-0352-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/imperialjapanswo00unse/page/85 85]}}</ref>一些日本士兵在战后曾承认过犯下这些罪行<ref name="Tabuchi">{{Cite news|last=Tabuchi|first=Hiroko|title=Japan's Abe: No Proof of WWII Sex Slaves|newspaper=Washington Post|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/01/AR2007030100578.html|access-date=1 March 2007|archive-date=2012-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103190750/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/01/AR2007030100578.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。日本的陆海军飞行战队的[[军机飞行员|飞行员]]通常不被列为战犯，因为在二战之前或期间不曾有过具体明确的国际人道法以条文方式禁止不人道地非法进行[[空戰|空战]]。尽管如此，[[陸軍飛行戰隊|陆军飞行战队]]在[[第二次世界大战]]期间亦曾参与了对敌国国民的化学和生物攻击，并在战争中屡次使用一些被日本更早以前签署的国际协定所禁止的杀伤性武器，其中包括海牙公约（1899年和 1907 年），禁止在战争中使用“毒药或有毒武器”。<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 January 2001|title=Japan bombed China with plague-fleas|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1135368.stm|accessdate=2022-08-14|archive-date=2017-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603122452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1135368.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keiichi |first=Tsuneishi |title=Unit 731 and the Japanese Imperial Army's Biological Warfare Program |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-Tsuneishi-Keiichi/2194 |website=Japan Focus |access-date=2022-08-14 |archive-date=2015-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127222203/http://www.japanfocus.org/-Tsuneishi-Keiichi/2194 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
自1950年代以来，日本政府高级官员曾[[日本就战争道歉发言列表|多次为该国的战争罪行道歉]]。[[日本外務省|日本外务省]]表示，日本承认其在二战期间造成了“巨大的破坏和苦难”，特别是在进入南京时，日本士兵[[南京大屠殺|杀死了大量非战斗人员并从事抢劫和强奸]]<ref name="mofa_jp">{{Cite web |title=Q8: What is the view of the Government of Japan on the incident known as the "Nanjing Massacre"? |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/q_a/faq16.html#q8 |website=Foreign Policy Q&A |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan |access-date=2022-08-14 |archive-date=2014-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213205234/http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/q_a/faq16.html#q8 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。话虽如此，日本政府中的一些自民党成员，例如前首相[[小泉纯一郎]]和[[安倍晋三]]，都曾参拜过备受争议的[[靖国神社]]。此外，一些日本历史教科书仅对各种战争罪行提供了[[日本歷史教科書問題|简要的提及]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasahara |first=Tokushi |title=Reconciling Narratives of the Nanjing Massacre in Japanese and Chinese Textbooks |url=http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/kasahara.pdf |publisher=Tsuru Bunka University |access-date=2022-08-14 |archive-date=2013-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231183120/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/kasahara.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>，另有一些[[自由民主党 (日本)|自民党]]党员否认了日军暴行，例如
== 日本战争罪行列表==
第113行：
=== 重庆大轰炸 ===
中华民国[[国民政府]]於1938年底西遷[[陪都]][[重庆市|重慶]]之後，倚靠[[四川省|四川]]以及長江中游的資源與天險優勢與日軍進行僵持；為了有效打擊重慶政府的作戰意志，因此日軍選擇对當時中國政府首都重慶进行[[戰略轰炸]]意圖逼迫中國政府投降，但是在科技條件無法配合下日軍的戰略轟炸成效有限，重慶的主要設施也未因此受到致命毀損，只是很多民居因被炸毁，有不少無辜市民也因走避不及而斃命。據不完全統計，在1938年至1943年間约1万多重庆居民死于轰炸。
==注釋==
{{noteFoot}}
== 參考文獻 ==
第129行 ⟶ 第132行：
* Barnaby, Wendy. ''The Plague Makers: The Secret World of Biological Warfare'', Frog Ltd, 1999. ISBN 1-883319-85-4 ISBN 0-7567-5698-7 ISBN 0-8264-1258-0 ISBN 0-8264-1415-X
{{refend}}
== 外部链接 ==▼
* [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/japan/bw/ “日本生物武器计划的历史”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/japan/bw/ |date=20131204091618 }}{{en}} “美国科学家联盟（FAS）” 2000年4月16日▼
* Green, Shane. [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/08/28/1030508070534.html 「731部队的亚洲奥斯维辛集中营」] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/08/28/1030508070534.html |date=20041115084738 }}{{en}} 2002年8月29日《[[时代报]]》▼
* [http://www.archives.gov/iwg/ “纳粹战争罪行和日本帝国政府档案跨部门工作组（IWG）”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.archives.gov/iwg/ |date=20081205032310 }}{{en}} 「美国国家档案和文件管理局（NARA）」▼
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,1338296,00.html 日本过去犯下的罪行] {{Wayback|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,1338296,00.html |date=20041102024024 }}{{en}} 《[[卫报]]》▼
* [http://www.skycitygallery.com/japan/japan.html "日本大屠杀的受害者"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.skycitygallery.com/japan/japan.html |date=20210210235358 }}▼
== 参见==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
{{Portal box|日本|军事|法律|死亡|灾害|第二次世界大战|历史}}▼
* [[美國對日本戰爭罪行的掩蓋]]
** [[731部队]]
** [[约翰·威廉·鲍威尔]]
* [[日本文化]]
* [[日本軍國主義|日本军国主义]]
* [[德国战争罪行]]
* [[意大利戰爭罪行]]
* [[苏联战争罪行]]
* [[美国战争罪行]]
* [[日本右翼团体]]
* [[旅順大屠殺|旅顺大屠杀]]
* [[南京大屠殺|南京大屠杀]]
* [[肅清大屠殺|肃清大屠杀]]
* [[馬尼拉大屠殺|马尼拉大屠杀]]
{{div col end}}
▲== 外部链接 ==
▲{{Portal box|日本|军事|法律|死亡|灾害|第二次世界大战|历史}}
▲* [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/japan/bw/ “日本生物武器计划的历史”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/japan/bw/ |date=20131204091618 }}{{en}} “美国科学家联盟（FAS）” 2000年4月16日
▲* Green, Shane. [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/08/28/1030508070534.html 「731部队的亚洲奥斯维辛集中营」] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/08/28/1030508070534.html |date=20041115084738 }}{{en}} 2002年8月29日《[[时代报]]》
▲* [http://www.archives.gov/iwg/ “纳粹战争罪行和日本帝国政府档案跨部门工作组（IWG）”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.archives.gov/iwg/ |date=20081205032310 }}{{en}} 「美国国家档案和文件管理局（NARA）」
▲* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,1338296,00.html 日本过去犯下的罪行] {{Wayback|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,1338296,00.html |date=20041102024024 }}{{en}} 《[[卫报]]》
▲* [http://www.skycitygallery.com/japan/japan.html "日本大屠杀的受害者"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.skycitygallery.com/japan/japan.html |date=20210210235358 }}
{{第二次世界大戰}}
{{中国抗日战争}}
{{大日本帝国}}
[[Category:日本战争罪行| ]]
[[Category:日本歷史認識問題]]
[[Category:歷史否認主義]]
[[Category:日本
[[Category:日本人權侵害]]
[[Category:各國犯下的戰爭罪行]]
| |||