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{{refimprove|time=2016-05-08T19:32:10+00:00}}
{{鋼鐵}}
'''不锈钢'''<ref>{{harvnb|陳怡儒|2011|pp=304-305}}</ref>,也称为'''不锈耐酸钢''',在[[台語]]也稱「白鐵」;在[[冶金學]]中,是指在大气和酸、碱、盐等[[腐蚀性]]介质中,呈现钝态、耐蚀、不生锈,含高[[铬]](常 12% ~ 30%)的[[合金钢]],通常另含有[[鎳]]、[[鉬]]、[[釩]]、[[錳]]、[[鎢]]等元素;而決定不鏽鋼防鏽能力,最重要的金屬元素就是鉻。国际上以重量計算定義,不锈钢是最低铬含量为 10.5 wt%,最高碳含量为 1.2 wt% 的合金钢<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/alloy-steel |title=存档副本 |access-date=2022-01-14 |archive-date=2022-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114013725/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/alloy-steel }}</ref>,或鉻含量超過10%的「鐵合金」<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.steel.org/steel-technology/steel-production/glossary/ |title=存档副本 |access-date=2022-01-14 |archive-date=2022-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503140542/https://www.steel.org/steel-technology/steel-production/glossary/ }}</ref>。此名稱源於它不像[[鋼鐵|普通鋼]]那樣容易腐蝕生鏽<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WflK2b997oM |title=1104 超視《食在有健康》食在好安心-便當盒鍋具餐具毒跡密佈 吃了不孕傷腦筋 之 知識篇 ] |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215221031/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WflK2b997oM }}</ref>。
 
不鏽鋼如果含鉻或其他元素比例很低,則只能在表面形成[[氧化膜]]保護而仍會[[氧化]],具有像[[銅]]或[[鋁]]的防蝕特色,這種鋼材就並非不鏽鋼,而是[[耐候鋼]]。[[鉻]]與低碳含量相配合,可顯示出明顯的耐腐蚀性和耐热性,還可以加入[[镍]]、[[钼]]、[[釩]]、[[鈦]]、[[鈮]]、[[錳]]、[[鎢]]、[[鋁]]、[[銅]]、[[氮]]、[[硫]]、[[磷]]和[[硒]],使其表面會產生防锈的氧化膜,以提高對特殊環境的耐腐蝕性和抗氧化性,並賦予特殊性能,從而保護鋼材本身受到外界環境中的空氣(尤指[[氧氣]])、水、某些酸、碱的氧化腐蝕。
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=== 不锈钢牌号分组 ===
SAE steel grade -(美國{{tsl|en|SAE International|自動機工程學會總會}}<ref>ARTC 財團法人車輛研究測試中心 - 客戶服務 - 知識庫 - 深耕電動車標準 搶進國際市場-[http://www.artc.org.tw/chinese/03_service/03_02detail.aspx?pid=1625 與美國SAE簽署「電動車驗證與標準合作」] {{Wayback|url=http://www.artc.org.tw/chinese/03_service/03_02detail.aspx?pid=1625 |date=20211215221041 }},綠能智慧專案,陳淑絹,2010</ref>相關規範「{{tsl|en|Society of Automotive Engineers}}」)
* 200系列:[[铬]]-镍-[[锰]]奥氏体不锈钢<ref name="appledaily-20131224-35528101">[http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/supplement/20131224/35528101/ 不鏽鋼鍋正確挑 看標示編號 太亮太薄不要買] {{Wayback|url=http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/supplement/20131224/35528101/ |date=20140422205041 }},報導╱劉燕美,攝影╱高凱新,[[蘋果日報 (台灣)]],2013年12月24日</ref><ref name="cna-201405080139-1">{{cite web | url = http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201405080139-1.aspx | title = 不鏽鋼餐具刮鏽 恐溶出有害物 | date = 2014-05-08 | author = 楊淑閔 | coauthor = 裴禛(攝) | location = 臺北 | publisher = [[中央通訊社]] | work = | access-date = 2014-05-08 | archive-date = 2018-08-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142238/http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201405080139-1.aspx }}</ref><ref name="epochtimes-20140508-n4150715">{{cite web | url = http://tw.epochtimes.com/b5/14/5/8/n4150715.htm | title = 不鏽鋼餐具恐溶毒物 有刮痕就該換 | date = 2014-05-08 | author = 施芝吟 | coauthor = 明芳(責任編輯) | location = 臺北 | publisher = [[大紀元時報]]股份有限公司 | work = | language = zh-tw | access-date = 2014-05-09 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093928/http://tw.epochtimes.com/b5/14/5/8/n4150715.htm }}[http://tw.epochtimes.com/gb/14/5/8/n4150715.htm {{Wayback|url=http://tw.epochtimes.com/gb/14/5/8/n4150715.htm |date=20160304192324 }} {{zh-cn}}]</ref><ref name="ltn-20140509-777315">{{cite web | url = http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/paper/777315 | title = 不鏽鋼也會生鏽 消基會促訂餐具標準 | date = 2014-05-09 | author = 謝文華 | coauthor = | location = 臺北 | publisher = [[自由時報]] | work = | language = zh-tw | access-date = 2014-05-09 | archive-date = 2021-12-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211215221121/https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/paper/777315 }}</ref><ref name="ltn-20140624-790016">{{cite web|url= http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/paper/790016 | title = 不銹鋼餐具標示亂 9校食器「錳」超高 | date = 2014-06-24 | author = 洪素卿 |coauthor = 黃以敬、張聰秋、王駿-{杰}-| location = 臺北 | publisher = [[自由時報]] | work = |language = zh-tw}}</ref><ref name="merit-times-20140624">{{cite web | url = http://www.merit-times.com.tw/NewsPage.aspx?Unid=356428 | title = 錳過量 各校驚訝、立即停用 | date = 2014-06-24 | author = | coauthor = | location = 臺北 | publisher = [[人間福報]] | work = | language = zh-tw | access-date = 2014-06-24 | archive-date = 2021-03-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210323090202/https://www.merit-times.com.tw/NewsPage.aspx?Unid=356428 }}</ref>
* 300系列:铬-镍奥氏体不锈钢<ref name="appledaily-20131224-35528101" /><ref name="cna-201405080139-1" /><ref name="epochtimes-20140508-n4150715" /><ref name="ltn-20140509-777315" />
** 型号301:延展性好,用于成型产品。也可通过机械加工使其迅速硬化。焊接性好。抗磨性和疲劳强度优于304不锈钢,產品如:彈簧、鋼構、車輪蓋。
** 型号302:耐腐蚀性同304,由于含碳相对要高因而强度更好。
** [[File:不鏽鋼的餐具.jpg|替代=304不鏽鋼餐具|缩略图|289x289像素|304不鏽鋼餐具]]型号303:通过添加少量的硫、磷使其较304更易切削加工。
** 型号304:通用型号;主要有18(鉻)/8(鎳)與18(鉻)/10(鎳)兩種不锈钢 。產品如:耐蝕容器、餐具、家俱、欄杆、醫療器材。標準成分是18 %鉻加8 %鎳。為無磁性、當雜質含量高時,加工後偶爾會呈現弱磁性、此弱磁性只能使用熱處理的方式消除。屬於無法藉由熱處理方法來改變其金相組織結構的不鏽鋼。<ref>[http://nehrc.nhri.org.tw/toxic/news.php?cat=news&id=74 〈資訊〉 國家環境毒物研究中心關於媒體報導「不鏽鋼超錳事件」之看法] {{Wayback|url=http://nehrc.nhri.org.tw/toxic/news.php?cat=news&id=74 |date=20220303133208 }},國家環境毒物研究中心,國家衛生研究院</ref>
** 型号304 L:與304相同特性,但低碳故更耐蝕、易熱處理,但機械性較差適用焊接及不易熱處理之產品。
** 型号304 N:與304相同特性,是一種含氮的不鏽鋼,加氮是為了提高鋼的強度。
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** 型号309 S:具多量鉻、鎳,故耐熱、抗氧化性佳,產品如:熱交換器、鍋爐零組件、噴射引擎。
** 型号310 S:含最多量鉻、鎳,故耐熱、抗氧化性最佳熱交換器、鍋爐零組件、電機設備。
** 型号316:继304之后,第二个得到最广泛应用的钢种,主要用于[[食品]]工业和{{tsl|en|surgical stainless steel|外科手术器材}},添加[[钼]]元素使其获得一种抗腐蚀的特殊结构。由于较之304其具有更好的抗氯化物腐蚀能力因而也作“船用钢”来使用。SS316则通常用于[[核燃料回收装置]]。18/10级不锈钢通常也符合这个应用级别。<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.finishing.com/292/94.shtml |title=18/10 vs. 18/8 and 18/0 stainless steel for flatware and pots & pans] |access-date=2006-12-26 |archive-date=2022-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313043146/https://www.finishing.com/292/94.shtml }}</ref>特用於化學、海邊等易腐蝕環境、船舶裝配、建材。
** 型号316 L:低碳故更耐蝕、易熱處理,產品如:化學加工設備、核能發電機、冷凍劑儲槽。
** 型号321:除了因为添加了[[钛]]元素降低了材料{{tsl|en|weld decay|焊缝锈蚀}}的风险之外其他性能类似304,適於焊接釀酒設備、蒸氣管、航空零件。
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== 相关 ==
* {{en icon}}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AISI_steel_grade/ AISI钢牌号介绍]{{dead link|date=2017年11月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{en icon}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Company Budd公司] {{Wayback|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Company |date=20220426180559 }} 历史上著名的不锈钢应用者
* {{en icon}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_finishing 表面处理] {{Wayback|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_finishing |date=20220512021528 }}
* [[黑色金属|黑色金属材料]]
* [[铁]]
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{{Wiktionary}}
* {{en icon}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20120630194631/http://www.worldstainless.org/about_stainless Articles About Stainless Steel] by International Stainless Steel Forum
* {{en icon}}[http://www.bssa.org.uk/nsmain_index.asp?page=fpauth/stainless/stainless.htm What is stainless steel] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bssa.org.uk/nsmain_index.asp?page=fpauth%2Fstainless%2Fstainless.htm |date=20200707074948 }} by BSSA
* {{en icon}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20070102160235/http://www.euro-inox.org/ Euro Inox](multilingual portal)
* {{en icon}}[http://www.ssina.com/overview/history.html Comprehensive Information About Stainless Steel] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ssina.com/overview/history.html |date=20191219021311 }} by The Stainless Steel Information Center
* {{en icon}}[http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2005/Stainless_steels/stainless.html Comprehensive Information About Metallurgy of Stainless Steel] {{Wayback|url=http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2005/Stainless_steels/stainless.html |date=20161126074129 }} by Cambridge University
* {{en icon}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20061111230949/http://www.butlersheetmetal.com/tinbasherblog/2005/09/28/the-life-cycle-costing-of-stainless-steel/ Life Cycle Costing of Stainless Steel]
* [http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/issf/non-image-files/PDF/ISSF_The_Ferritic_Solution_Chinese.pdf 铁素体不锈钢解决方案] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/issf/non-image-files/PDF/ISSF_The_Ferritic_Solution_Chinese.pdf |date=20211215223011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103073432/http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/issf/non-image-files/PDF/ISSFNew200seriessteelsAnopportunityorathreat_CN.pdf 新200 系列”钢种]
* {{en icon}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20100809230420/http://www.worldstainless.org/ISSF_Home_cn] Information and Statistics on Stainless Steel