水飞蓟

水飞蓟
	; 水飛薊的花頭
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae;
目：	菊目 Asterales;
科：	菊科 Asteraceae;
屬：	水飞蓟属 Silybum;
種：	水飞蓟 marianum;
二名法
	Silybum marianum; L.

水飞蓟（学名：Silybum marianum），为菊科水飞蓟属下的一个植物种^[1]，是種中藥材和食材。

特徵

水飞蓟的植物學插圖

水飞蓟一般可以長到0.3至2.0米（1.0至6.7英尺）高，呈錐形外觀。最大基底直徑約為1.6米（5.3英尺）。莖帶坑紋且略帶白絨，較粗的莖通常為空心。葉呈綠色針狀輪廓、無毛、光滑，葉脈為奶白色；花頭紅紫色，長寬約4至12厘米（1.6至4.7英寸）。花期為北半球的六至八月或南半球的十二月至二月。苞片為三角形，無毛，附器呈針狀。黑色胞果，帶單一長白色冠毛和黃色基底環^[2]。

分佈與生境

水飞蓟也許原生於英格蘭東南面的海岸線，也有說法是希臘克里特地區^[3]或地中海山區的原生物種。

水飞蓟被人為廣泛引進到其自然生境以外的環境，例如北美洲、伊朗、澳洲及紐西蘭，並成為當地的入侵性雜草。水飞蓟在澳洲(瓦爾德威爾特爾地區)、德國、匈牙利、波蘭、中國和阿根廷被大規模種植，以提供製藥業所需的原材料。在歐洲慣常的做法是每年三至四月播種，八月份花期過後約2-3星期收割^{[來源請求]}。水飞蓟偶爾被用作園林裝飾，亦常用於乾花束。

達爾文在《小獵犬號航海記》中提到的“龐巴巴巨大薊”^[4]相信就是水飞蓟^[5]^[6]。

化學

水飛薊賓的化學結構

傳統的水飞蓟提取物是由含有約4-6％水飛薊素的種子製成的^[7]。提取物含有約65-80％的水飛薊素和20-35％的脂肪酸（包括亞油酸）^[8]。水飛薊素是多酚類的複雜混合物，包括七種關係密切的黃酮醇-木質素加成物（水飛薊賓A、水飛薊賓B、異水飛薊賓A、異水飛薊賓B、水飛薊亭、異水飛薊亭及水飛薊寧）和一種類黃酮黄杉素（taxifolin）^[8]。水飛薊賓是水飛薊素的半純化部分，主要是兩種非對映異構體（水飛薊賓A和水飛薊賓B）的混合物，其比例大約為1：1^[8]^[9]。

研究

臨床研究

水飞蓟具備苦寒特性，在中藥用於肝膽濕熱和治療黃疸^[10]。不少的臨床研究試圖探究利用水飞蓟來治療肝臟疾病和癌症，然而這些研究沒有統一的研究規範而且互相矛盾^[11]。利用水飞蓟治療傳染病是另一個研究熱點^[11]。

效用

一份2007年的考科藍的系統綜述指出，基於18個臨床研究和1088名酒精性及/或病毒性肝炎（乙型、丙形）病人的數據，利用水飞蓟來治療這些病人的好處值得商榷，而且缺乏高質量的證據來支持這種療法。綜述認為需要進行更多高質量隨機對照臨床研究才可得出結論^[12]。據英国癌症研究中心（英语：Cancer Research UK），互聯網上出現不少聲稱水飞蓟能減緩某些癌症的宣傳信息，但目前仍未有足夠證據支持這些講法^[13]。

毒性

水飞蓟提取物一般而言是對人體安全的，即便是長期食用^[11]。然而，不少水飞蓟保健食品被發現含有黴菌毒素，而且濃度在各種植物類保健食品中最高（最高可達37毫克/公斤）^[14]。

食用

水飞蓟也可以作為食物，根部可生吃或滾水烚熟後伴牛油享用，或煮至半熟後烤。春天的水飞蓟嫩苗可以割掉根部留在泥土，莖部滾水烚熟後伴牛油上菜。過去，花頭上有刺的苞片會當作菜薊般食用；莖部去皮後可浸泡過夜除去苦味，然後切粒。水飞蓟的葉在剪去尖刺後灼熟，可用作菠菜的替代品；也可以作為沙拉配菜生吃。

動物毒性

水飞蓟對牛、羊有毒。這是因為水飞蓟含有較多的硝酸鉀，當反芻動物攝食硝酸鉀，動物胃部的細菌會還原硝酸根成為亞硝酸根。亞硝酸根對血紅蛋白有很高的親和力，會結合血紅蛋白形成高鐵血紅蛋白，從而妨礙血液攜帶氧氣，導致動物缺氧^[15]。

参考资料

^ 水飞蓟 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.. 中国植物物种信息数据库. [2013-01-15].
^ Rose, Francis. The Wild Flower Key. Frederick Warne. 1981: 388–9. ISBN 0-7232-2419-6.
^ Jahn & Schoenfelder (1995, page 326)
^ Darwin, Charles Robert. The Voyage of the Beagle. Vol. XXIX. The Harvard Classics. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909–14; Bartleby.com, 2001. www.bartleby.com/29/ [accessed 30 Sep 2016] Ch VI.
^ Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (Torrey Botanical Club, 1887), p. 163
^ The Rise of Capitalism on the Pampas: The Estancias of Buenos Aires, 1785-1870, By Samuel Amaral (Cambridge University Press,2002) p. 129
"Charles Darwin, who visited the pampas while traveling around the world, refers to Cynara cardunculus as cardoon, differentiating it from the great thistle, which scientific designation does not mention, described by F. B. Head. The former was as high as a horse; the second, higher than the head of a horserider. In Far Away and Long Ago, William Henry Hudson mentions two types: the cardoon thistle, or wild artichoke, of a bluish or grey-greenish color, and the giant thistle, cardo asnal for the natives and Carduus marianum for botanists, with white and green leaves."
^ Greenlee, H.; Abascal, K.; Yarnell, E.; Ladas, E. Clinical Applications of Silybum marianum in Oncology. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2007, 6 (2): 158–65. PMID 17548794. doi:10.1177/1534735407301727.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Kroll, D. J.; Shaw, H. S.; Oberlies, N. H. Milk Thistle Nomenclature: Why It Matters in Cancer Research and Pharmacokinetic Studies. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2007, 6 (2): 110–9. PMID 17548790. doi:10.1177/1534735407301825.
^ Hogan, Fawn S.; Krishnegowda, Naveen K.; Mikhailova, Margarita; Kahlenberg, Morton S. Flavonoid, Silibinin, Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Cell-Cycle Arrest of Human Colon Cancer. Journal of Surgical Research. 2007, 143 (1): 58–65. PMID 17950073. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2007.03.080.
^ 水飛薊 Shuifeiji. 香港浸會大學中醫藥學院. [2017-05-23].
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Rainone, Francine. Milk Thistle. American Family Physician. 2005, 72 (7): 1285–8. PMID 16225032.
^ Rambaldi A, Jacobs BP, Gluud C. Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007, (4): CD003620. PMID 17943794. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003620.pub3.
^ Milk thistle and liver cancer. Cancer Research UK. 8 March 2015 [March 2015].
^ Veprikova Z, Zachariasova M, Dzuman Z, Zachariasova A, Fenclova M, Slavikova P, Vaclavikova M, Mastovska K, Hengst D, Hajslova J. Mycotoxins in Plant-Based Dietary Supplements: Hidden Health Risk for Consumers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2015, 63 (29): 6633–43 [2016-01-03]. PMID 26168136. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02105. The highest mycotoxin concentrations were found in milk thistle-based supplements (up to 37 mg/kg in the sum).
^ JW, Kendrick; J, Tucker; SA, Peoples. Nitrate poisoning in cattle due to ingestion of variegated thistle, Silybum marianum.. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association. 1955, 126 (934): 53–56. PMID 13221510.

外部連結

水飛薊 Shuifeiji 中藥材圖像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院)

[1] 水飞蓟 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.. 中国植物物种信息数据库. [2013-01-15].

[The_Wild_Flower_Key-2] Rose, Francis. The Wild Flower Key. Frederick Warne. 1981: 388–9. ISBN 0-7232-2419-6.

[3] Jahn & Schoenfelder (1995, page 326)

[4] Darwin, Charles Robert. The Voyage of the Beagle. Vol. XXIX. The Harvard Classics. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909–14; Bartleby.com, 2001. www.bartleby.com/29/ [accessed 30 Sep 2016] Ch VI.

[5] Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (Torrey Botanical Club, 1887), p. 163

[6] The Rise of Capitalism on the Pampas: The Estancias of Buenos Aires, 1785-1870, By Samuel Amaral (Cambridge University Press,2002) p. 129
"Charles Darwin, who visited the pampas while traveling around the world, refers to Cynara cardunculus as cardoon, differentiating it from the great thistle, which scientific designation does not mention, described by F. B. Head. The former was as high as a horse; the second, higher than the head of a horserider. In Far Away and Long Ago, William Henry Hudson mentions two types: the cardoon thistle, or wild artichoke, of a bluish or grey-greenish color, and the giant thistle, cardo asnal for the natives and Carduus marianum for botanists, with white and green leaves."

[Greenlee-7] Greenlee, H.; Abascal, K.; Yarnell, E.; Ladas, E. Clinical Applications of Silybum marianum in Oncology. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2007, 6 (2): 158–65. PMID 17548794. doi:10.1177/1534735407301727.

[Kroll-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Kroll, D. J.; Shaw, H. S.; Oberlies, N. H. Milk Thistle Nomenclature: Why It Matters in Cancer Research and Pharmacokinetic Studies. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2007, 6 (2): 110–9. PMID 17548790. doi:10.1177/1534735407301825.

[Hogan-9] Hogan, Fawn S.; Krishnegowda, Naveen K.; Mikhailova, Margarita; Kahlenberg, Morton S. Flavonoid, Silibinin, Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Cell-Cycle Arrest of Human Colon Cancer. Journal of Surgical Research. 2007, 143 (1): 58–65. PMID 17950073. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2007.03.080.

[10] 水飛薊 Shuifeiji. 香港浸會大學中醫藥學院. [2017-05-23].

[rainone-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Rainone, Francine. Milk Thistle. American Family Physician. 2005, 72 (7): 1285–8. PMID 16225032.

[12] Rambaldi A, Jacobs BP, Gluud C. Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007, (4): CD003620. PMID 17943794. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003620.pub3.

[13] Milk thistle and liver cancer. Cancer Research UK. 8 March 2015 [March 2015].

[pmid26168136-14] Veprikova Z, Zachariasova M, Dzuman Z, Zachariasova A, Fenclova M, Slavikova P, Vaclavikova M, Mastovska K, Hengst D, Hajslova J. Mycotoxins in Plant-Based Dietary Supplements: Hidden Health Risk for Consumers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2015, 63 (29): 6633–43 [2016-01-03]. PMID 26168136. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02105. The highest mycotoxin concentrations were found in milk thistle-based supplements (up to 37 mg/kg in the sum).

[pmid13221510-15] JW, Kendrick; J, Tucker; SA, Peoples. Nitrate poisoning in cattle due to ingestion of variegated thistle, Silybum marianum.. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association. 1955, 126 (934): 53–56. PMID 13221510.

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