阿爾茨海默病：修订间差异
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'''阿茲海默症'''（{{lang-la|Morbus Alzheimer}}，{{lang-de|Alzheimer-Krankheit}}，[[縮寫]]：{{lang|de|AK}}，{{lang-en|Alzheimer's disease}}，[[縮寫]]：{{lang|en|AD}}）或稱'''腦退化症'''。舊稱為{{lang-en|Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type}}，[[縮寫]]：{{lang|en|SDAT}} 、奥茨海默症、老人失智症；俗稱早老性痴呆、老年痴呆症（但醫界不建議使用此名稱{{備註|1=在香港，Dementia已經由「老年癡呆症」改名為「認知障礙症」；而Alzheimer’s Disease則命名為「阿爾茲海默氏症」。[http://www.hkada.org.hk/tc/?page_id=1840 認知障礙症成因及分類]鑑於「老年癡呆症」的歧視成分及標籤效應，有礙及早求診，由十個醫學及服務團體（包括香港認知障礙症協會在內）組成的專家聯盟於2012年進行了公眾諮詢。結果顯示市民與專業團體均普遍認同「認知障礙症」更能中立、準確地反映疾病的症狀（記憶與其他認知功能問題）、不局限於成因（退化與非退化性）、較易明白且不含歧視意味。}}）。阿茲海默症佔了[[失智症]]中六到七成的成因<ref name=BMJ2009>{{cite journal|last1=Burns|first1=A|last2=Iliffe|first2=S|title=Alzheimer's disease.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=5 February 2009|volume=338|pages=b158|pmid=19196745}}</ref>
<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Dementia Fact sheet N°362|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=28 November 2014|date=April 2012}}</ref>，是一種發病進程緩慢、隨著時間不斷惡化的持續性[[神經]]功能障礙<ref name=WHO2014/>。最常見的早期症狀，是難以記住最近發生的事情<ref name=BMJ2009/>，早期症狀還應該增加行為或性格的改變，「輕微行為能力受損」(Mild Behavioral Impairment, MBI)<ref>[http://www.alz.org/aaic/releases_2016/sun_445_ET.asp Beyond Memory Loss, Behavior Changes Are Often First Signs of Dementia.]</ref>，對平日最喜歡的活動失去興趣、對人物冷感、對日常作息焦慮、無法控制衝動、多侵略性、挑戰社會規範、對食物失去興趣、事事疑心，突然經常動怒爆粗話。隨著疾病的發展，症狀可能會包含：[[譫妄]]、易怒、具攻擊性、無法正常言語、容易迷路、{{link-en|情緒不穩定|mood swing}}、喪失[[動機|生存動力]]、喪失[[長期記憶]]、難以自理和行為異常等<ref name=BMJ2009/><ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="pmid17222085"/><ref name="pmid17823840">{{cite journal |language=en |author=Tabert MH, Liu X, Doty RL, Serby M, Zamora D, Pelton GH, arder K, Albers MW, Stern Y, Devanand DP |title=A 10-item smell identification cale related to risk for Alzheimer's disease |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=155–160 |year=2005 |pmid=15984022 |doi=10.1002/ana.20533 |accessdate=2012-11-28}}</ref>。當患者的狀況變差時，往往會因此脫離家庭和社會關係<ref name=BMJ2009/><ref name="pmid17222085">{{cite journal |language=en |author=Waldemar G |title=Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline |journal=Eur J eurol |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=e1–e26 |pmid=17222085 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x |author-separator=, |author2=Dubois B |author3=Emre M |display-authors=3 |last4=Georges |first4=J. |last5=McKeith |first5=I. G. |last6=Rossor |first6=M. |last7=Scheltens |first7=P. |last8=Tariska |first8=P. |last9=Winblad |first9=B.|accessdate=2012-11-28|date=January 2007}}</ref><ref name="pmid17823840"/>，並逐漸喪失身體機能，最終導致死亡<ref name="nihstages">{{cite web|title=About Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms|url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/topics/symptoms|publisher=National Institute on Aging|accessdate=28 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="nihstages">{{cite web |title=About AlzheimeDeveloping a greater intelligence, exercise, and avoiding obesity may decrease the risk of AD.r's Disease: Symptoms |url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/topics/symptoms |publisher=National Institute on Aging |accessdate=2012-11-28}}</ref>。雖然疾病的進程因人而異，很難預測患者的[[預後]]，但一般而言，確定診斷後的平均餘命是三到九年<ref name=NEJM2010>{{cite journal|last1=Querfurth|first1=HW|last2=LaFerla|first2=FM|title=Alzheimer's disease.|journal=The New England journal of medicine|date=28 January 2010|volume=362|issue=4|pages=329-44|pmid=20107219}}</ref>，確診之後存活超過十四年的病患少於3%<ref name="pmid7793228">{{cite journal |language=en |author=Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK |title=Long-term survival and predictors of mortality in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia |journal=ActaNeurol Scand |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=159–64 |doi= |pmid=7793228 |accessdate=2012-11-28|date=March 1995}}</ref>。▼
▲ Beyond Memory Loss, Behavior Changes Are Often First Signs of Dementia.]</ref>，對平日最喜歡的活動失去興趣、對人物冷感、對日常作息焦慮、無法控制衝動、多侵略性、挑戰社會規範、對食物失去興趣、事事疑心，突然經常動怒爆粗話。隨著疾病的發展，症狀可能會包含：[[譫妄]]、易怒、具攻擊性、無法正常言語、容易迷路、{{link-en|情緒不穩定|mood swing}}、喪失[[動機|生存動力]]、喪失[[長期記憶]]、難以自理和行為異常等<ref name=BMJ2009/><ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="pmid17222085"/><ref name="pmid17823840">{{cite journal |language=en |author=Tabert MH, Liu X, Doty RL, Serby M, Zamora D, Pelton GH, arder K, Albers MW, Stern Y, Devanand DP |title=A 10-item smell identification cale related to risk for Alzheimer's disease |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=155–160 |year=2005 |pmid=15984022 |doi=10.1002/ana.20533 |accessdate=2012-11-28}}</ref>。當患者的狀況變差時，往往會因此脫離家庭和社會關係<ref name=BMJ2009/><ref name="pmid17222085">{{cite journal |language=en |author=Waldemar G |title=Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline |journal=Eur J eurol |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=e1–e26 |pmid=17222085 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x |author-separator=, |author2=Dubois B |author3=Emre M |display-authors=3 |last4=Georges |first4=J. |last5=McKeith |first5=I. G. |last6=Rossor |first6=M. |last7=Scheltens |first7=P. |last8=Tariska |first8=P. |last9=Winblad |first9=B.|accessdate=2012-11-28|date=January 2007}}</ref><ref name="pmid17823840"/>，並逐漸喪失身體機能，最終導致死亡<ref name="nihstages">{{cite web|title=About Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms|url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/topics/symptoms|publisher=National Institute on Aging|accessdate=28 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="nihstages">{{cite web |title=About AlzheimeDeveloping a greater intelligence, exercise, and avoiding obesity may decrease the risk of AD.r's Disease: Symptoms |url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/topics/symptoms |publisher=National Institute on Aging |accessdate=2012-11-28}}</ref>。雖然疾病的進程因人而異，很難預測患者的[[預後]]，但一般而言，確定診斷後的平均餘命是三到九年<ref name=NEJM2010>{{cite journal|last1=Querfurth|first1=HW|last2=LaFerla|first2=FM|title=Alzheimer's disease.|journal=The New England journal of medicine|date=28 January 2010|volume=362|issue=4|pages=329-44|pmid=20107219}}</ref>，確診之後存活超過十四年的病患少於3%<ref name="pmid7793228">{{cite journal |language=en |author=Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK |title=Long-term survival and predictors of mortality in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia |journal=ActaNeurol Scand |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=159–64 |doi= |pmid=7793228 |accessdate=2012-11-28|date=March 1995}}</ref>。
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