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维克托·梅耶
维克托·梅耶
	维克托·梅耶
出生	1848年9月8日; 德国柏林
逝世	1897年8月8日（48歲）; 德国海德堡
死因	自杀
居住地	德国、瑞士
国籍	德国
母校	海德堡大学
	科学生涯
机构	斯图加特大学; 苏黎世联邦理工学院; 海德堡大学; 哥廷根大学
博士導師	罗伯特·威廉·本生; 埃米尔·埃伦迈尔
博士生	特劳戈特·桑德迈尔; 威廉·米克勒; 马克斯·博登施坦; 海因里希·布里茨

维克托·梅耶（德語：Viktor Meyer，1848年9月8日—1897年8月8日）是一位德国化学家，曾在有机化学和无机化学领域内作过重大贡献，他因发明测量蒸气密度的仪器——维克托·梅耶仪和发现一种杂环化合物——噻吩而出名。在他的一些出版物中，他有时也称呼自己为“Victor Meyer”。

早年生活

维克托·梅耶1848年出生于德国柏林，他的父亲是一名商人和棉制品印花工，叫雅克·梅耶（Jacques Meyer），他的母亲叫贝莎（Bertha）。虽然梅耶的父母都是犹太人，但他并不是在犹太教信仰下长大。后来，他批准在改革派犹太教堂任职。他娶了一个信奉基督教的女子，海德薇格·戴维森（Hedwig Davidson），他们的孩子也跟随信奉基督教。

梅耶10岁进入高中，和比他大两岁的哥哥理查德·梅耶在同一个班。虽然他拥有优秀的科学技能，但是他的心愿是做一个演员，因为他喜爱诗歌。他哥哥理查德当时在海德堡大学研究化学，在一次探访维克托·梅耶的过程中，维克托·梅耶迷上了化学。

学业和事业

1865年，梅耶不足17岁，在父母催促下，他开始在柏林大学攻读化学，同年奥古斯特·威廉·冯·霍夫曼接替艾尔哈德·米希尔里希成为化学系教授。一个学期后，梅耶到海德堡大学为罗伯特·威廉·本生工作，他也在海德堡大学听到埃米尔·埃伦迈尔的讲座。因为当时不需要在本生下研究，1867年梅耶获得博士学位，他当时是19岁。这造就了他成为当时最重要的化学家之一。他呆在本生那里一年进行矿泉水的地域范围分析，此外他还能教一些博士生。在柏林，他加入了阿道夫·冯·拜尔的团体，后来拜尔成为他最好的朋友之一，从无机化学到有机化学。梅耶23岁的时候，赫尔曼·冯·斐林需要一个能做讲师的学生，拜尔应他的请求派梅耶到了斯图加特大学。

Health

Overworked and overtaxed, Meyer's nervous system suffered, leading to several minor and major nervous breakdowns during the last years of his life. He always failed to recover completely, yet continued working. He took pills to fall asleep, but these had a damaging effect on his nervous system. In one of his depressions, Meyer decided to take his own life, and committed suicide by taking cyanide. He died at the age of 49 during the night of August 7 - August 8, 1897 in Heidelberg. It was a shock to others as Meyer was considered a highly gifted scientist by his colleagues, and a very talented teacher by his students.

Career

Professional accomplishments

1867	Assistant at the laboratory of Robert Bunsen, analyzing mineral water for the government of Baden and helping students preparing their examinations
1868	Studying organic chemistry at the Gewerbe-Akademie in Berlin, guided by Adolf von Baeyer (until 1871)
1871	Position as Professor extraordinarius of organic chemistry at the Polytechnikum of Stuttgart, allowed without habilitation
1872	Position as Professor ordinarius at the Polytechnikum of Zurich
1885	Position at the University of Göttingen, occupying the famous Chair of Friedrich Wöhler
1889	Taking over the Chair of Robert Bunsen at the University of Heidelberg; Meyer was requested (by Bunsen) to take this position in 1888, but only complied after a second request in 1889

Scientific contributions

Synthesis of aromatic carboxylic acids from sulfonic acid and formiates (1869).
Nitroalkanes from alkyl iodides and silver nitrite (1872).
Development of a method to distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary nitroalkanes (1875).
Starting with studying physical chemistry in 1876, Meyer created a new method for determining gas density in 1878. This method allowed him to demonstrate how arsenious oxide vapours corresponded to the formula As₄O₆, that mercury, zinc and cadmium yielded monatomic vapours, and that halogen molecules dissociated into atoms on heating, a phenomenon which he studied until his death. The Victor Meyer apparatus accurately measures the volume of a volatilized substance from which the vapor density of the gas can be derived and also the relative mass.
Proposing glucose is an aldehyde and not a ketone, hereby correcting von Baeyer and van't Hoff (1880).
Synthesis of aldoximes and ketoximes from hydroxylamine and aldehydes or ketones, hereby discovering a new structural identification and elucidation method (1882, together with Alois Janny).
Identification of thiophene as a contaminant in benzene derived from coal (1882). Benzene produced by decarboxylation of benzoic acid did not contain this impurity.
First reliable synthesis of pure sulfur mustard (1886, also see Meyer's account on sulfur mustard)
Coining of the concepts of stereochemistry and dipole in 1888. Meyer had always been interested in stereochemical problems and was one of the first ones to instruct his pupils with van't Hoff's theory of asymmetric carbon and the Hantzsch-Werner theory.
Discovery of iodoso compounds in 1892 by reacting o-iodobenzoic acid with nitric acid.
Observation (1892) that ortho-substituted benzoic acid derivatives are esterified with difficulty. This principle is now known as the Victor Meyer esterification law and was discovered in an attempt to esterify o-iodosobenzoic acid.
Discovery of iodonium compounds by reacting iodobenzene and iodosobenzene (1894).

Books

Meyer wrote several notable books:

Tabellen zur qualitativen Analyse (1884, written together with Frederick Treadwell)
Pyrochemische Untersuchungen (1885)
Die Thiophengruppe (1888)
Chemische Probleme der Gegenwart (1890)
Ergebnisse und Ziele der Stereochemischen Forschung (1890)
Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie (1893, written together with Paul Jacobson. A very popular book at the time that has been reprinted and reedited several times)
Märztage im kanarischen Archipel, ein Ferienausflug nach Teneriffa und Las Palmas (1893, travel guide)

Honors

In recognition of his brilliant experimental powers, and his numerous contributions to chemical science, he was awarded the Davy Medal by the Royal Society in 1891.^[1]

References

W Pötsch. Lexikon bedeutender Chemiker (VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig, 1989) (ISBN 3-8171-1055-3)
E von Lippmann. Zeittafeln zur Geschichte der organischen Chemie (Julius Springer, 1921)
G Bugge. Das Buch der grossen Chemiker (Verlag Chemie GmbH, 1955)
G. M. Richardson. Obituary (for Viktor Meyer). Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1897, 19 (11): 918–921. doi:10.1021/ja02085a010.
Richard Meyer. Victor Meyer. 1848 - 1897. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 1908, 41 (3): 4505–4718. doi:10.1002/cber.190804103190.
G. Lunge. Victor Meyer. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie. 1897, 10 (24): 777–779. doi:10.1002/ange.18970102402.
Chisholm, Hugh (编). Meyer, Victor. Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911.

Notes

^ 本条目包含来自公有领域出版物的文本: Chisholm, Hugh (编). Meyer, Victor. Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911.

External links

Meyer, Victor. Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.

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[1] 本条目包含来自公有领域出版物的文本: Chisholm, Hugh (编). Meyer, Victor. Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911.

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