对TikTok的审查

许多国家已经或正在对视频分享社交网络 TikTok 实施限制。 对政府设备的禁令通常是出于对中国政府可能访问数据的国家安全考虑[1]。

塞内加尔

2023 年 8 月，反对党领袖奥斯曼-松科被捕后，塞内加尔封锁了 TikTok。 10 月，塞内加尔表示希望在解除禁令前与该平台签署一份全面监管协议[3]。

索马里

2023 年 8 月 21 日，索马里通信部以传播宣传和不雅内容为由，宣布禁止 TikTok（以及 Telegram 和 1xBet），但这一禁令并未得到执行[4]。

肯尼亚

有个人提交了一份请愿书，要求在肯尼亚禁用 TikTok。 不过，这只是针对平台上不规范的内容，而不是政府对网络批评的间接压制。 [6]

亚洲

阿富汗

2022 年 4 月，塔利班政府发言人称，该应用程序将因 "误导年轻一代 "和 TikTok 的内容 "不符合伊斯兰法律 "而被禁用[7]。

亚美尼亚

2020 年 10 月，亚美尼亚的 TikTok 用户报告称该应用程序功能丧失，但尚未证实这是否是亚美尼亚政府针对阿塞拜疆人士在 2020 年纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突期间使用该应用程序传播错误信息而进行干预的结果[8]。

阿塞拜疆

2020 年 9 月 27 日，阿塞拜疆公民注意到社交媒体在一系列平台上受到限制，包括 TikTok、Facebook、Twitter、LinkedIn、YouTube 等。 据阿塞拜疆运输、通信和技术部称，这些限制措施是为了在长期存在的纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突期间 "防止来自亚美尼亚的大规模挑衅"。

2023 年 9 月 19 日，由于 2023 年纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突，阿塞拜疆再次限制访问 TikTok。

孟加拉国

2018 年 11 月，作为孟加拉国打击清除色情和赌博网站的一部分，孟加拉国政府封锁了 TikTok 应用的互联网接入。 "我希望为包括儿童在内的所有孟加拉国人创造一个安全可靠的互联网。 这就是我的反色情战争。 孟加拉国邮政和通信官员穆斯塔法-贾巴尔（Mustafa Jabbar）说："这将是一场持续的战争。

2020 年 8 月，孟加拉国政府要求 TikTok 从平台上删除 10 个从该国上传的视频。[13] 孟加拉国邮政和电信部长表示："TikTok 当局已告知政府，他们将删除从孟加拉国上传的'攻击性'视频。 结果，孟加拉国政府解除了 TikTok 的禁令。

2021 年 6 月，人权组织 "法律与生命基金会"（Law and Life Foundation）向孟加拉国政府发出法律通知，要求禁止 TikTok、PUBG 和 Free Fire 等 "危险有害 "的应用程序，但未获回应。 此后不久，法律与生活基金会的律师向高等法院提交了一份请愿书，表达了该组织的担忧。 2020 年 8 月，高等法院鼓励孟加拉国政府禁止 TikTok、PUBG 和 Free Fire 等 "危险和有害 "的应用程序，以 "使儿童和青少年免于道德和社会堕落"[14]。

中国（大陆）

带入中国大陆的设备上的 Tiktok 无法在本地网络上运行，而需要使用中文对应的豆瓣网，不过 VPN 可以规避限制[15]。

印度

2019 年禁令

2019 年 4 月 3 日，马德拉斯高等法院在审理一桩诉状时，要求印度政府禁用该应用程序，理由是它 "鼓励色情 "并显示 "不当内容"。 法院还指出，使用该应用程序的未成年人有可能成为性掠夺者的目标。 法院还要求广播媒体不得转播该应用中的任何视频。 4 月 17 日，谷歌和苹果将 TikTok 从 Google Play 和 App Store 下架。[17] 由于法院拒绝重新考虑禁令，该公司表示已删除了 600 多万个违反内容政策和准则的视频。

2019 年 4 月 25 日，在 TikTok 开发商 ByteDance Technology 提出申诉后，马德拉斯高等法院撤销了禁令。[19][20] TikTok 在一份官方媒体声明中说："我们致力于不断加强安全功能，以证明我们对印度用户的持续承诺。"[21] 印度的 TikTok 禁令可能使该应用失去了 1500 万新用户。

2020 年禁令 2020 年 6 月 29 日，印度电子和信息技术部全面禁止 TikTok 和其他 58 个中国开发的应用程序[22]，并发表声明称这些应用程序 "有损印度主权和完整、印度国防、国家安全和公共秩序"。 [23] 该禁令是对印度和中国军队在拉达克和中国西部之间的共同边界争议领土上发生军事冲突的回应。[24][25] 这两个世界上人口最多的国家的军队早在 2017 年发生小规模冲突后，印度军方出于国家安全考虑，要求其军队从他们的设备中删除数十个中国应用程序。 当时被删除的应用程序包括微博、UC 浏览器和 Shareit 等，现在这些应用程序已被全面禁止。   印度政府表示，禁用这些应用程序的决定是为了 "保护印度 13 亿公民的数据和隐私"，并制止 "在印度境外未经授权的服务器上窃取和偷偷传输用户数据 "的技术[25][26]。   互联网自由基金会（Internet Freedom Foundation）执行主任阿帕尔-古普塔（Apar Gupta）说，这种审查制度没有明确的国家安全标准，而且 "比以往任何时候都影响了更多的印度人"。 一位风险投资人说，这是民粹主义的 "感觉良好 "步骤，指的是禁令，世界有权做中国长期以来在自己国家做的事情[26]。  

印度尼西亚

2018 年 7 月 3 日，印尼政府指责 TikTok 发布 "色情、不当内容和亵渎宗教"，TikTok 在印尼被暂时禁用。"[27][28][29][30][31]印尼通信与信息部部长鲁迪安塔拉（Rudiantara）说："该应用程序有很多负面和有害的内容，尤其是对儿童有害的内容。"他还说："一旦 TikTok 能向我们保证他们能保持内容的清洁，它就可以重新开放。"[32]TikTok 很快做出回应，承诺招募 20 名员工在印尼审查 TikTok 内容，[28]8 天后禁令被解除。

伊朗

由于 TikTok 的规则和伊朗的审查制度，伊朗人无法访问 TikTok。  

约旦

2022 年 12 月 17 日，约旦宣布对 TikTok 实施临时禁令，此前一名警察在与抗议者的冲突中死亡。[34] 12 月 23 日，约旦当地媒体报道称，在暂停六天之后，该平台已恢复正常。[35] 2023 年 5 月，有报道称该应用仍被禁用，匿名政府消息人士称该公司仍未遵守所有要求。  

吉尔吉斯斯坦

当地于 2023 年 8 月禁止使用 TikTok，理由是担心儿童的成长。  

尼泊尔

尼泊尔禁止使用 TikTok 2023 年 11 月 13 日，尼泊尔政府宣布禁止使用 TikTok。 据报道，禁用的主要原因是视频应用程序的 "滥用 "扰乱了社会和谐，以及对其进行控制的需求日益高涨[38]。  

巴基斯坦

在截至 2021 年 11 月的 15 个月中，巴基斯坦电信局（PTA）对 TikTok 实施并解除了四次禁令[39]。  

2020 年 10 月，巴基斯坦以 "不道德、淫秽和低俗"[39] 内容为由下令封禁 TikTok。 在 ByteDance 表示将删除 TikTok 上的不良内容并阻止用户上传 "色情和恋童癖内容"[40] 后，禁令在十天后被撤销。  

2021 年 3 月，省级法院白沙瓦高等法院命令对旁遮普省一位居民的请愿书做出回应。[40] 请愿书称，TikTok 的平台被用于宣传犯罪，并在其短视频中美化毒品和武器的使用[40]，并呼吁巴基斯坦电信局再次禁止该应用程序。 据旁遮普省居民的法律代表萨拉•阿里•汗称，巴基斯坦电信局宣布 TikTok 没有充分证明他们有能力控制 "不道德 "和 "不雅 "的内容。 2021 年 4 月，TikTok 向巴基斯坦电信局保证会 "过滤和节制内容"，之后巴基斯坦电信局解除了禁令。  

2021 年 6 月 28 日，信德省高等法院命令敦促巴基斯坦电信局以涉嫌 "传播不道德和淫秽内容 "为由恢复对 TikTok 的禁令。 三天后，法院撤回了决定[43]。  

2021 年 7 月 20 日，PTA 以 "平台上持续存在不当内容且未能删除这些内容 "为由，对 TikTok 实施禁令。"[40]根据巴基斯坦电信局的一份声明，"经过不断接触，该平台的高级管理层向（巴基斯坦）电信局保证，将根据当地法律和社会规范采取必要措施控制非法内容。"[44]因此，2021 年 11 月 19 日，巴基斯坦电信局同意迅速采取行动，并再次出尔反尔，取消了巴基斯坦对 TikTok 的第四个禁令。 巴基斯坦电信局在一条推文中说，他们 "将继续监控该平台，以确保违反巴基斯坦法律和社会价值观的非法内容不被传播"[45]。  

俄罗斯

2022 年 3 月，俄罗斯将传播反对其与乌克兰战争的 "错误信息 "定为刑事犯罪。 随后，TikTok 禁止上传任何新视频，只允许在俄罗斯境内上传旧视频。  TikTok 通过控制和切断普京用户与外界的联系，经受住了普京的情报镇压，同时也允许进行国家宣传。  

台湾 台湾在台湾海峡问题上与中国对峙，[48] 于 2022 年 12 月禁止政府设备使用 TikTok，并考虑将其推广到私营部门。 2022 年，由于担心中国政府利用 TikTok 对台湾进行 "认知战"，台湾当局禁止公共部门的设备使用 TikTok。 2023 年 2 月，欧盟委员会和欧洲理事会禁止官方设备使用 TikTok。[51][52] 法国总统埃马纽埃尔•马克龙在 2022 年 11 月访问美国时称 TikTok 为 "纯洁的欺骗"，并表示希望对其进行监管。 2023 年 3 月 31 日，北约以安全为由宣布禁止在所有北约配发的设备上使用 TikTok。

奥地利

2023 年 5 月，根据奥地利情报部门和几位部委专家的建议，奥地利联邦政府决定禁止联邦雇员私人使用和在工作设备上安装 TikTok。

比利时

2023 年 3 月，出于对网络安全、隐私和错误信息的担忧，比利时禁止所有联邦政府工作设备使用 TikTok[56]。

丹麦

2023 年 3 月，丹麦国防部禁止在工作设备上使用 TikTok。

爱沙尼亚

2023 年 3 月 29 日，爱沙尼亚信息技术和外贸部长克里斯蒂安•亚尔万（Kristjan Järvan）宣布，国家发给官员的智能手机将禁止使用和安装 TikTok 应用程序。 克里斯蒂安•亚尔万在接受《爱沙尼亚日报》（Eesti Päevaleht）采访时表示，从本月起，该应用程序将从中央管理的智能手机中移除，并禁止安装[58]。

法国

2022 年，法国总统埃马纽埃尔•马克龙指责 TikTok 审查内容，助长年轻人沉迷网络。 [59] 2023 年 3 月，由于担心数据安全措施不足，法国禁止在政府雇员的手机上使用所有 "娱乐应用程序"，包括 TikTok 和 Twitter、Instagram 和 Netflix 等其他应用程序，或 Candy Crush 等游戏。

爱尔兰

2023 年 4 月 21 日，国家网络安全中心发布了最新建议，要求不得在公共部门的官方设备上安装或使用 TikTok。

拉脱维亚

2023 年 3 月，拉脱维亚外交部以安全为由禁止在工作设备上使用 TikTok。

马耳他

马耳他信息技术局（MITA）封锁了所有政府设备上的 TikTok 应用程序，除非用户拥有 "标准加强版 "互联网套餐[64]。

荷兰

2022 年 11 月，荷兰总务部建议政府人员 "在 TikTok 调整其数据保护政策之前，暂停为政府使用 TikTok"[65]。

挪威

2023 年 3 月，根据国家安全局的建议，首相约纳斯•加尔•斯特勒禁止部长、国务秘书和政治顾问使用工作手机和平板电脑上的 TikTok。

英国 2023 年 3 月，英国政府宣布禁止在部长和其他雇员使用的电子设备上使用 TikTok，原因是该应用在处理用户数据时存在安全隐患[67]。同月，英国广播公司（BBC）要求所有雇员从其设备上删除 TikTok，除非该应用用于工作目的。 据报道，英国网络也在考虑禁止使用该应用程序。

The People's Republic of China Civilian Motor Vehicle Number Plate

The number plate of a civilian motor vehicle of the People's Republic of China refers to the legal sign registered with the statutory authorities that permits civilian motor vehicles to be driven on the roads within the territory of the People's Republic of China, and belongs to the number plate of a motor vehicle of the People's Republic of China. The number plate is usually hung at a specific location on the motor vehicle, and its number is the motor vehicle registration number. The coding system and plate currently in use has been in use since 1992, also known as the Type 92 number plate, and has been revised in 2008 and 2010.The issuance of number plates for new energy vehicles commenced on December 1, 2016, with the earliest pilot issuance in five cities, namely, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuxi, Jinan, and Shenzhen, and after which the pilot issuance area has been extended to other cities across the country. On August 12, 2002, Beijing Municipality, Tianjin Municipality, Hangzhou Municipality and Shenzhen Municipality had piloted the registration of 2002-type motor vehicle number plates, but the issuance of such plates was stopped on August 22, 2002 on an emergency basis.

History

In 1949, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the public security organs around the world began to issue their own vehicle license plates, but the standard and numbering of license plates around the world are different.In October 1950, the automobile license plate was formally issued, using a sequential type of motor vehicle license plate, the number of the province as a unit, from small to large in order.Since 1960, the Ministry of Public Security to unify and standardize the size of the license plate, the standard color and material, and in accordance with the national provinces, municipalities, Since 1960, the Ministry of Public Security has standardized the size, color and material of the license plates, and arranged them according to the serial numbers of the provinces, cities and autonomous regions. Sequential motor vehicle license plate has gone through four generations.

In August 1986, the Ministry of Public Security began issuing fifth-generation motor vehicle license plates[note 1]. This kind of license plate imitates the Japanese vehicle number plate, divided into two lines. The first line of smaller characters, "provincial administrative name + two-digit area code" way to indicate the licensing authority, the order of the area code and the current "92-type" license plate area code in roughly the same order; the second line of 5-digit Arabic numerals, Latin letters, mixed rows. . In terms of plate color, small car number plates have white letters on a green background, large car number plates have white letters on a red background, foreign vehicles have red letters on a black background, and coaches have white letters on a blue background. Since these plates were first issued in 1986, they are also known as "Type 86".

In 1992, the Ministry of Public Security began a trial run of 1992-style motor vehicle license plates (the type of license plate now issued) in Urumqi and Daqing, and in 1994 began issuing them throughout the country. [1]

In August 2002, Beijing, Tianjin, Hangzhou and Shenzhen piloted the "2002" motor vehicle license plate, which covers four types of vehicles: large automobiles, small automobiles, motorcycles and mopeds. This type of license plate can be numbered independently by the vehicle owner and consists of six Latin letters or numbers, increasing the number capacity by more than 100 times. The production of anti-counterfeiting technology has been improved. The entire process is computerized and digitized. The license plate has a built-in vehicle identification code and is bound to the vehicle and cannot be separated from the original vehicle. The original plan was to issue the plates in the above areas from August 12 to December 31, but it was called off after only 10 days for "technical reasons". Subsequent vehicle transfers will also be replaced with Type 92 license plates. It is said that the current traffic control monitoring system can not recognize the 02 type license plate violation. [2]

On October 6, 2008, a number of cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou, began issuing self-selected motor vehicle license plate numbers. [3] The license plate is displayed in the same way as the 1992-style motor vehicle number plate, but the last five characters can be chosen by the owner, and the rules for encoding the number vary from place to place. For example, Beijing only allows 4 digits and 1 Latin letter,[4] while Shenzhen can have up to 2 Latin letters. At the same time, the original license plate number selection method[note 2] continues to be used, in conjunction with the self-selected license plate number method.

On November 21, 2016, the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) announced that from December 1, 2016, new energy vehicle number plates would be issued on a pilot basis in five cities, namely Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuxi, Jinan and Shenzhen. Based on the public's consultation by the Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security from April to May 2016, the style with the highest number of votes was selected as the final style. The number plates of new energy vehicles have one additional digit, i.e. six digits, than ordinary vehicle number plates. During the pilot period, new energy vehicles newly purchased by the public and registered in the five pilot cities will be issued with new energy vehicle number plates; for new energy vehicles that have already been registered, in accordance with the principle of voluntary replacement, the vehicle owner will independently choose whether to replace the new style number plates. Newly purchased and registered new energy vehicles outside the pilot cities will still be issued with Type 92 motor vehicle number plates. At the same time, the Ministry of Public Security will also plan to study the improvement of the pattern of ordinary vehicle number plates[6].From 9:00 p.m. on December 1, the first new energy vehicle number plates were issued one after another in the five pilot cities, which were Su A-D09999 (Nanjing), Su B-D00100 (Wuxi), Shanghai A-D00806 (Shanghai), Guangdong B-F03030 (Shenzhen), and Lu A-D11111 (Jinan)[7 ] As of August 2017, 76,000 new energy vehicle number plates have been issued in five pilot cities. According to the arrangement of the Ministry of Public Security, since November 2017, Baoding, Hebei, Changchun, Jilin, Fuzhou, Fujian, Qingdao, Shandong, Zhengzhou, Henan, Zhongshan, Guangdong, Liuzhou, Guangxi, Chongqing, Chengdu, Sichuan, Kunming, Yunnan, new energy vehicle number plates issued; by the end of December 2017, in addition to the municipality directly under the Central Government, provincial capitals and autonomous region capitals to enable the city, at least one to two other cities in the provinces (districts) to enable the new energy vehicle number plates In the first half of 2018, new energy vehicle number plates were fully activated in all cities across the country[8].

License plate styles and coding rules from different eras(各代车牌样式及编码规则)

In July 1986, mainland China started to use "Type 86" license plates. The format is modeled after the Japanese vehicle number plate: two lines of text, the upper line of small letters is the name of the province plus numbers, and the lower line is the five-digit number plate. All kinds of motorcycle number plates are 220×120mm, and automobile number plates are 300×165mm, except for public security vehicles, which are long plates with one line of text.

●Small passenger cars, light goods vehicles: white letters on a green background;

●Large passenger vehicles, heavy goods vehicles: white letters on a red background;

●Vehicles towed by a motor vehicle without a power drive of its own: black lettering on a white background;

●Agricultural vehicles: white letters on a yellow background;

●Coach or test car: white lettering on a blue background;

●All types of foreign vehicles: black background, or red in the case of vehicles in restricted areas.

●Public Security Vehicle: red character GA (the first letter of the Chinese pinyin "public security") + two ID card provincial number + four license plate number. The so-called "Type 92 license plate" was only introduced on a pilot basis in Daqing and Urumqi in 1992, and it was only in 1994-1995 that the large-scale abolition of Type 86 license plates was replaced by Type 92 license plates. For Guangdong-Hong Kong and Guangdong-Macao license plates, the "Guangdong 02" and "Guangdong 03" of Type 86 license plates were used until 2001, when they were replaced by "Guangdong Z-Hong Kong" and "Guangdong Z-Macao". They were replaced by "Guangdong Z-Macao".

Type 92 license plates (now in force)

The 1992 motor vehicle number plate consists of a simplified Chinese character representing the first level of an administrative district, followed by a Latin letter and a set of 5 digits or Latin letters. Usually, the Latin letter following the simplified Chinese character is what determines the importance of the city to the province, e.g., "A" is used for vehicles registered in the capital of a province (capital of an autonomous region) or the city center of a municipality directly under the central government. For example, "A" is used for vehicles registered in the city center of a provincial capital (the capital of an autonomous region) or a municipality directly under the central government, while cities other than provincial capitals will be listed according to their level of economic development and influence in 1994, starting from "B", and the letters of license plates registered from special economic zones will be listed in a more advanced order ("B" to "). D", such as Shenzhen for Guangdong B), and then from the population of prefecture-level cities and other factors to the alphabetical order [9]. The order of license plates in Fujian Province is determined by the clockwise position of the city on the map with Fuzhou as the origin, the provincial capital Fuzhou is A, and thereafter Fuzhou as the origin, according to the clockwise order of the cities on the map in a circle from Putian B to Ningde J. The order of license plates in Hubei Province is the order of the city's last time of provincial administration, the capital of Wuhan is A, Huangshi (1950) is B, Shiyan (1973) is C, Shashi A" is used for the city center of a provincial capital (the capital of an autonomous region) or a municipality, for example, it was under the jurisdiction of the province in 1949, but it was changed to under the jurisdiction of the prefecture in the middle of the period, and was restored to the jurisdiction of the province in 1979, so it is D, and so on. Generally speaking, a city other than a municipality directly under the central government usually corresponds to only one license plate letter, but a small number of county-level cities or municipal districts in some provinces have different license plate letters with their prefecture-level cities, usually because they were issued as a prefecture-level city, but then do not have the same license plate letters as their prefecture-level cities (e.g., Foshan City, Guangdong Province, has three different license plate letters: "E ", "X" and "Y" (of which X and Y have ceased to be issued since February 2018), and Kunming, Yunnan Province, which has both A and B license plate letters, the latter of which is the former prefecture-level Dongchuan City license plate (now Dongchuan District, which is no longer The alphabetical order is then based on factors such as the population of the prefectural cities [9]. (No longer issued), and provinces with a large number of prefectural cities may even use up to "Z" (Guangdong Province and Sichuan Province). There are also cities where the existing number plate segments no longer meet the demand due to the large increase in motor vehicle ownership, so there are cases where two license plate letters co-exist (e.g. Qingdao, Shandong Province has both B and U license plate letters)

In addition, to avoid confusion with the numbers "1" and "0", the letters "I" and "O" will not be used (except for the license plates of provincial organs and public security systems in some areas). (except for the license plates of provincial organs and public security system in some areas, for example, the license plate of Guangzhou Municipal Public Security Bureau is "Yue O A0001", which is managed according to the number plate of police vehicles). The "O" plate is a civilian number plate police special section, began in the 1990s, enjoys the right of priority access to the road, some local government departments and related units competing for the use of the scope, repeatedly criticized by the public. 2003 Heilongjiang Province took the lead in the abolition of the "O" plate, and now there are 22 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions to abolish the "O" plate. Currently, 22 provinces, cities and autonomous regions have abolished this license plate [10].