Belguim
Belguim(比利時)
Takaray a sowal:
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Pilisu Hontian a Kitakit(比利時王國 ;Olanta a sowal:Koninkrijk België; Fransu a sowal:Royaume de Belgique; Toic a sowal:Königreich Belgien), o Sa’etipay a Kitakit, o cecay a kitakit no nipatirengay to Yoropa a Lekaep(Ikiris a sowal:European Union, EU), o syoto Porosayr o kaitiraan no Saka’amisay a Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep (North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO) ato Yoropa a Lekaep, adihay ko matiniay o tata’angay a Saopo no ‘emin no kitakit. Ona kitakit nani ka’amis do’edoedo han ko rekat no toki a minengeng i,malafiyaway ato Olanta, Toic ato Fransu, isa’etip misi’ayaway to Ka’amisay Rriyar (Ikiris a sowal:North Sea).
Tatapangan no ngangan(名稱的由來)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O ngangan no Pilisu i, nani itiyaay ho i ‘Ayaw ni Yiso a Roma a Mihecahecaan, itiya ‘I, o Pilisu-Kaolo hananay a mitahidang( Latin a sowal:Gallia Belgica), o imi nonini i,o itiraay i o Kaolo(Gallia) a tamdaw no Pirkay a Finacadan(Belgae) sanay. Ono holam a pifalic to Pilisu a ngangan i,nani mitilidan ni Sicifen a《瀛寰志略》i 1849 miheca.
Rikisi (歷史)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]To’asan a miheca(古代時期)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Ano maososoy ko pisa’osi i, itiyay ho i katelangay a fokelokelohan a miheaan iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini i ko to’as no Pilisu. Ano i palapalaan to ano i punka to itiniay i sacapa’an no Yoropa ko kaitiraan no Pilisu, orasak, mahapingan to no Pilisu ko kacemahad ato katekop no kasasiromaroma afinacadan ato punka tona 2000 a mihecaan. Nawhani, tada o so’elinay o kacacamolan no masasiromaromaay a finacadan itini, ira ko Kirto tamdaw( Ikiris a sowal:Celt; Holam asowal:凱爾特人), ira ko Roma a tamdaw, ira ko Toic a tamdaw, ira ko Fransu a tamdaw, ira ko Olanta(Holan) a tamdaw, ira ko Sipanya a tamdaw ato Awtili a tamdaw a macacamol maro’ itini, adihay ko ma’osaway nangra a konis no punka itini tona palapalaan.
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I’ayaw ni Yiso to 54 miheca, o ni’aroan no Kirto a tamdaw a pala ma’eco no tapan no sofitay no Roma Kapolong Kitakit ci Kaysa (Latin a sowal:Gaius Iulius Caesar; Kuwaping a sowal:凱撒), yo matekop to ko Roma Hontian Kitakit i,o Lurman a tamdaw to ko micomoday a tayni ton apala, ilaloma’ nona Lurman a tamdaw ira ko roma a finacadan Falanko a tamdaw patireng to Molown Hotian Kitakit(Fransu a sowal:Mérovingiens; Kuwapin a sowal:墨洛溫王朝) mahaopay ko aniniay a Pilisu.
Pikowanan ni Cali II o honti no Falanko (法蘭克國王查理二世)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Itiya i 860 miheca, Sa’etipay AFalanko kitakit a honti ci Cali II (Fransu asowal:Charles II le Chauve; Kuwaping a sowal:查理二世) toro’en ningra ci Tupoan malamikomoday a Falantosu Pocie. 979 miheca , kaheci sato a mapatireng ko Porusayr. 1328 miheca, o sofitay no Fransu pakalowid i Kasaylo a lalood, mapalaheci to ko pikowan to Falantosu.
Micowatan a Sakowan(殖民地時期)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]To ikor to i,kinapinapina to ko kafalic no mikowanay to Pilisu,oya kasasilsil no etal i,o Olanta , Pokoti( Ikiris a sowal:Burgundy), Sipanya, Awtili ko mikowanay. Ikalahontian ni Napolon(Fransu a sowal:Napoléon Bonaparte) malapala no Fransu ko pecih no Pilisu,malowid to ci Napolon i,mapateko i Olanta ko Pilisu mala Mapapolongay Hontian Kitakit. Tahira to i 1830 mihecaan, cidemak to
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nani pikowan no Olanta, mala o Mirocokay a Malahonti a kitakit, matoro’ ko cecay a sarawa’an no Toic, o wawa no honti no Sakosen-Kopaw- Kota Hontian Kitakit ci Lipolto I(Olanta ato Toic a sowal:Leopold I ; Kuwaping a sowal:利奧波德一世) malasa’ayaway honti. Na mapatireng to ko Pilisu a kitakit, toker sa to Cowa ka Pisakakinih sanay a lekakawa no kitakit. Nikawrira, i Sakatosa a Lalood no Ha’emin no Kitakit ma’eco no Toic. Orasaka, ikor to nona lalood masawad to Cowa ka Pisakakinig sanay a lekakawa no kitakit, mikapot to Saka’amisay a Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO) ato Yoropa a Lekatep no Kicai(Ikiris a sowal:European Economic Community,EEC; Kuwaping a sowal:歐洲經濟共同體)
Misiiked to Niyahpikowan (獨立運動時期)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Itiya ho maa’ise’ised a micerak to kakowanen ko Yoropa a Hontian kitakit,o Pilisu ira ko tosa a Micowatan a Sakowan(Latin a sowal:colonia, Ikiris a sowal:colony) ato cecay a Nicaliwan Pala(Ikiris a sowal:Settlement; Kuwaoing a sowal:租界): o Luanta – Wulongti(Fransu a sowal:Ruanda-Urundi) ato Mala-Pilisuan a Kanko (Fransu a sowal:Congo belge; Kuwaping a sowal:比屬剛果) onini i, ono aniniay a
Finawlan a Kitakit (Fransu a sowal:République démocratique du Congo; decdec a tilid:RDC; Kuwaping a sowal:剛果民主共和國). Ona Mala-Pilisuan a Kanko itiyaay i 1885 miheca a masasowal ko Yoropa a kitakit to samanen ko cikcik a misakilac ko Afrika sanay a Poli-Kayki(Ikiris a sowal:Berlin Conference; Kuwaping a sowal:柏林會議) a pakilacen ko honti no Pilisu ci Liawpito(Fransu a sowal:Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor;Olanta a sowal:Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor;Kuwaping a sowal:利奧波德二世). Samatiya han to o teked a sera ko pikowan ni Liawpito, langiwngiw to ko ha’emin no kitakit, sawad sato i 1908 miheca ko piteked a pikowan ni Liawpito, patorod han to i sifo no Pilisu ko pikowan. To ikor to i,misiiked to kono niyah a pikowan no Mala-Pilisuan a Kanko i 1960 miheca. Ono itiraay i Nicaliwan Pala i Tincin no Congko o kakomodan ci Molis(Pilisu a sowal:Maurice Joostens; Kuwaping a sowal:姚士登) itiya yo milood ko faloay a kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:Eight-Nation Alliance; Kuwaping a sowal:八國聯軍) to Congko i 1900 miheca a miopoh a matatilid to kakaketonan a tilid(Ikiris a sowal: the Peace Protocol of 1901; Kuwaping a sowal:《辛丑條約》) ko maro’ay. Tahira to i 1927 miheca ta patoko han to ni Molis ko Tincin i Picin Sifo no Conghuwaminko.
Aniniay a Pilisu(現代比利時)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O tada cemahaday cikicicay to takaraway a kitakit ko Pilisu anini, nikawrira, nano to’as a rikisi iraay to ko sapisiikedaw a kasarekad, nawhani, ika’amisay a pecih no kitakit o Folamang a tamdaw(Olanta a sowal:Vlamingen; Kuwaping a sowal:佛拉芒人)ono Olanta a sowal kono roma’ami’ad a sowal, sa pasitraay i Olanta a mitadipi, o ikatimolay sa a pecih i, o Walong a tamdaw(Fransu a sowal:Wallons;Kuwaping a sowal:瓦隆人) ono Fransu ko sowal, sa pasitira i Fransu a mitadipi, ona tosa a finacada malala’isay to romi’ami’ad.
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I 2007 miheca saka 6 folad saka 10 romi’ad ira ko kapolongan a kayki,[1] ’enem a folad ko kasasowasowalan ta patireng sa to kapolongan a sifo, nikawrira, caka halafing tolo aca ko folad malasawad to kona sifo.
Itiya i ikor no 2010 miheca saka 6 folad a sinkiw, ira ko 543 romi’ad ko caka patireng to sifo, o sahalafinay ko romi’ad awa ko sifo, macicih ko kirok no ’emin no kitakit. Awa ko misododay a matatoker, saikoray to i,falic han to ko Tatapang Rikec a Kinpo, patodod han to a palalikel ko ka’amisay ato katimolay a pecih no kitakit to Niyah-Pikowan, o syoto Polosair ono Kapolongan a Sakowan, onini ko sakalowan no ’icel no Fafa'eday Pikaikian,nani 2014 mihecaan a sinkiw patokeled hananay to sinkiw no Yoropa Pikaikian(European Parliament), 5 miheca kinacecay ko pisinkiw, o Kararemay Pikaikian a kiin i,ono Olanta Etal 87 ko tamdaw no kiin, ono Fransu Etal i,63 ko tamdaw a kiin, o ’icel nona tosa a etal malalenay, o sa’osi no kiin ko pi’arawan. O nini ko kahapinangan o Nipatekoan ko Sakowan a Kitakit.
I 2013 miheca saka 7 folad, o saka 6 a honti ci Alpi II(Albert II;阿爾貝二世) papirocoken ningra ko wawa ci Filipo(Fransu a sowal:Philippe Léopold Louis Marie;Kuwaping a sowal:菲利普) malahonti.[2]
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I 2014 miheca saka 10 folad saka 11 romi’ad o fa’elohay a Conli ci Syar Misier(Charles Yves Jean Ghislaine Michel),keriden ningra ko pasikawananay a isifo’ay a sifo, paloko i ka’ayaw ni Filipo honti ta malaheci ko kalacongli, laheci sato ko 4 a folad a kasasowal. Ci Misier congli o saka’emangay ko mihecaan no Pilisu nani 1840 miheca[3], itini i Yoropa o saka’emangay to ko tireng ningra.
2019 mihecaan a sinkiw, matiya to to i’ayaway sako’esit sa caka patireng to fa’elohay a sifo, oya sa ci Misier o mamalakakeridan no Sakakaay Kayki no Yoropa tona miheca i saka 12 folad, toro’ han to ni Filipo honti ko widang ni Misier ci Sofi-Wirmisu(Sophie Wilmès;蘇菲·威爾梅斯) mala pacarcaray a kakeridan no sifo.
Sici (政治)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Satapang mala Nipatekoan ko Sakowan a Kitakit ko Pilisu i,tongal sa ko kasasifod no faco no sifo. I la’eno no Nipatekoan ko Sakowan(聯邦) a sifo i, pakisowal ko pisilsil a patireng to tolo a etal:
1. Olanta sowal a etal,
2. Fransu sowal a etal
3. Toic sowal a etal.
patokeled han a patireng to tolo a sakowan: o Walong Tata’akay Etal( Fransu a sowal:Wallonie ; Kuwaping a sowal:瓦隆大區); o Folamon Tata’akay Etal(Fransu a sowal:Région flamande; Kuwaping a sowal:佛拉蒙大區) ato Polosayr-Syoto Tata’akay Etal(Fransu a sowal:Région de Bruxelles-Capitale;Olanta a sowal:Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest; Kuwaping a sowal:布魯塞爾-首都大區).
O sakowan ato etal ano matata’edipay i, mapo’elacay ko kasasilsil no tayal:
1.Nipatekoan ko Sakowan a sifo(聯邦政府): citodongay to kapolongan a tayal, o paisawidang tono sici a tayal, no sofitay, katayalan, sakarihaday(syakay-fukuli), lalan ato dinwa.
2.Etal a sifo(社區政府):citodongay to sowal, punka ato kyuiki,o pitilidan, ariri no ’ohong ato pisifayan.
3.Komuin a sifo(行政區政府):citodongay tono sera ato dafong a tayal.
Centang(政黨)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Onini i,ono sici a kasarekarekad. Pakaynien tona sici a kasarekarekad mahapinang ko Faco no Nipatekoan ko Sakowan a sifo, nawhani, malalikelay ko Folimon Tata’akay Etal ato Walong Tata’akay Etal to ‘icel no sici, awaay ko kapolongan no kitakit a centang. O kiin no Kararemay Pikaikian polong no kiin 150 ko tamdaw, o Folimon 87 ko kiin, o Walong 63 ko kiin.
O kasaso’iring no Ka’amisay ato Katimolay(南北分烈問題)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O Pilisu a kitakit i, patatekoan ko Walong Tata’akay Etal(o Fransu ko sowal a etal,瓦隆大區) ato Folamon Tata’akay Etal(o Olanta ko sowal a etal,佛拉蒙大區). Nani 19 sici satapang ko ci’icelay a kitakit amisasiwar sa ira ko kasaso’iring no Ka’amisay ato Katimolay a etal, tahanini tona 20 sici iraay ho a matengil ko pacohacohay a ngiha’ to sapitekoaw i a Fransu anca i Olanta,matiya to o itiraay i Yoropa a sapicinowasaw a felaw, o lalowadan no rawraw sici ato syakay konini i Yoropa.
Mangalefay ko Spisikedaw a Demak no Folamon(Olata a sowal:Vlaamse Beweging;Kuwaping a sowal:佛拉蒙運動), nani 20 sici tahanini cawa ka pitolas a milekal to Teked a Salongoc ato Sapisikedaw a Niyahpikowan, ta mapa’ading ko sowal no Olanta ato punka ato rikisi, orasaka sa’icel sa mihantay to katenek no sowal no Fransu.
kaitiraan(地理位置)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/220px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png)
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I saka’amisay a sa’etipay no Yoropa ko ka itiraan no Pilisu, cila’ed to riyar a makakecol ato Ikiris,i ka’amis malafiyaw ato Olanta, i katimol mada’edo’edo ko pala ato Fransu, isakatimol no kawali malafiyaw ato Losinpo Hontian Kitakit, ikawali mada’edo’edoay ko pala ato Toic, o kakahad no polong i 3.05㎢.
Toloay ko kasasilsil no etal: ka’etip o mililisay to riyar a dafdaf, sasifo’an o masatapoloay a dahetal, isakawali o Yartin Lotolotokan(Olanta a sowal:Ardennen).
Kakarayan(氣候)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O sa’emelay a no riyaran a kakarayan, orasaka, i kasi’enawan lafafa ko kakarayan, i kaciferangan sa’emel ko romi’ad, kali’orad, isakacecay a folad o lalen no fa’edet 0~3°C, sakapito a folad lalen no fa’edet 14~19°C .
O kasasilsil no sakowan(行政區劃)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]1.Folamon Tata’akay Etal(佛拉蒙大區):I ka’amisay etal a Folamon Finacadan(Vlaamse Gemeenschap,佛拉蒙社群), o Olanta ko sowal;
2.Walong Tata’akay Etal(瓦隆大區):I katimolay a pecih etal a Fransu a finacadan(Communauté française,法語社群),o Fransu ko sowal;
3.Polosayr-Syoto Tata’akay Etal(布魯塞爾-首都大區):I sasifo’an no kitakit;
Ira ho ko Toic finacadan i sakawali(Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft,德語社群).
Kicai (經濟)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O tada cemahaday ko misang’ay to dafong a kitakit ko Pilisu i ha’emin no kitakit, itiya ho i 19 sici itini i Yoropa o sa’ayaway a mifalic to o Kikai ko Sakatayal(Ikiris a sowal:Industrial Revolution; Kuwaping a sowal:工業革命). Ira ko fancalay a minato, lalan i nanom, lalan no cinamalay ato lalan, sa fancal ko kalacacofacofay ato roma a kitakit a malali’aca’aca to masamaamaanay a dafong.
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1991 miheca saka 1 folad, mikapot a mali’ayaw a mitayal to malacecaay a payso no Yoropa(Euro,歐元), oya no Pilisu a Falang payso i 2002 miheca lwheci sato a maceror no Yoropa a Payso.
O kicai no Pilisu tadatata’ang ko pipalawina to Kalokitakit a Kali’aca to Dafong.O tosa no kalitolo no Lalen a 'Etan no Kalotamdaw ( per capita disposable income ,GNI;人均收入), o nani pasadakan a paliwal to dafong a ’etan 2 ko kasatiwtiw ato Toic, 5 ko kasatiwtiw ato Dipon.Mana hatini to ko kacilaheci no pasadak to dafong no Pilisu hani, o kanga’ay no kaitiraan ato takaraway a kicic, ato kaira no masasiromaromaay a sowal,ato cilaheciay a tayal.
Oni pacomodan a dafong no Pilisu i, o kaka’enen, kikai,tayamonto, kasolin, nani kasolinay a dafon,lalilec a dafong; o nipasadakan a dafong i,ciyawkoli a waneng, tosiya, marad, sapaiyo, tayamonto ato milalilecan dafong. Oya itiraay i ka’amis a Antowipo minato( Olanta a sowal:Antwerpen; Toic a sowal:Antorf: Fransu a sowal:Anvers; Kuwaping a sowal:安特衛普) o sakatosa ko tata’ang i Yoropa, o satata’angay a pasongla’an to tayamonto itini i hekal a kitakit, sa pangangan han to Tata’angay Tokai no Tayamonto.
Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot][1] 吳黎明,比利時舉行大選,新華網
[2] 老父遜位 比利時新國王登基. 中時電子報. 2013-07-22.[永久失效連結]
[3] 比利時中間偏右政府宣誓就職. 中央廣播電台. 2014-10-11.