Bulgaria
Bulgaria（保加利亞）
Takaray a sowal(概要)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Pawciyaliya Kapolongan-Kitakit(Pawciyaliya a sowal:Република България; Latin a tilid:Republika Bŭlgariya; Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞共和國,通稱保加利亞). O itiraay i katimol no sakawali no Yoropa a Parkan-Pecihan-Kanatal a kitakit. Malafiyaway ato Romaniya, Sayrwiya, Ka’amisay-Maciton , Kitisiya ato Torki, i sakawali misi’ayaway to Kahetinay-Riyar(Ikiris a sowal:Black Sea; Kuwaping a sowal:黑海).
O Sofia(索菲亞) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日).Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 3 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Roymen Ratifo( Rumen Radev;魯門·雷得夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad.
Kaitiraan (地理位置)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Itini i 43 00 N, 25 00 E, noYoropi ko Bulgaria(保加利亞).Polong no sekalay i 110,879 sq km “saka 105 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 108,489 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,390 sq km Polong i 7,144,653 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 46.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 36.70%, malo no roma to a sera 16.40%.
Rikisi(歷史)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O saka’amis a kaitiraan no Pawciyaliya anini malecad o Sakawali no Mosiya(Latin a sowal:Moesia; Kuwaping a sowal:默西亞)ito’asan ho, roma sa i,o sakatimol no aniniay Pawciyaliya malecad o saka’amis no Soloysi(Pawciyaliya a sowal:Тракия; Torki a sowal:Trakya ; Kuwaping a sowal:色雷斯) ito’asan ho.
O liteng a finacadan no Pawciyaliya i, o Soloysi-Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:Thracians ;Latin a sowal:Thraci). I tiya i’ayaw latek iikor no sakacecay miheca naikoranni Yiso, ona pala itini malapecih no Roma-Hotian Kitakit, malalikel to Soloysi-Sakowan ato Mosiya-Sakowan. To ikor to o Pacantin-Hontian Kitakit komidotocay.
Sakacecay a Micowatay Hontian-Kitakit(第一帝國)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Sakaenem sici sa’aloman sa ko tayniay a Slafo-Tamdaw, ato mamang a mikeridan ni Aspaluhe (Pawciyaliya a sowal:Аспарух; Kuwaping a sowal:阿斯巴魯赫) nani ka’amisay lilis no Kohetingay-Riyar ato ka’amisay Kawciyaso maforaw tayra i Misiya , macamamol ato o Tocie ko sowal a Pawciyar-Tamdaw, onini ko lalengawan no Pawciyaliya-Tamdaw.
I aikor ni Yiso 681 miheca, Aspoluko-Kitakit malowid nira ko Honti no Paycantin ci Casitinni sakatosa( Sila a sowal:Ιουστινιανός Β' ο Ρινότμητος;Kuwaping a sowal:查士丁尼二世;
ocimil a ngangan:makelacay ko ngoso a tamdaw:被剜鼻者), matatilid to kakaketonan, malaheci maala ko sakatimol no Tonaw-‘alo ato saka’misay etal no Parkan lotolotokan no Paycantin, patireng to Pawciyaliya-Hontian Kitakit(latek nani 681 tahira i 1018 miheca ). Sanoyanan sa to tolo so’ot ko mihecan o sakakaay a Misiikeday-Hontian kitakit ko Pawciyaliya,o ‘icel no Pawciyaliya ma’edengay mamatoktok ato Paycantin,kinapinapina to sapico’ecoaw to tata’angay niyaro’ no Paycantin ko sofitay no Pawciyaliya.
Onini to ko sakalalood no Paycantin ato Pawciyaliya. I 755 miheca, o saeawa’an no Pawciyaliya ci Cielice mi’eco to Paycatin, malowid no honti no Paycantin ci Cinstantin sakalima(Sila a sowal:Κωνσταντίνος Ε΄;Kuwaping a sowal:君士坦丁五世) ko Pawciyaliya,itiya sato 759 ato 763 miheca tokitok sa mapidah. Itira sato i 767 miheca matatilid to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan.
889 miheca, o kalali’aca ko lalengatan a miliyaw heca amalalood. 984 miheca, o sawara’an no Pawciyaliya ci Simiang sakacecay(Pawciyaliya a sowal( Pawciyaliya a sowal:Симеон I Велики ; Kuwaping a sowal:西美昂一世)pakalowid to sofitay no Sila. I 913 miheca ona ci Simiang sakacecay patedo sa a milekal a mala Safang(Цар; 沙皇), keriden ningra ko sofitay miraod tangasa i Cinstantinpaw,cowa ho kalalood o patalaw aca, mapatangic ko Pacantin a matatilid to kakaketonan, adihay ko nipafelian no Paycantin a dafong , adihay ho koni afasan a sapakining.
Itira sato i 981 miheca, o honti no Paycantin ci Pasir sakatosa(Sila a sowal:Βασίλειος;Latin a sowal:Basileios; Kuwaping a sowal:巴西爾二世) sapicowataw to Pawciyaliya, malowid no honti no Pawciyaliya ci Samur(Самуил; 薩穆爾) i ngata no Sofiya. I 986 miheca micowat ko honti no Pawciyaliya ci Samur to Tisaliya, toker han no honti no Paycantin ci Pasir sakatosa.
Tahira to i 1072 miheca,o wawa to no wawa no Samur ci Kangstantin-Pocin patedo sa tomireng malahonti, ci Pitoro sakatolo, patokitok ho a mitoker to Paycantin.
Sakatosa a Micowatay Hontian-Kitakit(第二帝國)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]1185 miheca,ca Pitoro saka sepat aci Yfan-Asin sakacecay malikaka mikeridan to Pawciyaliya a tamdaw miliyaw
milood, ptireng to dakatosa a Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit. Mitangic to Paycantin i 1187 miheca to pihai to pisiiked no Pawciyaliya. Tahira sato i saka13 sici, cemahad to ko tili’etanan, matongal ko kaahdihay no niyaro’. O honti ci Yfan-Asin sakatosa, isakakaay to ko kacemahd no kitakit, sakakahaday ko pala no kitakit, katimol tahira i Soloysi, isaka’etip ato sakawali tangasa i riyar.
Yo mapatay to ko honti ci Yfan-Asin sakatosa, malikelon to ko ’icel no kitakit. 1242 miheca, o kakeridan no sofitay no Monko-Hontian kitakit ci Pato hakelong nira ko sofitay mihidefong to pala no Pawciyaliya, I 1258 miheca tekop sato ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit. Oya sa Paycantin midongdong a mi’eco to Pawciyaliya, mi’afas to Anciyarusi-Minato ato Maysaimupoliya-Minato.
Itiya sato i 1277 miheca, o cecay mikapotay a kitakit no Monko oya Cincahan-Kitakit( Ikiris a sowal: Golden Horde; Monko a sowal:Алтан Орд;Altan Ord ;Kuwaping a sowal:欽察汗國) midefong i saka’amis no Pawciyaliya, tona a mihecaan patokeled sa ko Paucantin a mi’eco to Tinofa, nikawrira, malowid. 1330 miheca, malamikotoday a kitakit ko Pawciyaliya no Saywirwiya, nika cakahalafin mapapecihpecih mala pinapina a mamangay kitakit.
O pikowan no micowatay a Otoman-Hontian Kitakit(鄂圖曼帝國統治)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
I ikor no Kosofo-Lalood(Saywirwiya a sowal:Косовски бој或Бој на Косову; Kuwaping a sowal:科索沃戰役) I 1389 miheca ato Nikopaw-Lalood [1]( Pawciyaliya a sowal:Битка при Никопол、Bitka pri Nikopol; Torki a sowal:Niğbolu Savaşı )I 1396 miheca, matekop a malahedaw ko Nikisiiked no sakatosa a Pawciyaliya-Hotian Kitakit, malocecay a nikowanan no Otoman-Torki Hotian-Kitakit. Itira to i ikor no saka 19 sici, o nipikerid ni Wasir-Lifusici (Pawciyaliya a sowal:Васил Левски) ta malaliyad heca ko pidemak to sakapisiikedan no Pawciyaliya. Toyanan nornor sato a malikelon ko ’icel no Otoman-Hontian Kitakit, itira to ko pisa’imer no Pawciyaliya a mipaco’ay, tahitkeda to pitoker no Torki safitay a ma’enec, patodeled sa ko Honti no Rosiya a milood to Otoman, mitedal to roray no Slafo-Salikaka saan, ikor tona lalood matatilid to「Polin-kakaketonan」(Toic a sowal:Berliner Kongress)[2] pakaala ko Pawciliya to Niyah-Pikowan, patireng to safatad sanay ho a Misiikeday Pawciyaliya- Hontian-Kitakit [3]( Pawciyaliya a sowal:Царство България; Roma a tilid:Tsarstvo Bulgaria; Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞王國). Tahira to i 1885 miheca nga’ simsim hato ko matatodongay a tamdaw a mala no niyahan a honti, itini to ka kalaheci no kitakit a malacecay.
Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit a mihecahecaan (保加利亞王國時期)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Ira ko pidama no Rosiya ato Ci’icelay-Kitkitakit tamanga’ay nornor sato ko Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit miliyas to pikowan no Otoman, tangasa i 1908 miheca malahontian kitakit, i ikor no Parkan-Lalood, o Pawciyaliya, Saywirya, Kahetingay-Lotok kitakit, ato Sila cifaloco’ to sapipecihaw to sera no Torki itira i Yoropa.
Itiya i sarakarakat ho no sakacecay Lalood no Hekal, cifaloco’ ko Pawciyaliya to sapipaco’ay, I 1915 miheca mikapot to Nipatekoan-Kitakit(Toic a sowal:Mittelmächte ;Kuwaping a sowal:同盟國), tangsolsol sa malacafay ato Toic-Hontian kitakit ato Awsyong-Hontian Kitakit mi’eco to Sayrwiya, to ikor micowat ho to Romaniya. Yo miliyas sato ko sofitay no Toic, o sakakaay to ko sofitay no Pawciliya, sanga’ay sa ko aro’ no sofitay no Pawciyaliya tahira i 1918 miheca malepon to kona Sakacecay Hekalay-Lalood.
I sarakarakat ho no Sakatosa Hekalay-Lalood, o Nacui-Toic(Toic a sowal:Nationalsozialistische Deutschland; Kuwaping a sowal:納粹德國;第三帝國) ato Itali Hontian-Kitakit masasowal (Ikiris a sowal:arbitration award; Kuwaping a sowal:維也納仲裁裁決) a midama to Pawciyaliya mi’afas a patikor to Nantopoloka.
1941 miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 romi’ad, ira ko pasitiraay i Toic a Congli no Pawciyaliya ci Pokotan Filofo mipangangan i『Kakaketonan no Toloay Kitakit』(Ikiris a sowal:Tripartite Pact; Kuwaping a sowal:德意日三國同盟條約) to pipaheci a mikapot to「Tokodan-Kitakit」(Ikiris a sowal:Axis power;Toic a sowal:Die Achsenmächte;Kuwaping a sowal:軸心國). Yo milood sato ko Toic to Nanslafo, mipadang ko sofitay no Pawciyaliya to Toic, iikor to no kalaloodan cililam ko Pawciyaliya to kakahaday a pala no Nanslafo-Maciton itira no Sila alalood, pakapi’eco ko Pawciyaliya to Sa’etipay-Seloysi a pala no Sila.
Itira i 1941 miheca saka 12 folad saka 12 romi’ad, mitakaw a mitefad to pakotang ko Dipon Cinco-Minato no Hawai, mitoor a milekal milood to Amirika.
Aniniay Rikisi (現代歷史)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Yo malepon sato ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal, mapatatiko a maala koya Satimolan no Topoloka, nikawrira, itiraan i sakowan no Solin a miteli. 1946 miheca palasawad to Sawara’an-Faco no kitakit, patireng to Pawciyaliya Nikapolong-Kitakit (Pawciyaliya a sowal:Народна Pепублика България,Narodna Republika Balgariya;Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞人民共和國), ci Koawrci-Titolofu-Mihailofu (Pawciyaliya asowal:Георги Димитров Михайлов;Kuwaping a sowal:格奧爾基·迪米特羅夫·米哈伊洛夫) ko sarakatay a malatapang no kitakit.
Sieci (政治)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O finawlan ko misinkiway to congtong no Pawciyaliya, 5 miheca ko kalacongtonan, manga’ay pararid to kinacecay. O congtong i,o sawara’an no kitakit ato sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay,o mikomoday a tamdaw to Sakarihaday no Kitakit a Pitenglan a Iinkay, ano awawaay ko sapisanga’ to rikec a ’icel, nikawrira ira ko ’icel a patiko to rikec i Pikaykian no Kitakit papiliyaw a masasowal a mifalic toya rikec, o Pikaykian no Kitakit o ’alomanay a pihai no kiing a mifelih toya mipatikoan no congton a rikec ta malaheci ko kapisanga’ tora rikec.
O Pikaykian-Nikapolongan Faco ko Pawciyaliya (Ikiris a sowal:parliamentary republic; Kuwaping a sowal:議會共和制). O Finawlan-Pikaykian(Народно събрание) a faco o Cecayay-Pikaykian-Faco, o polong no kiing ira ko 240 ko tamdaw, sepat ko mihecaan ko kalakiingan.
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O cecay a kasafelaw no sieci (centang) pakaala to 4% a satopa no misinkiway nga’ manga’ay mikapot i pikaykian. Ona pikaykian ira ko ’icel to sapisanga’ to rikec no kitakit, mihai to yosang a sakatayal a payso no sifo, milaleko to pisinkiw to congtong,misinkiw ato palasawad to kamaro’an no congli tapang no sifo, milekal to lalood, miketon to sowal to pihai to sofitay tayra i roma akitakit, mihai to kasasowal pakayni to kacacofelan a demak.
2001 miheca saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad a tata’angay a sinkiw, oni keridan ni Simiyang-Sakatos(Pawciyaliya a sowal:Симеон II; Kuwaping a sowal:西美昂二世） a Polong-Kitakit-Tang pakaala to 42.7% a satopa no misinkiway. Ona ci Simiyang-Sakatos o sarikoray a hotnti, namisawad a malahonti o pakalowid to sinkiw a malasawrra’an no kitakit.
1995 miheca saka 12 folad, misinsi to sapicomodaw Yoropa-Lekatep(European Union, EU; 歐盟)[4]. 2004 miheca saka 3 folad saka 29 romi’ad, mikapot ko Pawciyaliya i Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO;北大西洋公約組織). 2006 miheca saka 12 folad, mitoor to sowal no Citodongay to Demak no Yoropa-Lekatep, o kakeridan no Yoropa-Lekatep a kayki mihai to pikapot no Pawciyaliya i 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka1 romi’ad.[5] Tahira to i 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad laheci sato ko pikapot no Pawciyaliya i Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO;北大西洋公約組織).[6]
Itiya i 1990 miheca saka 7 folad saka7 romi’ad malaheci ko sowal to pipacarcar ho to pidemak to i patay no ciraraway a tamdaw, noyanan to i 1998 miheca saka 12 folad saka12 romi’ad palaheci hananay to a palasawad ko mipatayay a demak to ciraraway a tamdaw.
Kasasilsil no sakowan(行政區劃)
O kakahad no pala no Pawciyaliya i,iraay ko 110,910㎢, o tatapangan a tokai i Sofiya[1] [2](Pawciyaliya a sowal:София，Ronaan tilid:Sofiya ;Kuwaping a sowal:索菲亞) . o polong a tata’angay sakowan(州) ira ko 28 ko sakowan:
| # | ’Amis/
Sakowan |
Pawciyaliya | Kuwaping | Kakahad/㎢ | Tamadaw/
2006 |
| 1 | Polakoyifkole | Област Благоевград | 布拉格耶夫格勒州 | 6,449 | 364,076 |
| 2 | Porkos | Област Бургас | 布爾加斯州 | 7,748 | 457,750 |
| 3 | Somen | Област Шумен | 舒門州 | 3,390 | 205,198 |
| 4 | Topolici | Област Добрич | 多布里奇州 | 4,719 | 213,325 |
| 5 | Kapolowo | Област Габрово | 加布羅沃州 | 2,023 | 137,461 |
| 6 | Haskowo | Област Хасково | 哈斯科沃州 | 5,543 | 307,067 |
| 7 | Korciyali | Област Кърджали | 克爾賈利州 | 3,209 | 164,019 |
| 8 | Ciwstentil | Област Кюстендил | 丘斯滕迪爾州 | 3,084 | 163,889 |
| 9 | Lowici | Област Ловеч | 洛維奇州 | 4,128 | 167,931 |
| 10 | Montana | Област Монтана | 蒙塔納州 | 3,618 | 183,353 |
| 11 | Pocarciko | Област Пазарджик | 帕札爾吉克州 | 4,459 | 317,358 |
| 12 | Pirniko | Област Перник | 佩爾尼克州 | 2,390. | 156,561 |
| 13 | Poliwen | Област Плевен | 普列文州 | 4,333 | 320,449 |
| 14 | Polofutifu | Област Пловдив | 普羅夫迪夫州 | 5,973 | 755,570 |
| 15 | Lacikole | Област Разград | 拉茲格勒州 | 2,637 | 152,417 |
| 16 | Posay | Област Русе | 魯塞州 | 2,803 | 278,890 |
| 17 | Silisto | Област Силистра | 錫利斯特拉州 | 2,846 | 142,000 |
| 18 | Simoliyang | Област Смолян | 斯莫梁州 | 3,193 | 140,066 |
| 19 | Sofiya-Si | София， | 索菲亞市 | 1,310 | 1,246,791 |
| 20 | Sofiya | Софийска област | 索菲亞州 | 7,059 | 262,032 |
| 21 | Telang Cakola | Област Стара Загора | 舊扎戈拉州 | 5,151 | 388,556 |
| 22 | Korkowisinto | Област Търговище | 特爾戈維什特州 | 2,716 | 170,200 |
| 23 | Warna | Област Варна | 瓦爾納州 | 3,820 | 496,768 |
| 24 | Tata’angay Tornowo | Област Велико Търново | 大特爾諾沃州 | 4,662 | 293,172 |
| 25 | Witin | Област Видин | 維丁州 | 3,032 | 128,050 |
| 26 | Folaca | Област Враца | 弗拉察州 | 3,621 | 235,189 |
| 27 | Yangpor | Област Ямбол | 揚博爾州 | 3,335 | 156,631 |
| 28 | Seliwen | Област Сливен | 斯利文州 | 3,544 | 218,747 |
Kaitiraan(地理)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Makalitosaay no Parkan-Lotolotokan(Pawciyaliya a sowal ato Sayrwiya a sowal:Стара планина / Stara Planina;
Kuwaping巴爾幹山脈)ko Pawciyaliya, isaka’mis i,o Tonaw-’Alo Dafdaf, isakatimol i,o Soloysi-Dasdas. O katimol no saka’etip i, o Lotopi-Lotok, o kolokolol nona lotok o Musala-’apocok(Pawciyaliya a sowal:Мусала, Kuwaping a sowal:穆薩拉峰) nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,925m ko ’akawang, o sa’akawangay no Parkan-Pecih Kanatal(Balkans;巴爾幹半島). Pasiwali misi’ayaway to Kohetingay-Riyar(Black Sea; 黑海), o kalala’edan no Pawciyaliya ato Romaniya ko Tonaw ’Alo.
Ono Lafa’efa’ay a so’emetay a Karopaw Kakarayan ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit, isakwaliay a kakarayan masiwaray no Kahetingay Riyar, isaktimol masiwaray no Sifo’ay-Riyar(Ikiris a sowal:Mediterranean Sea; Kuwaping a sowal:地中海）ko kakarayan, ono Sifo'ay-Riyar a kakarayan.
O fa’edet no romi’ad i sakacecay folad itiraay i sifo’ no -2℃ato2℃, i saka7 folad nani 19℃tahira 25℃(tokos10℃). O lalen no ’orad no mihecaan 450 tahira 600mm (i tokos tahiraay i 1300mm).
Kicai (經濟)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]I 1989 miheca yo tatiih to ko kalali’aca to dafong ato Solin(Rosiya a sowal:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик, decdec:СССР; Kuwaping a sowal:蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟,簡稱蘇聯), tata’ang ko nikasipon no Pawciyaliya., o lalen no ’orip no tamtamdaw mataefad 40%. Tahira to i 1994 mihecaan nga’ saidahi sato ko kahirahira a katayalan. Nikawrira, nikacaay ka harerek ko pisongila’ a mifalic ko pakayniay i kicai a demak ato nikacaay ho kahinaker ko faco no kinko, 1996 miheca malaliyaw heca ko katatiih no kicai to katayalan.tahira to i 2003 miheca nga’ manga’ay ko katayalan no polong no kitakit.
Nano to’asan o maomahay ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit, orasak o mikuy a hana(Rosa rugosa;玫瑰), yuko(Ikiris a sowal:Yogurt; Kuwaping a sowal:優格) ato poto ’epah tadamanga’ay tata’ang ko ngangan i hekal manga’ay ko ‘aca.
O misanga’ay to dafong a demak i, o misonga’ay to kakaenen ato mililecay a tayal, cemahad sanay to ko pisalamaan no lafang a demak. O mikapotay i Paifaloco'ay Kali'aca a Katatelekan no Sifo’ay Yoropa(Central European Free Trade Agreement，CEFTA;中歐自由貿易協定).
Pitooran ato Tamdaw (宗教和人口)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O misakristoay ko 65% a tamdaw no Pawciyaliya , ilaloma’ nonini i,mahaop ko 64% o Pawciyaliya So’elinay Kiwkai(Orthodox church ;正教會). 13% o mitooray to Muslin, sahetoay o Pomako tamdaw ato Mamangay-Finacadan no Torki.
Punka (文化)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Tadaadihay ko naikoran no rocok no payrayrag a ma’arw i punka, rikisi ato rocokan, mahaop ko Sroysi tamdaw, Katelang a Sila tamdaw ,Roma a tamdaw, Selafo a tamdaw, Walyangko tamdaw ato Pawciyar tamdaw. Oninian ko kacidafong no Pawciyaliya to kahirahira a lisinan itini i hekal, o tinooy ato mito’eto’an dafong no Soroysi tamdaw, o rocok no radiw ato katelang a nipatirenganno Pawciyar tamdaw.
O makeraay a satelangay a misanga’an a tada’emin dafong i Waerna tadem no Pawciyaliya, o rikisi nonini dafong miso’edac to 5,000 ko mihecaan.[9] I sifo’an sici o cecay no kahiceraan no Selafo Punka ko Pawciyaliya, o nikahadakan no Silirtilid(Rosiya a sowal:Кирилли́ческий алфави́т或Кири́ллица，falicen a mitilid:Kirilličeskij alfavit或者Kirillica ; Kuwaping a sowal:西里爾字母或斯拉夫字母).
Tahira to i saka 19 sici ato saka 20 sici, o mirocokay to ’ilang no Pawciyaliya ato Ikiris a malatamdaway no Amirika ci Yohani-Wensin-Atanasofo (Ikiris a sowal:John Vincent Atanasoff; Kuwaping a sowal:約翰·文森·阿塔納索夫) o mikapotay a mipasadak to Tinnaw(computer;電腦).
Itini i Pawciyaliya ano sata’ota’ong sa o mminayay, ano miingaing o mihaiyan.[10] O winaan a sowal no Pawciyaliya ko Pawciyaliya a sowal,do’edo’en ko「Eurobarometer report（2006）」a nipasadakan a sowal, o mafana’ay somowal to Ikiris a sowal no Pawciyaliya i,latek ira ko 120 ofad ko tamdaw, mahaop ko 23% no polong a tamdaw no Pawciyaliya. ci Safulo komihongyakuay.
Pipalafangan Lihad(旅遊資訊)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Itini i WIKI-Nipalalan to pipalafangan a tilid no Pawciyaliya ira ko:
- Bulgaria - video presentations from Bulgaria Tourism Authority（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- All cities and villages（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- The mountains of Bulgaria
- Image Gallery of Bulgaria
- Large Image Gallery of Bulgaria（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Cars from antiquity to their appearance in Bulgaria
Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot][1] Kenneth Meyer Setton、Harry W. Hazard. A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 1975年: 第83頁. ISBN 0299066703 （英語）.
[2] "Besides Turkey, there were six Great Powers during the late nineteenth century: Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany." Sowards, Steven W. Lecture 10: The Great Powers and the Eastern Question. Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism). [14 February 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-14）.
[3] 6FP NoE 4M in Bulgaria - Sofia Info. [2013-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-09
[4] 新華網. 罗马尼亚和保加利亚正式加入欧盟. 中國網. 2007-01-01 [2021-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-31） （中文）.
[5] 新華網. 罗马尼亚和保加利亚正式加入欧盟. 中國網. 2007-01-01 [2021-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-31） （中文）.
[6] European Union. European Union. European Union. [2021-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-10） （英語）.
[7] Editors of Britannica. Sofia. Encyclopædia Britannica. [12 February 2016].
[8] Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2013-06-01. ISBN 9781615309870.
[9] New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, By: Higham, Tom; Chapman, John; Slavchev, Vladimir; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Honch, Noah; Yordanov, Yordan; Dimitrova, Branimira; September 1, 2007
[10] “Yes”and“No”Gestures. Learn Bulgarian Easily. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-09）.
Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]- CIA
- 外交部
- List of current heads of state and government
- Official governmental site（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- President of The Republic of Bulgaria（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria
- Chief of State and Cabinet Member