THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF BREXIT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/CJFA.2018.017Keywords
Brexit, British identity, national identity, European UnionAbstract
The Brexit referendum will remain as a milestone in contemporary European history. The British exit from the EU is not going only to shape future relations between the EU and the UK, but it will shape the relation between Brussels and other member states as well. This study aims to investigate the main claims for the leave campaigns which affected the general opinion to vote for the exit. The two main points investigated in this paper are: first, the historical background regarding the UK and the EU, the reasons for the first refusal to the European integration projects during the 1950, and the changes in the British situation which pushed the UK to seek the membership for a decade before being able to join the EEC in the 1970s; and second, national identity, which affected Britain’s late entry to the EU, and shaped relations between London and Brussels during the British membership. The paper concludes that, unfortunately, British citizens in general were not aware of the full facts regarding the above two points.References
BBC (2013). I am odd (for a politician): UKIP leader Nigel Farage says, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-20931123 (accessed: 05.07.2017).
Becker, J., & Knipping, F. (1986). Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a postwar world. Berlin – New York: Walter de Grapter.
Bickerton, C. (2018). The Brexit iceberg. In B. Martill, U. Staiger (Eds.). Brexit and Beyond: Rethinking the Futures of Europe. London: UCL Press.
Curtice, J. (2016). A Question of Culture or Economics? Public Attitudes to the European Union in Britain. The Political Quarterly, 87(2), 209–18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12250.
Daddow, O.J. (2004). Britain and Europe since 1945: Historiographical Perspectives on Integration. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
De Gaulle, C. (1967). Paroles publiques – Conférence de presse du 16 mai 1967 – Ina.fr, http://fresques.ina.fr/de-gaulle/fiche-media/Gaulle00129/conference-de-pressedu-16-mai-1967.html (accessed: 06.05.2019).
De Mars, S., Murray, C., O’Donoghue, A., & Warwick, B. (2018). Bordering two unions: northern ireland and brexit (1st ed.). Bristol: Bristol University Press.
Drake, H. (2018). France, Britain and Brexit. In B. Martill, U. Staiger (Eds.). Brexit and Beyond: Rethinking the Futures of Europe. London: UCL Press.
Ellison, J. (2000). Threatening Europe, Britain and the Creation of the European Community, 1955–58. New York: Palgrave.
Fligstein, N., Polyakova, A., & Sandholtz, W. (2012). European Integration, Nationalism and European Identity: European Integration, Nationalism and European Identity. Journal of Common Market Studies, 50(s1), 106–122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2011.02230.x.
Geddes, A. (2004). The European Union and British Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
HM Government (2017). The White Paper: United Kingdom’s exit from and new partnership with the European Union.
House of Commons (2010). How much legislation comes from Europe. Research Paper, 10/62.
Inglehart, R.F., & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism. HKS Working Paper, RWP16-026.
Jenkins, R. (1983). Britain and the EEC: Present and Future. In Jenkins, R. Britain and the EEC: proceedings of Section F (Economics) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Liverpool, 1982. London: Macmillan.
Jones, R.A. (2001). The Politics and Economics of the European Union, Second Edition. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing LTD.
Martin, G.J. (2013). General de Gaulle’s Cold War. New York: Berghahen Books.
May, A. (1999). Britain and Europe since 1945. London: Longman LTD.
May, A. (2001). Britain, the Commonwealth and Britain’s Applications to Join the European Communities. New York: Palgrave Publishers LTD.
Milward, A.S. (2002). The rise and fall of a national strategy (1945–1963). London: Frank Cass Publishers.
Natcen Social Research (2016). Do we feel European and does it matter? What UK Thinks: EU.
Porter, B. (1983). Britain, Europe and the world 1850–1982: delusions of grandeur. Boston: G. Allen & Unwin LTD.
Saint-John Perse Foundation (1929). Aristide Briand speech to the Assembly of the League of Nations, http://fondationsaintjohnperse.fr/en/la-programmation-culturelle/archives/europe_documentation/discours-briand-1929 (accessed: 01.07.2017).
Sapir, A., Schoenmaker, D., & Véron, N. (2017). Making the best of Brexit for the EU27 financial system.
Schelkle, W. (2018). What impact will Brexit have on the euro area? In B. Martill, U. Staiger (Eds.). Brexit and Beyond: Rethinking the Futures of Europe. London: UCL Press.
Shawcross, W. (2002). Queen and country: the fifty-year reign of Elizabeth II. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Springford , J. (2019). Centre for European Reform – The cost of Brexit to December 2018: Towards relative decline? https://www.cer.eu/insights/cost-brexit-december-2018-towards-relative-decline (accessed: 15.04.2019).
Staiger, U., & Martill, B. (2018). Rethinking the Futures of Europe. In B. Martill, U. Staiger (Eds.). Brexit and Beyond: Rethinking the Futures of Europe. London: UCL Press.
Steinnes, K. (1998). The European Challenge: Britain's EEC Application in 1961. Contemporary European History, 7(1), 61–79. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0960777300004768
Storry, M., & Childs, P. (1997). British cultural identities. Oxford: Routledge.
The Churchill Society (1946). Winston Churchill speaking in Zurich, http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/astonish.html (accessed: 01.07.2017).
The Economist (2002). Margaret Thatcher Like love to hatred turned, http://www.economist.com/node/1056815 (accessed: 01.07.2017).
The Guardian Newspaper (2012). Back when Britain was banging on Europe's door, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/13/britain-europe-davidcameron-eu (accessed: 01.07.2017).
The Labour Party Manifesto (1974). http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1974/Feb/1974-feb-labour-manifesto.shtml (accessed: 01.07.2017).
Urwin, D.W. (1991). The community of Europe. London: Pearson Education Limited.
Wall, S. (2008). A Stranger in Europe: Britain and the EU from Thatcher to Blair. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Winters, L.A. (2018). What difference does brexit make? In J. Drake-Brockman, P. Messerlin (Eds.). Potential Benefits of an Australia-EU Free Trade Agreement, Key Issues and Options. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Press.
(www1) Eurobarometer Reports, http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/eb_arch_en.htm (accessed: 01.08.2017).
(www2) Parliaments and governments database, http://www.parlgov.org (accessed: 25.08.2017).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 763
Number of citations: 0