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قائمة اللادينيين الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل

من ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة
توزيع الملحدين والمنكرين لوجود الإله، والمفكرون الاحرار في جوائز نوبل بين عامي 1901-2000.[1]

تضم هذه القائمة الحائزين على جائزة نوبل الذين يعتبرون من الملحدون، اللاأدريون ، المفكرون الأحرار أو اللادينيون أو الذين عرفوا عن أنفسهم بذلك في فترة ما من حياتهم.[2] حسب إحدى الإحصائيات تشير أن جميع اللادينيون حصلوا على حوالي 10.5% من مجمل جوائر نوبل بين عام 1901 وعام 2000،[3] وحوالي 35% من مجمل الحائزين على جائزة نوبل في الأدب.[4] ووفقاً لنفس الإحصائيات قد فاز من الملحدون، واللاأدريون، والمفكرون الأحرار على حوالي 8.9% من مجمل الجوائز في مجال الطب، وحوالي 7.1% في مجال الكيمياء، وحوالي 5.2% في مجال الاقتصاد، وحوالي 4.7% في مجال الفيزياء، وحوالي 3.6% في مجال السلام.[4] ولقد كان ألفريد نوبل نفسه ملحد في فترة ما من حياته.[5] وجدت دراسة أخرى قامت بها جامعة نبراسكا- لينكون عام 1998 أنَ حوالي 16% من الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء هم من خلفيَّة لادينية (بين الأعوام 1901-1990).[6]

الكيمياء

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هارولد كروتو.

الاقتصاد

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الأدب

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جان بول سارتر.

السلام

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الفيزياء

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بيار كوري وماري كوري.
البرت اينشتاين.
بيتر هيغز.

علم وظائف الأعضاء أو الطب

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فرنسيس كريك.
ريتا ليفي مونتالشيني.

انظر أيضاً

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المراجع

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  55. ^ "Nuclear power is uniquely unforgiving: as Swedish Nobel physicist Hannes Alfvén said, "No acts of God can be permitted."" Amory Lovins, Inside NOVA – Nuclear After Japan: Amory Lovins, pbs.org. نسخة محفوظة 05 نوفمبر 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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  70. ^ Feynman، Richard P. (2011). Leighton، Ralph (المحرر). "What Do You Care What Other People Think?": Further Adventures of a Curious Character. W. W. Norton & Company. ص. 25. ISBN:978-0-393-07981-4. The elders began getting nervous, because I was an avowed atheist by that time
  71. ^ "Val Fitch". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-07-18.
  72. ^ Nachmansohn، David (1979). German-Jewish pioneers in science, 1900–1933. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. ص. 62. ISBN:978-0-387-90402-3. As he said, science was his God and nature his religion. He did not insist that his daughters attend religious instruction classes (Religionsunterricht) in school. But he was very proud of his Jewish heritage..{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: التاريخ والسنة (link)
  73. ^ Brigham Narins (2001). Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present: D-H. Gale Group. ص. 797. ISBN:978-0-7876-1753-0. Although Gabor's family became Lutherans in 1918, religion appeared to play a minor role in his life. He maintained his church affiliation through his adult years but characterized himself as a "benevolent agnostic".
  74. ^ "The family adopted the Lutheran faith in 1918, and although Gabor nominally remained true to it, religion appears to have had little influence in his life. He later acknowledged the role played by an antireligious humanist education in the development of his ideas and stated his position as being that of a “benevolent agnostic.”" "Gabor, Dennis." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (30 January 2012). نسخة محفوظة 11 يناير 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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  76. ^ Vitaly Ginzburg (2003). "Vitaly L. Ginzburg – Autobiography". Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the جائزة نوبل. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-03-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-24. I am an atheist, that is, I think nothing exists except and beyond nature. Within the limits of my, undoubtedly insufficient knowledge of the history of philosophy, I do not see in fact any difference between atheism and the pantheism of Spinoza.
  77. ^ Sample، Ian (17 نوفمبر 2007). "The god of small things". London: The Guardian. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-06-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-03-21. The name has stuck, but makes Higgs wince and raises the hackles of other theorists. "I wish he hadn't done it," he says. "I have to explain to people it was a joke. I'm an atheist, but I have an uneasy feeling that playing around with names like that could be unnecessarily offensive to people who are religious."
  78. ^ "Gerardus `t Hooft – Science Video Interview". 2004. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-04-25. When asked by the interviewer about his view of the universe and the design or non-design of the universe, Hooft replied, "Well absolutely amazing fact that it seems that the entire universe is now in grasp of theoretical physics. It still highly premature to make theories that includes how the big bang originated as and things like that. Although, people are tying that every day. ...As far as I'm concerned, everything seems to behave completely rationally. The laws of physics is all we need to understand how the universe got into being. And then eventually we end up with this religious question as to why is the universe is the way it is and how can it be it is a place for humans to live in, that is a miracle. I don't have really any answers here, but as a physicist I've learn to appreciate the fact that everything seems to have totally rational explanations and as far as I'm concerned, I expect the entire universe now also to be something you can explain in completely rational terms. That what I expect now, just because of past experience."
  79. ^ "Gerardus `t Hooft – Science Video Interview". 2004. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-04-25. When asked by the interviewer about his belief in an afterlife, Hooft replied, "Well, such beliefs I think I related to religions of the past and I don't think that notions such as 'afterlife' has any...scientific basis. Not in terms of modern science. So I can only say no."
  80. ^ Kroemer، Herbert. "Herbert Kroemer – Science Video Interview". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-17. Interviewer: "You have no belief in a afterlife?" Kroemer: "That's correct." Interviewer: "...You don't see the evidence of a designer?" Kroemer: "No, I don't." Interviewer: "Could you say more about it?" Kroemer: "I think it's just wishful thinking."
  81. ^ Schaefer، Henry F. (2008). Science and Christianity : conflict or coherence?. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia. ص. 9. ISBN:0-9742975-0-X. I present here two examples of notable atheists. The first is Lev Landau, the most brilliant Soviet physicist of the twentieth century.
  82. ^ Dan Falk (2005). "What About God?". Universe on a T-Shirt: The Quest for the Theory of Everything. Arcade Publishing. ص. 195. ISBN:978-1-55970-733-6. "Physics isn't a religion. If it were, we'd have a much easier time raising money." - Leon Lederman
  83. ^ Babu Gogineni (10 يوليو 2012). "It's the Atheist Particle, actually". Postnoon News. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-07-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-07-10. Leon Lederman is himself an atheist and he regrets the term, and Peter Higgs who is an atheist too, has expressed his displeasure, but the damage has been done!
  84. ^ Barrow، John D. (2000). The book of nothing : vacuums, voids, and the latest ideas about the origins of the universe (ط. 1st Vintage Books). New York: Vintage Books. ص. 136. ISBN:978-0-375-72609-5.
  85. ^ Eremoenko، Alexey (9 أكتوبر 2014). "Q&A: Russian Nobel Laureate on Fun, God and the 'Ideal Physicist'". The Moscow Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-11-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-16.
  86. ^ Bernard Valeur, Jean-Claude Brochon (2001). New Trends in Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Applications to Chemical and Life Sciences. Springer. ص. 17. ISBN:978-3-540-67779-6. Jean and Francis Perrin held similar political and philosophical ideas. Both were socialists and atheists.
  87. ^ Moore، Walter (1994). A life of Erwin Schrödinger. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ص. 86. ISBN:978-0-521-46934-0. Schopenhauer often called himself an atheist, as did Schrodinger, and if Buddhism and Vedanta can be truly described as atheistic religions, both the philosopher and his scientific disciple were indeed atheists. They both rejected the idea of a "personal God" …{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: التاريخ والسنة (link)
  88. ^ Diem-Lane، Andrea (2008). Spooky Physics: Einstein vs. Bohr. MSAC Philosophy Group. ص. 68. ISBN:978-1-56543-080-8. In terms of religion, Schrodinger fits in the atheist camp. He even lost a marriage proposal to his love, Felicie Krauss, not only due to his social status but his lack of religious affiliation. He was known as a freethinker who did not believe in god.
  89. ^ The International Academy of Humanism نسخة محفوظة 22 أغسطس 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين. at the website of the Council for Secular Humanism. Retrieved 18 October 2007. Some of this information is also at the International Humanist and Ethical Unionwebsite نسخة محفوظة 07 نوفمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
  90. ^ Istva ́n Hargittai, Magdolna Hargittai (2006). Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists. Imperial College Press. ص. 749. ISBN:978-1-86094-885-5. Jack Steinberger: "I'm now a bit anti-Jewish since my last visit to the synagogue, but my atheism does not necessarily reject religion."
  91. ^ Ginzburg, V. L. (2005). About Science, Myself and Others. CRC Press. ص. 253. ISBN:978-0-7503-0992-9. Nowadays, when we are facing manifestations of religious and. more often, pseudoreligious feelings, it is appropriate to mention that Igor Evgenevich was a convinced and unreserved atheist.
  92. ^ Feinberg, E. L.؛ Leonidov, A. V. (2011). Physicists: Epoch and Personalities (ط. 2). World Scientific. ص. 86. ISBN:9789812834164. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |lastauthoramp= تم تجاهله يقترح استخدام |name-list-style= (مساعدة)
  93. ^ Azpurua، Ana Elena (24 مارس 2008). "In Search of the God Particle". Newsweek. ص. 3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-04-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-03-25. I don't believe in God, but I don't make a religion out of not believing in God. I don't organize my life around that.
  94. ^ Jesse Hong Xiong (2009). "Seven". The Outline of Parapsychology. Rowman & Littlefield. ص. 322. ISBN:978-0-7618-4945-2. When a reporter asked him: "Do you believe there is a Creator who creates all in the universe?" Professor Chen Ning Yang (1922- ), a Chinese Nobel Prize winner in physics in 1957, answered: "I think it is hard for me to directly say 'yes' or 'no'. I can only say that when we more and more understand the wonderful structures in the nature, no matter whether we directly or indirectly ask the question, there does exist the question you ask: is there someone or God who takes charge of all? I think it is a question that will never be finally answered. (The reporter asked: 'Is it because what man knows is too limited?') On one hand, yes; on the other hand, we can have a feeling that the universe will not be created so wonderful without an ultimate goal." Professor Yang held agnosticism here.
  95. ^ Craver، Carl F (2008). "Axelrod, Julius". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. ج. 19. ص. 122. Although he became an atheist early in life and resented the strict upbringing of his parents' religion, he identified with Jewish culture and joined several international fights against anti-Semitism.
  96. ^ Robert W. Baloh. "Robert Bárány and the controversy surrounding his discovery of the caloric reaction". Neurology.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-05-14. Although anti-Semitism was again on the rise in Austria, it is unlikely that anti-Semitism was a factor in the hostility toward Bárány because he was an agnostic who did not believe in Zionism.
  97. ^ "J. Michael Bishop". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-07-18.
  98. ^ Crick، Francis (1988). What mad pursuit : a personal view of scientific discovery. New York: Basic Books. ص. 10. ISBN:0-465-09138-5.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: التاريخ والسنة (link)
  99. ^ Crick، Francis (3–5 فبراير 1990). "How I Got Inclined Towards Atheism". Atheist Centre 1940–1990 Golden Jubilee International Conference Souvenir. Vijayawada, India: Positive Atheism. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15.
  100. ^ Steyn، Mark (أكتوبر 2004). "The Twentieth-Century Darwin". ذا أتلانتيك. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-07-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-08-14.
  101. ^ Siegel، Ralph M.؛ Callaway، Edward M. (2004). "Francis Crick's Legacy for Neuroscience: Between the α and the Ω". PLoS Biology. ج. 2 ع. 12: e419. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020419. PMC:535570. PMID:17593891. Francis Crick was an evangelical atheist.{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
  102. ^ Highfield، Roger (20 مارس 2003). "Do our genes reveal the hand of God?". The Telegraph. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15. Crick, 86, said: "The god hypothesis is rather discredited."
  103. ^ "Max Delbrück". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-06-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-05-14.
  104. ^ Walter Shropshire (2007). Max Delbrück and the New Perception of Biology, 1906–1981: A Centenary Celebration, University of Salamanca, October 9–10, 2006. AuthorHouse. ص. 155. ISBN:978-1-4343-1435-2. As far as I know, he never identified himself as a member of any formal church or religious faith, but neither did he reject religion. He had a deeply felt respect for all faiths, believing that regardless of the details, they all fill basically the same human aspirations.
  105. ^ Ruse، Michael. "Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning by Christian de Duve (Introductory essay)". The International Society for Science and Religion library project. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15.
  106. ^ Trevor Illtyd Williams (1984). Howard Florey, Penicillin and After. Oxford University Press. ص. 363. ISBN:978-0-19-858173-4. As an agnostic, the chapel services meant nothing to Florey but, unlike some contemporary scientists, he was not aggressive in his disbelief.
  107. ^ Paolo Mazzarello؛ Henry A. Buchtel؛ Aldo Badiani (1999). The hidden structure: a scientific biography of Camillo Golgi. Oxford University Press. ص. 34. ISBN:978-0-19-852444-1. It was probably during this period that Golgi became agnostic (or even frankly atheistic), remaining for the rest of his life completely alien to the religious experience.
  108. ^ "Frederick Hopkins". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-02-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-07-18.
  109. ^ "Obituary: Andrew Huxley". The Economist. 16 يونيو 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-08-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-05-14. He did not even mind the master's duty of officiating in chapel, since he was, he explained, not atheist but agnostic (a word usefully invented by his grandfather), and was "very conscious that there is no scientific explanation for the fact that we are conscious."
  110. ^ Jacob, The Statue Within, pp 20–57. Quotes from pp 42 and 53.
  111. ^ Medawar، Peter (1996). The strange case of the spotted mice and other classic essays on science (ط. 5th). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ص. 207–211. ISBN:978-0-19-286193-1.
  112. ^ Lubbock، Richard. "Peaks, Dust, & Dappled Spots". Books in Canada: The Canadian Review of Books. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15. In his final chapter de Duve turns to the meaning of life, and considers the ideas of two contrasting Frenchmen: a priest, Teilhard de Chardin, and an existentialist and atheist, Jacques Monod.
  113. ^ Horowitz، Norman H. (أغسطس 1998). "T. H. Morgan at Caltech: A Reminiscence". Genetics. ج. 149 ع. 4: 1629–1632. PMC:1460264. PMID:9691024. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-06-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15. Morgan's passion for experimentation was symptomatic of his general scepticism and his distaste for speculation. He believed only what could be proven. He was said to be an atheist, and I have always believed that he was. Everything I knew about him—his scepticism, his honesty—was consistent with disbelief in the supernatural.
  114. ^ Pontecorvo، G. (نوفمبر 1968). "Hermann Joseph Muller. 1890–1967". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. Quote from p. 353. ج. 14: 348–389. DOI:10.1098/rsbm.1968.0015. JSTOR:769450. Muller, who through Unitarianism had become an enthusiastic pantheist, was converted both to atheism and to socialism.
  115. ^ Tauber، Alfred I.؛ Chernyak، Leon (1991). Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology : From Metaphor to Theory: From Metaphor to Theory. Oxford University Press. ص. 5. ISBN:978-0-19-534510-0. ... his personal religious commitment was to atheism, although he received strict Christian religious training at home. Metchnikoff's atheism smacked of religious fervor in the embrace of rationalism and science.
  116. ^ Costantino Ceoldo (31 ديسمبر 2012). "Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-10-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-07-20. Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives, she abandoned religion and embraced atheism.
  117. ^ Nurse، Paul (2001). "Sir Paul Nurse – Biographical". Nobelprize.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-06-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15. I gradually slipped away from religion over several years and became an atheist or to be more philosophically correct, a sceptical agnostic.
  118. ^ Windholz، George (سبتمبر 1986). "Pavlov's Religious Orientation". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. ج. 25 ع. 3: 320. DOI:10.2307/1386296. JSTOR:1386296. Pavlov's follower E.M. Kreps asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to [claims of] my religiosity, my belief in God, my church attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a seminarian, and like the majority of seminarians, I became an unbeliever, an atheist in my school years."
  119. ^ Reville، William (20 أبريل 2006). "A bright journey to atheism, or a road that ignores all the signs?". The Irish Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-10-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15.
  120. ^ "John E. Sulston". NNDB. Soylent Communications. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-04-21.
  121. ^ "Adofo Pérez Esquivel". Nobel Prize Committee. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-09-05.
  122. ^ "Albert Szent-Györgyi". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-07-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-07-18.
  123. ^ Deirdre Barrett (2010). Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose. W. W. Norton & Company. ص. 21–22. ISBN:978-0-393-06848-1. Tinbergen had never been a religious man. Wartime atrocities, however, had highlighted the absence of a deity for him while both sides invoked one aligned with themselves, and this turned him into a militant atheist.
  124. ^ Highfield، Roger (20 مارس 2003). "Do our genes reveal the hand of God?". The Telegraph. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15.

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