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Mindfulness

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Mindfulness er en kognitiv terapi med udgangspunkt i buddhisme og yoga, hvor man retter sin opmærksomhed mod det man foretager sig i det nuværende øjeblik og skubber tanker, vurderinger og følelser i baggrunden,[1][2][note 1][3][4][5] ved hjælp af meditation, yoga og øvelser der skærper opmærksomheden.[5][2][6][7] Begrebet stammer fra den zen-buddhistiske sati-praksis,[8][9] og terapien baserer sig også på tibetansk meditationsteknik.[10][11][note 2] Fælles for de mange forskellige måder, hvorpå mindfulness opfattes og praktiseres,[17] er den buddhistiske forestilling om at fortid, nutid og fremtid opstår og forsvinder som sanseindtryk og foreteelser i øjeblikket.[8][18][19] Blandt dem som har bidraget til at udbrede mindfulness i den vestlige verden kan nævnes Thích Nhất Hạnh, Herbert Benson, Jon Kabat-Zinn, Richard J. Davidson,[20][21][22] Sam Harris og Eckhart Tolle.[23]

Inden for klinisk psykologi og psykiatri er der siden 1970-erne baseret på mindfulness udviklet en række terapi-metoder til afhjælpning af psykiske lidelser[22] såsom depression,[24][25][26] stress,[25][27][28] angst,[24][25][28] samt i behandling af afhængighed.[29][30][31] Sådanne metoder er bl.a. blevet brugt på skoler,[32] i fængsler, på hospitaler og blandt krigsveteraner, samt inden for ældres sundhed, afhjælpning af overvægt, træning af atleter,[33] hjælp til børn med særlige behov, og ved fødsler.

Kliniske studier har dokumenteret gode såvel fysiske som psykiske virkninger af mindfulness hos forskellige patientgrupper, men også hos raske voksne og børn.[3][34][5] Forskning viser en positiv sammenhæng mellem en opøvet praksis med mindfulness og psykisk sundhed.[35][36] Det at praktisere mindfulness synes at have gavnlig terapeutisk virkning for folk med psykiske lidelser,[37][38][39] til en vis grad også for dem med psykoser.[40][41][42] Man har også fundet, at grublerier og bekymring kan fremkalde en række psykiske forstyrrelser,[43][44][45] og at mindfulness-terapi kan hæve en persons grundlæggende mindfulness-niveau[46] og nedtone både grublerier og bekymring.[45][47][48] Desuden kan det at praktisere mindfulness modvirke, at psykiske problemer forværres.[49][50]

Også en persons fysiske sundhed kan påvirkes, hvis man dyrker mindfulness. Fx kan en vane med at gruble over ting aktivere en persons sympatiske nervesystem og hypothalamus i en grad, så det kommer til udtryk som kliniske ændringer i vedkommendes fysiske tilstand.[51][52][53] Mindfulness-meditation kan dæmpe grublerierne og således påvirke den fysiske tilstand i positiv retning,[51][45][54] også hvad angår immunforsvar og risikoen for inflammation [3][55][56] og kronisk sygdom.[57][58] [59][60][54] Det lader også til, at det at dyrke mindfulness sænker aktiviteten i hjernens hvilenetværk, hvilket mindsker risikoen for, at man udvikler demens og Alzheimers sygdom.[51]

Der er fremsat kritik af den måde, mindfulness-begrebet er blevet kommercialiseret og markedført inden for sundhedsområdet. Desuden har man efterlyst flere og bedre metoder til eftervisning af virkningerne af mindfulness-behandling.[3][note 3][36][61]

Ifølge Fjorback

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Mindfulness er at lære at bære lidelse.

– Lone Overby Fjorback[62]

Ifølge Lone Overby Fjorback, psykiater og ph.d. i mindfulness,[63] "bliver mange ting kaldt for "Mindfulness" og der ligger mange forskellige betydninger i begrebet".[64] "Mindfulness har en plads i behandlingessystemet, men behandlingen skal være alvorlig funderet og man skal vide, hvad man snakker om."[65]

Mindfulness bliver bl.a. benyttet i behandlingstilbud til voldsudøvende mænd.[kilde mangler]

Et centralt punkt i mindfulness er evnen til nærvær og fuld opmærksomhed på det, der er lige nu. Tilstedeværelse med alle sanser vågne. Følelser og tanker opleves som de er men vurderes ikke, de observeres blot, hvilket giver en selv et indblik i, hvorledes man selv er. At se på egne tankemønstre og derved få et billede af, hvordan man reagerer på bl.a. stress og pres. Bevidsthed om sig selv og sine reaktioner giver mulighed for objektivt at forholde sig hvad der end måtte opstå i nuet, derved opøver man en evne til at agere i stedet for at reagere.[kilde mangler]

Mindfulness trænes ved meditation, yoga og opmærksomhedsøvelser.[kilde mangler]

Sober curious

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Uddybende Uddybende artikel: Ædru-nysgerrig

I begyndelsen af 2020’erne bredte sig en tendens i den vestlige verden, kaldet sober curious, med i sociale sammenhænge at afholde sig fra at drikke alkohol, sådan at man gennem ædruelighed bedre kan dyrke nærvær og tilstedeværelse, fordi ens sanseapparat ikke sløves af alkoholen.[66]

  1. ^ Baer citerer Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994): Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion, p.4.
  2. ^ Begrebet sati oversættes normalt til "mindfulness", men begrebet har flere andre betydninger: "hukommelse",[12] "erindring",[13] "opmærksomhed, årvågenhed, selvbeherskelse".[12] For buddhister har sati at gøre med både vipassana og med sampajañña, som kan oversættes som hhv "indsigt" og "ro" og som har til formål hhv at skelne mellem godt og ondt og på den baggrund berolige sindet.[14][15][16]
  3. ^ Her mangler mere detaljeret henvisning
  1. ^ Mindfulness Training as a Clinical Intervention: A Conceptual and Empirical Review, by Ruth A. Baer, available at http://www.wisebrain.org/papers/MindfulnessPsyTx.pdf
  2. ^ a b Kabat-Zinn J (2013). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. New York: Bantam Dell. ISBN 978-0345539724.
  3. ^ a b c d Creswell JD (januar 2017). "Mindfulness Interventions". Annual Review of Psychology. 68: 491-516. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139. PMID 27687118. Methodologically rigorous RCTs have demonstrated that mindfulness interventions improve outcomes in multiple domains (e.g., chronic pain, depression relapse, addiction).
  4. ^ American Psychological Association (APA.org, 2012); Kabat-Zinn, in Purser, 2015; as cited at PositivePsychology.com, What Is Mindfulness? Definition + Benefits (Incl. Psychology).
  5. ^ a b c [https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/mindfulness  L. Vistrup: mindfulness, artikel i lex.dk]
  6. ^ Slagter HA, Davidson RJ, Lutz A (2011). "Mental training as a tool in the neuroscientific study of brain and cognitive plasticity". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 5: 17. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00017. PMC 3039118. PMID 21347275.
  7. ^ Gary Deatherage (1975). "The clinical use of "mindfulness" meditation techniques in short-term psychotherapy" (PDF). Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. 7 (2): 133-43.
  8. ^ a b Karunamuni, Nandini; Weerasekera, Rasanjala (2019). "Theoretical Foundations to Guide Mindfulness Meditation: A Path to Wisdom". Current Psychology. 38 (3): 627-646. doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9631-7. S2CID 149024504.
  9. ^ Van Gordon, William; Shonin, Edo; Griffiths, Mark D; Singh, Nirbhay N. (2014). "There is Only One Mindfulness: Why Science and Buddhism Need to Work Together". Mindfulness. 6: 49-56. doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0379-y.
  10. ^ Nisbet, Matthew (2017). "The Mindfulness Movement: How a Buddhist Practice Evolved into a Scientific Approach to Life". Skeptical Inquirer. 41 (3): 24-26. Arkiveret fra originalen 2018-10-02. Hentet 2. oktober 2018.
  11. ^ Wilson, Jeff (2014). Mindful America: The Mutual Transformation of Buddhist Meditation and American Culture. Oxford University Press. s. 35.
  12. ^ a b "Sati". The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary. Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, University of Chicago. Arkiveret fra originalen 2012-12-12.
  13. ^ Dreyfus 2013, s. 44–48.
  14. ^ Polak 2011, s. 153–56.
  15. ^ Williams & Tribe 2000, s. 46.
  16. ^ Buddhadasa Bhikkhu 2014, s. 79, 101, 117 note 42.
  17. ^ Thompson, Evan (2020). Why I Am Not a Buddhist. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. s. 120. ISBN 978-0-300-22655-3. Buddhism has no single, agreed-upon traditional definition of mindfulness. Rather, Buddhism offers multiple and sometimes incompatible conceptions of mindfulness.
  18. ^ Anālayo, Bhikku (2003). Satipaṭṭhāna, the direct path to realization. Windhorse Publications.
  19. ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi. "The Noble Eightfold Path". Access to Insight. Hentet 2009-03-16.
  20. ^ Buchholz L (oktober 2015). "Exploring the Promise of Mindfulness as Medicine". JAMA. 314 (13): 1327-9. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.7023. PMID 26441167.
  21. ^ Davidson R (september 2005). "Meditation and neuroplasticity: training your brain. Interview by Bonnie J. Horrigan". Explore. 1 (5): 380-8. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2005.06.013. PMID 16781570.
  22. ^ a b Harrington A, Dunne JD (oktober 2015). "When mindfulness is therapy: Ethical qualms, historical perspectives". The American Psychologist. 70 (7): 621-31. doi:10.1037/a0039460. PMID 26436312. Mindfulness, the argument goes, was never supposed to be about weight loss, better sex, helping children perform better in school, helping employees be more productive in the workplace, or even improving the functioning of anxious, depressed people. It was never supposed to be a merchandized commodity to be bought and sold.
  23. ^ "Arkiveret kopi". Arkiveret fra originalen 18. januar 2021. Hentet 29. december 2020.
  24. ^ a b Blanck P, Perleth S, Heidenreich T. Kroeger P, Ditzen B, Bents H, Mander J. (2018). "Effects of mindfulness exercises as stand-alone intervention on symptoms of anxiety and depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 102: 25-35. doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0379-y. PMID 29291584.{{cite journal}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (link)
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  32. ^ https://www.information.dk/debat/2019/02/laerere-paedagoger-boer-bruge-mindfulness-undervisningen
  33. ^ Noetel, Michael; Ciarrochi, Joseph; Van Zanden, Brooke; Lonsdale, Chris (2019). "Mindfulness and acceptance approaches to sporting performance enhancement: a systematic review". International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 12 (1): 139-175. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2017.1387803. S2CID 149040404.
  34. ^ Paulus MP (januar 2016). "Neural Basis of Mindfulness Interventions that Moderate the Impact of Stress on the Brain". Neuropsychopharmacology. 41 (1): 373. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.239. PMC 4677133. PMID 26657952.
  35. ^ Tomlinson ER, Yousaf O, Vittersø AD, Jones L (2018). "Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review". Mindfulness. 9 (1): 23-43. doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0762-6. PMC 5770488. PMID 29387263.
  36. ^ a b Keng SL, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ (august 2011). "Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies". Clinical Psychology Review. 31 (6): 1041-56. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006. PMC 3679190. PMID 21802619.
  37. ^ Goldberg SB, Tucker RP, Greene PA, Davidson RJ, Wampold BE, Kearney DJ, Simpson TL (februar 2018). "Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 59: 52-60. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011. PMC 5741505. PMID 29126747.
  38. ^ Boyd JE, Lanius RA, McKinnon MC (januar 2018). "Mindfulness-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the treatment literature and neurobiological evidence". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 43 (1): 7-25. doi:10.1503/jpn.170021. PMC 5747539. PMID 29252162.
  39. ^ Rodrigues MF, Nardi AE, Levitan M (2017). "Mindfulness in mood and anxiety disorders: a review of the literature". Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. 39 (3): 207-215. doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0051. PMID 28767927.
  40. ^ Aust J, Bradshaw T (februar 2017). "Mindfulness interventions for psychosis: a systematic review of the literature". Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 24 (1): 69-83. doi:10.1111/jpm.12357. PMID 27928859. S2CID 206143093.
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  42. ^ Louise S, Fitzpatrick M, Strauss C, Rossell SL, Thomas N (februar 2018). "Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions for psychosis: Our current understanding and a meta-analysis". Schizophrenia Research. 192: 57-63. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.023. PMID 28545945. S2CID 3374099.
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  61. ^ Farias, Miguel. "Mindfulness Has Lost Its Buddhist Roots, and it may not be doing you good". The Conversation. Hentet 5. februar 2020. What was once a tool for spiritual exploration has been turned into a panacea for the modern age — a cure-all for common human problems, from stress, to anxiety, to depression. [...] Yet the potential for emotional and psychological disturbance is rarely talked about by mindfulness researchers, the media, or mentioned in training courses. [...] Mindfulness has been separated from its roots, stripped of its ethical and spiritual connotations, and sold to us as a therapeutic tool. [...] Instead, as Giles Coren recently claimed, this technique has been turned into a McMindfulness which only reinforces one’s egocentric drives.
  62. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=na-x1P3sFt4 Lone Overby Fjorback – 13:15 min.
  63. ^ http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/634/action/2/vis/15895/ Kvinfo.dk - Forskning. Hentet den 6. september 2015.
  64. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN_n_QJDcqY Lone Overby Fjorback - 0:54 min.
  65. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN_n_QJDcqY Lone Overby Fjorback - 2:25 min.
  66. ^ "Det er kongernes skyld, hvis du drikker for meget", artikel af Camilla Stockmann i Politiken 31. december 2022

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