„John Tyler Morgan“ – Versionsunterschied

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[[Image:john_t_morgan.jpg|thumb|John Tyler Morgan]]
'''John Tyler Morgan''' (* [[20. Juni]] [[1824]] in [[Athens (Tennessee)|Athens]], [[Tennessee]]; † [[11. Juni]] [[1907]] in [[Washington (D.C.)]]) war im amerikanischen [[Sezessionskrieg|Bürgerkrieg]] General der [[Armee der Konföderierten Staaten von Amerika]]. Nach dem Krieg vertrat er sechs Amtszeiten lang den Bundesstaat [[Alabama]] im [[US-Senat]]. Dort trat der studierte Jurist im Sinne der [[Subsidiarität]] für eine Stärkung der Bundesstaaten gegen die Zentralregierung in Washingthon ein.
[[Bild:john_t_morgan.jpg|thumb|John Tyler Morgan]] '''John Tyler Morgan''' (*[[20. Juni]] [[1824]] in [[Athens (Tennessee)|Athens]], [[Tennessee]]; † [[11. Juni]] [[1907]] in [[Washington (D.C.)]]) war im amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg General der [[Confederate States Army]]. Nach dem [[Amerikanischer Bürgerkrieg|Bürgerkrieg]] vertrat er sechs Amtszeiten lang den Bundesstaat [[Alabama]] im [[Senat der Vereinigten Staaten|amerikanischen Senat]].


Er war zeitlebens ein Verfechter der strikten [[Rassentrennung]] und führendes Mitglied des rassistischen Geheimbundes [[Ku-Klux-Klan]].
Er war zeitlebens ein Verfechter einer strikten Rassentrennung und führendes Mitglied des rassistischen Geheimbundes [[Ku-Klux-Klan]]. Politisch unterstütze er die Expansionspolitik der Vereinigten Staaten und trat für die [[Annektierung]] der [[Republik Hawaii]] und für den Bau eines [[Kanal (Wasserbau)|Kanals]] zur Verbindung des [[Atlantischer Ozean|Atlantischen]] mit dem [[Pazifischer Ozean|Pazifischen Ozeans]] in [[Zentralamerika]] unter US-amerikanischer Leitung ein, favorisierte allerdings [[Nicaragua]] als Standort anstelle von [[Panama]].


== Anfänge seiner Karriere ==
Morgan starb in seinem Büro in Washington.


Morgan wurde in [[Athens (Tennessee)]] geboren und zunächst durch seine Mutter unterrichtet. 1833 zog er mit seiner Familie ins [[Calhoun County (Alabama)|Calhoun County]], wo er Pionierschulen besuchte. Dann absolvierte er in [[Tuskegee]], [[Alabama]] bei seinem Schwager, dem Richter [[William Parish Chilton]] ein Studium der [[Rechtswissenschaften]]. Nachdem er zugelassen wurde, gründete er eine Praxis in [[Talladega]], Alabama]]. Zehn Jahre später verlegte er seinen Wohnsitz ins [[:en:Dallas County, Alabama|Dallas County]] und praktizierte in [[Selma (Alabama)|Selma]] und [[Cahaba]].
==Weblinks==

* [http://morganreport.org morganreport.org] Online images and transcriptions of the entire Morgan Report
Er wendete sich dann der Politik zu und war 1860 für die [[Demokratische Partei|Demokraten]] Teilnehmer im [[Electoral College]] zugunsten von [[John Cabell Breckinridge]]. 1861 wurde er Delegierter des Dallas Countys bei der bundesstaatlichen Konferenz, die der [[Sezession]] zustimmte.
* [http://www.archives.state.al.us/famous/j_morgan.html Alabama Hall of Fame bio]

== Bürgerkrieg ==

Nachdem Alabama dafür gestimmt hat, sich den [[Konföderierte Staaten von Amerika|Konföderierten Staaten von Amerika]] anzuschließen, schrieb sich Morgan, bereits 37 Jahre alt, als Gefreiter bei den Cahaba Rifles ein, die als Freiwillige in der [[Armee der Konföderierten Staaten von Amerika]] dienten und wurde dem 5. Alabama Infanterieregiment zugeteilt. Im Sommer 1861 nahm er an seinem ersten Gefecht während der [[Erste Schlacht am Bull Run|Erste Schlacht von Manassas]] teil. Morgan wurde schnell zum [[Major]] und dann zum [[Oberstleutnant]] befördert und war [[Oberst|Col.]] [[Robert E. Rodes]] unterstellt, einem späteren konföderierten General. Im Jahre 1862 nahm er seinen Abschied und kehrte nach Alabama zurück, wo er im August ein neues Regiment rekrutierte, die 51. Alabama [[Partisan|Partisan Rangers]], deren Oberst er wurde. Er führte die Truppe in der [[Schlacht am Stones River|Schlacht von Murfreesboro)]], wo er mit der [[Kavallerie]]einheit von [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] operierte.

Als Rodes zum [[Generalmajor]] befördert wurde, erhielt er das Kommando über eine [[Division (Militär)|Division]] in der [[Army of Northern Virginia]]. Er lehnte das Angebot ab, die alte Brigade von Rodes zu übernehmen und blieb stattdessen auf dem <!--[[:en:Western Theater of the American Civil War|-->westlichen Kriegsschauplatz des Bürgerkrieges. Er führte die Truppen der [[Südstaaten]] während der [[Schlacht von Chickamauga]]. Am 16. November 1863 wurde er zum [[Brigadegeneral]] der Kavallerie befördert und nahm am [[Knoxville-Feldzug]] <!--[[:en:Knoxville Campaign]]-->teil. Seine Brigade bestand dabei aus dem 1., 3., 4., 9. und 51. Kavallerieregiment Alabamas.

Seine Männer wurden am 27. Januar 1864 geschlagen und durch Truppen der [[Union (Amerikanischer Bürgerkrieg)]] versprengt. Ihm wurde ein neues Kommando zugeteilt und Morgan kämpfte schließlich während des [[Atlanta-Feldzug]]s. Seine Männer trieben [[William T. Sherman]]s Truppen während des [[Sherman's March to the Sea|March to the Sea]]<!--[[:en:Sherman's March to the Sea]]--> vor sich her. Später gab man ihm einen administrativen Posten in [[Demopolis]], Alabama. Als die Armee der Konföderierten zusammenbrach und der Krieg sich seinem Ende näherte, unternahm Morgan noch den Versuch, eine Armee von Schwarzen zur Heimatverteidigung aufzustellen.

== Nachkriegskarriere ==

[[Bild:John Tyler Morgan - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|Morgan, etwa 1875]] Nach dem Krieg nahm Morgan in [[Selma]], Alabama seine Arbeit als Rechtsanwalt wieder auf. Er wurde erneut für die [[Demokratische Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)|Demokraten]] Wahlmann bei der [[Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1876|Präsidentschaftswahl 1876]] und wurde im selben Jahr in den [[Senat der Vereinigten Staaten]] gewählt. Er trat sein Amt am 4. März 1877 an und wurde 1882, 1888, 1894, 1900, and 1906 wiedergewählt. Den größten Teil seiner Amtszeit, die durch seinen Tod endete, verbrachte er in Gesellschaft eines weiteren ehemaligen [[General]]s der Konföderierten, [[Edmund W. Pettus]].

Morgan warb für die Trennung von Schwarzen und Weißen in den Vereinigten Staaten ein und trat dafür ein, Farbigen nach [[Hawaii|Hawai{{Okina}}i]], [[Kuba]] und auf die [[Philippinen]] zu schicken, die letztere vermutlich aufgrund ihrer weiten Entfernung nach seiner Meinung eine „natürliche Heimat der Neger“.<ref>Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Mariner Books; 1. Auflage. (October 1999) Seiten 79–80</ref>

Er brachte eine Reihe von Gesetzesinitiativen ein, einschließlich solcher zur Legalisierung von [[Lynchmord]] und kämpfte unermüdlich für die Rücknahme des [[15. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten]]. Dieser verbot die Ablehnung des [[Wahlrecht]]s aufgrund der [[Rasse]].<ref>[http://www.texasgop.org/site/DocServer/civil_rights_platform_comparison.pdf?docID=103 Democrats and Republicans: In Their Own Words] {{Zitat|"According to prominent Democrat leader A. W. Terrell of Texas, the 15th Amendment was what he called 'the political blunder of the century.' Democratic U. S. Rep. Bourke Cockran of New York and Democratic U.S. Senator John Tyler Morgan of Alabama agreed with Terrell and were among the Democrats seeking a repeal of the 15th Amendment."}}</ref>
Tyler war Vorsitzender des [[United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration|Senatsausschusses für Regeln]] (46. Kongress), des [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senatsausschusses für Äußere Beziehungen]] (53. Kongress), dem Senatsausschuss für den Kanal zwischen den Ozeanen (56. und 57. Kongress), sowie dem Senatsausschuss für Öffentliche Gesundheit und die Nationale Quarantäne (59. Kongress). 1894 leitete Morgan eine Untersuchung, deren Ergebnis als [[Morgan Report]] bekannt wurde und die sich mit der Revolution auf Hawai{{Okina}}i befasste. Der Bericht stellte fest, dass die Vereinigten Staaten in der Angelegenheit völlig neutral geblieben waren. Von Morgan wurde die Einführung des Reportes geschrieben, die auf den Feststellungen des Untersuchungsausschusse basierten.

Morgan war ein starker Befürworter einer [[Annektierung]] [[Hawaii|Hawai{{Okina}}is]] und besuchte die Insel 1897, um diesen Plan zu unterstützen. Er war überzeugt, dass die [[Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten]] eindeutig bewies, dass es zur Annektierung nicht erforderlich sei, auf Hawai{{Okina}}i eine [[Volksabstimmung]] durchzuführen.

== Tod und politisches Vermächtnis ==

Senator Morgan starb in [[Washington D. C.]], als er noch sein Amt bekleidete. Er fand seine letzte Ruhestätte auf dem Live Oak Cemetery in Selma, Alabama. Für den Rest der Amtszeit fiel das Mandat an [[John H. Bankhead]].

Seine Bedeutung für die US-amerikanische Poltik wird von dem Historiker Thomas Adams Upchurch beschrieben:

{{Zitat|„Seine Kongressreden und veröffentlichten Schriften zeigen die zentrale Rolle, die Morgan im Drama der Rassenpolitik auf dem Capitol Hill und in der nationalen Presse von 1889 bis 1891 spielte. Noch wichtiger, sie enthüllen seine Führungsrolle beim Schmieden der Ideologie einer Vorherrschaft der Weißen, welche die Beziehungen zwischen den amerikanischen Rassen von den 1890er bis in die 1960er Jahre dominierte. In der Tat stellte sich Morgan als der bekannteste und berüchtigste rassistische Ideologe seiner Zeit heraus, ein Mann, der mehr als jede andere Einzelperson den Tonfall für die aufkommende [[Jim Crow|Jim-Crow-Ära]] setzte.“|Thomas Adams Upchurch <ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3880/is_200404/ai_n9363921 Senator John Tyler Morgan and the Genesis of Jim Crow Ideology, 1889-1891]. Alabama Review, Apr 2004<br>„His congressional speeches and published writings demonstrate the central role that Morgan played in the drama of racial politics on Capitol Hill and in the national press from 1889 to 1891. More importantly, they reveal his leadership in forging the ideology of white supremacy that dominated American race relations from the 1890s to the 1960s. Indeed, Morgan emerged as the most prominent and notorious racist ideologue of his day, a man who, as much as any other individual, set the tone for the coming Jim Crow era.“</ref>}}

== Gedenken ==

1953 wurde Morgan in die [[Alabama Hall of Fame]] aufgenommen. Nach ihm ist die 1965 gegründete Privatschule John T. Morgan Academy in Selma benannt, die in ihrer Anfangszeit in Morgans altem Wohnhaus ihre Tätigkeit aufnahm.

Die [[University of Alabama]] gab ''Morgan Hall'' auf dem Campus den Namen des Senators, der 1882 erfolgreich war und [[Reparation]]szahlungen aus Bundesmitteln zum Ausgleich der Zerstörung der Universität 1865 durch Unionstruppen durchsetzte.

Ein Denkmal auf dem Gelände des Bundesgebäudes und United States Courthouse in Selma ehrt die Senatoren Morgan und Pettus für ihre Rolle bei der Festlegung der Zuwendungen der Bundesregierung für Alabama. Das [[Liberty-Frachter|Liberty-Frachschiff]] [[USS John Morgan]] wurde nach John Tyler Morgen benannt.

== Literatur ==

* Warner, Ezra J., ''Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders'', Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 1959, ISBN 0-8071-0823-5. (englisch)

== Einzelnachweise ==

<references/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000954 Biographie auf der Website des US-Kongresses] (englisch)
* [http://morganreport.org morganreport.org] Abbildungen und vollständige Transkription des Morgan Reports (englisch)
* [http://www.archives.state.al.us/famous/j_morgan.html Biographie auf der Website der Alabama Hall of Fame] (englisch)


{{Navigationsleiste US-Senatoren aus Alabama}}
{{Navigationsleiste US-Senatoren aus Alabama}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, John T.}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, John T.}}
[[Kategorie:Militärperson (Vereinigte Staaten)]]
[[Kategorie:Senator der Vereinigten Staaten aus Alabama]]
[[Kategorie:Ku-Klux-Klan]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1824]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1824]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1907]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1907]][[Kategorie:Mann]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]
[[Kategorie:Senator der Vereinigten Staaten aus Alabama]]
[[Kategorie:Militärperson (Vereinigte Staaten)]]
[[Kategorie:Militärperson (Amerikanischer Bürgerkrieg)]]


{{Personendaten
{{Personendaten
|NAME=Morgan, John Tyler
|NAME=Morgan, John Tyler
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=US-amerikanischer Politiker und Abgeordneter
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=Amerikanischer Politiker und Abgeordneter
|GEBURTSDATUM=20. Juni 1824
|GEBURTSDATUM=[[20. Juni]] [[1824]]
|GEBURTSORT=[[Athens (Tennessee)|Athens]], [[Tennessee]], Vereinigte Staaten
|GEBURTSORT=[[Athens]], [[Tennessee]], Vereinigte Staaten
|STERBEDATUM=11. Juni 1907
|STERBEDATUM=[[11. Juni]] [[1907]]
|STERBEORT=[[Washington (D.C.)]], Vereinigte Staaten
|STERBEORT=[[Washington D. C.]], Vereinigte Staaten
}}
}}


[[en:John Tyler Morgan]]
[[en:John Tyler Morgan]]

== Versionsgeschichte des englischen Artikels, der übersetzt wurde ==

# cur) (last) 11:17, 10 January 2008 PixelBot (Talk | contribs) m (9,490 bytes) (robot Adding: de:John Tyler Morgan) (undo)
# (cur) (last) 05:08, 6 January 2008 Harryboyles (Talk | contribs) m (9,464 bytes) (Fix {{fact}} tag) (undo)
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# (cur) (last) 08:50, 1 October 2007 Arjuna808 (Talk | contribs) (9,528 bytes) (rvv to last version by Nick10000) (undo)
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# (cur) (last) 06:09, 1 October 2007 Nick10000 (Talk | contribs) m (9,528 bytes) (Reverted 2 edits by 209.244.16.164 identified as vandalism to last revision by JereKrischel. using TW) (undo)
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# (cur) (last) 04:12, 26 August 2007 Arjuna808 (Talk | contribs) (11,822 bytes) (just a note -- can't get the references to show up. Assistance requested.) (undo)
# (cur) (last) 04:10, 26 August 2007 Arjuna808 (Talk | contribs) (11,821 bytes) (restoring some of Laualoha's material -- this seems like fair material to me, JK) (undo)
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# (cur) (last) 04:57, 25 August 2007 JereKrischel (Talk | contribs) m (8,821 bytes) (aloha laualoha, please see your talk page, and let's work together to improve the morgan article. mahalo!) (undo)
# (cur) (last) 03:36, 25 August 2007 Laualoha (Talk | contribs) (10,845 bytes) (→Postbellum career - the other quote returned. Stop it please.) (undo)
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# (cur) (last) 03:31, 25 August 2007 Laualoha (Talk | contribs) (9,770 bytes) (→Postbellum career - returning part about writings - quit it with the censorship Jere!) (undo)
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== Englische Originalversion ==

[[Image:john_t_morgan.jpg|thumb|200px|John Tyler Morgan]]
'''John Tyler Morgan''' ([[June 20]] [[1824]] – [[June 11]] [[1907]]) was a general in the [[Confederate States Army]] during the [[American Civil War]], a Grand Dragon of the [[Ku Klux Klan]],<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/kkk.html Albert Pike did not found the Ku Klux Klan], article from the Grand Lodge of Freemasons, British Columbia and Yukon</ref> and a [[postbellum]] six-term [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] from the [[U.S. state|state]] of [[Alabama]]. He was a strong supporter of [[states rights]] and [[racial segregation]] through the [[Reconstruction]] era. He was an [[expansionist]], arguing for the [[annexation]] of the [[Republic of Hawaii]] and for U.S. construction of an interoceanic [[canal]] in [[South America]].

==Early life and career==

Morgan was born in [[Athens, Tennessee]], and was initially educated by his mother. In 1833, he moved with his parents to [[Calhoun County, Alabama]], where he attended frontier schools and then studied law in [[Tuskegee, Alabama|Tuskegee]] with justice [[William Parish Chilton]], his brother-in-law. After admission to the bar he established a practice in [[Talladega, Alabama|Talledega]]. Ten years later, Morgan moved to [[Dallas County, Alabama|Dallas County]] and resumed the practice of law in [[Selma, Alabama|Selma]] and [[Cahaba, Alabama|Cahaba]].

Turning to politics, Morgan became a [[presidential elector]] on the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] ticket in 1860, and supported [[John C. Breckinridge]]. He was delegate from Dallas County to the State Convention of 1861, which passed the ordinance of [[secession]].

==Civil War==

With Alabama's vote to leave the [[Union (ACW)|Union]], at the age of 37 Morgan enlisted as a private in the Cahaba Rifles, which volunteered its services in the [[Confederate Army]] and was assigned to the 5th Alabama Infantry. He first saw action at the [[First Battle of Manassas]] in the summer of 1861. Morgan rose to [[major]] and then [[lieutenant colonel]], serving under [[Colonel|Col.]] [[Robert E. Rodes]], a future Confederate general. Morgan resigned in 1862 and returned to [[Alabama]], where in August he recruited a new [[regiment]], the 51st Alabama [[Partisan (military)|Partisan Rangers]], becoming its colonel. He led it at the [[Battle of Stones River]], operating in cooperation with the cavalry of [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]].

When Rodes was promoted to [[major general]] and given a [[division (military)|division]] in the [[Army of Northern Virginia]], Morgan declined an offer to command Rodes's old [[brigade]] and instead remained in the [[Western Theater of the American Civil War|Western Theater]], leading troops at the [[Battle of Chickamauga]]. On [[November 16]], [[1863]], he was appointed as a [[brigadier general]] of cavalry and participated in the [[Knoxville Campaign]]. His brigade consisted of the 1st, 3rd, 4th (Russell's), 9th, and 51st Alabama Cavalry regiments.

His men were routed and dispersed by Federal cavalry on [[January 27]], [[1864]]. He was reassigned to a new command and fought in the [[Atlanta Campaign]]. Subsequently, his men harassed [[William T. Sherman]]'s troops during the [[March to the Sea]]. Later, he was assigned to administrative duty in [[Demopolis, Alabama]]. When the Confederacy collapsed and the war ended, Morgan was trying to organize Alabama black troops for home defense.

==Postbellum career==
[[Image:John Tyler Morgan - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|Morgan, circa 1875]]

After the war, Morgan resumed the practicing of law in Selma, Alabama. He was once again presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1876 and was elected as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to the United States Senate in that year, being re-elected in 1882, 1888, 1894, 1900, and 1906, and serving from [[March 4]], [[1877]], until his death. For much of his tenure, he served as Senator alongside a fellow former Confederate general, [[Edmund W. Pettus]].

Morgan advocated for separating blacks and whites in the U.S. by encouraging the migration of black people out of the U.S. south. Hoschild wrote, "at various times in his long career Morgan also advocated sending them [negroes] to Hawaii, to Cuba, and to the Philippines - which, perhaps because the islands were so far away, he claimed were a “native home of the negro."<ref>Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Mariner Books; 1st Mariner Books Ed edition (October 1999) p79-80</ref>

He introduced and fought for numerous legislative bills in support of legal [[lynching]].{{fact|date=August 2007}} Morgan also staunchly worked for the repeal of the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth Amendment]] to the [[U.S. Constitution]] that was intended to prevent the denial of [[voting rights]] based on [[race]].<ref>[http://www.texasgop.org/site/DocServer/civil_rights_platform_comparison.pdf?docID=103 Democrats and Republicans: In Their Own Words] A 124 Year History of Major Civil Rights Efforts Based on a Side-by-Side Comparison of the Early Platforms of the Two Major Political Parties "According to prominent Democrat leader A. W. Terrell of Texas, the 15th Amendment was what he called “the political blunder of the century.” Democratic U. S. Rep. Bourke Cockran of New York and Democratic U.S. Senator John Tyler Morgan of Alabama agreed with Terrell and were among the Democrats seeking a repeal of the 15th Amendment."</ref>
He was chairman of [[United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration|Committee on Rules]] (Forty-sixth Congress), the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Committee on Foreign Relations]] (Fifty-third Congress), the Committee on Interoceanic Canals (Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh Congresses), and the Committee on Public Health and National Quarantine (Fifty-ninth Congress). In 1894, Morgan chaired an investigation, known as the [[Morgan Report]] into the Hawaiian Revolution which concluded that the U.S. had remained completely neutral in the matter. He authored the introduction to the [[Morgan Report]] based on the findings of the investigative committee.

He was a strong supporter of the annexation of [[Hawaii]] and visited Hawaii in 1897 in support of annexation. He believed that the history of the U.S. clearly indicated it was unnecessary to hold a plebiscite in Hawaii as a condition for annexation.

==Death and Legacy==
Senator Morgan died in [[Washington, D.C.]] while still in office. He was buried in Live Oak Cemetery in Selma, Alabama. The remainder of his term was served by [[John H. Bankhead]].

An article by history professor Thomas Adams Upchurch in the April 2004 ''Alabama Review'' says:

:His congressional speeches and published writings demonstrate the central role that Morgan played in the drama of racial politics on Capitol Hill and in the national press from 1889 to 1891. More importantly, they reveal his leadership in forging the ideology of [[white supremacy]] that dominated American race relations from the 1890s to the 1960s. Indeed, Morgan emerged as the most prominent and notorious racist ideologue of his day, a man who, as much as any other individual, set the tone for the coming [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] era." <ref>Upchurch, Thomas Adams, [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3880/is_200404/ai_n9363921 Senator John Tyler Morgan and the Genesis of Jim Crow Ideology, 1889-1891], Alabama Review, Apr 2004</ref>

==Memorialization==

* In 1953, Morgan was elected to membership in the [[Alabama Hall of Fame]].

* The John T. Morgan Academy in Selma is named for Morgan. Founded in 1965, the private school originally met in Morgan's old house.

* Morgan Hall on the campus of the [[University of Alabama]] was also named in his honor. Senator Morgan had successfully led a fight in 1882 to obtain Federal funds in reparation for the university's destruction in 1865 by Union forces.

* Morgan's Rock in the country of [[Nicaragua]] was named for Morgan, who as a Senator had strongly advocated Nicaragua as the preferred location for an interoceanic [[canal]], instead of [[Panama]].

* A memorial arch on the grounds of the Federal Building / U.S. Courthouse in Selma honors Senators Morgan and Pettus, who were instrumental in securing Federal appropriations for the State.

* {{libship honor|name=John Morgan|type=his}}

== References and links==
<references/>
{{CongBio|M000954}}
* Warner, Ezra J., ''Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders'', Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959, ISBN 0-8071-0823-5.
* [http://morganreport.org morganreport.org] Online images and transcriptions of the entire Morgan Report
* [http://www.archives.state.al.us/famous/j_morgan.html Alabama Hall of Fame bio]

{{start box}}
{{U.S. Senator box
|state=Alabama
|class=2
|before=[[George Goldthwaite]]
|after=[[John H. Bankhead]]
|alongside=[[George E. Spencer]], [[George S. Houston]], [[Luke Pryor]], [[James L. Pugh]], [[Edmund Pettus|Edmund W. Pettus]]
|years=1877&ndash;1907}}
{{end box}}
{{USSenAL}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, John T.}}
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1907 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Alabama]]
[[Category:Confederate States Army generals]]
[[Category:United States presidential electors]]
[[Category:People of Alabama in the American Civil War]]

[[de:John Tyler Morgan]]

Version vom 26. Januar 2008, 15:37 Uhr

John Tyler Morgan

John Tyler Morgan (*20. Juni 1824 in Athens, Tennessee; † 11. Juni 1907 in Washington (D.C.)) war im amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg General der Confederate States Army. Nach dem Bürgerkrieg vertrat er sechs Amtszeiten lang den Bundesstaat Alabama im amerikanischen Senat.

Er war zeitlebens ein Verfechter einer strikten Rassentrennung und führendes Mitglied des rassistischen Geheimbundes Ku-Klux-Klan. Politisch unterstütze er die Expansionspolitik der Vereinigten Staaten und trat für die Annektierung der Republik Hawaii und für den Bau eines Kanals zur Verbindung des Atlantischen mit dem Pazifischen Ozeans in Zentralamerika unter US-amerikanischer Leitung ein, favorisierte allerdings Nicaragua als Standort anstelle von Panama.

Anfänge seiner Karriere

Morgan wurde in Athens (Tennessee) geboren und zunächst durch seine Mutter unterrichtet. 1833 zog er mit seiner Familie ins Calhoun County, wo er Pionierschulen besuchte. Dann absolvierte er in Tuskegee, Alabama bei seinem Schwager, dem Richter William Parish Chilton ein Studium der Rechtswissenschaften. Nachdem er zugelassen wurde, gründete er eine Praxis in Talladega, Alabama]]. Zehn Jahre später verlegte er seinen Wohnsitz ins Dallas County und praktizierte in Selma und Cahaba.

Er wendete sich dann der Politik zu und war 1860 für die Demokraten Teilnehmer im Electoral College zugunsten von John Cabell Breckinridge. 1861 wurde er Delegierter des Dallas Countys bei der bundesstaatlichen Konferenz, die der Sezession zustimmte.

Bürgerkrieg

Nachdem Alabama dafür gestimmt hat, sich den Konföderierten Staaten von Amerika anzuschließen, schrieb sich Morgan, bereits 37 Jahre alt, als Gefreiter bei den Cahaba Rifles ein, die als Freiwillige in der Armee der Konföderierten Staaten von Amerika dienten und wurde dem 5. Alabama Infanterieregiment zugeteilt. Im Sommer 1861 nahm er an seinem ersten Gefecht während der Erste Schlacht von Manassas teil. Morgan wurde schnell zum Major und dann zum Oberstleutnant befördert und war Col. Robert E. Rodes unterstellt, einem späteren konföderierten General. Im Jahre 1862 nahm er seinen Abschied und kehrte nach Alabama zurück, wo er im August ein neues Regiment rekrutierte, die 51. Alabama Partisan Rangers, deren Oberst er wurde. Er führte die Truppe in der Schlacht von Murfreesboro), wo er mit der Kavallerieeinheit von Nathan Bedford Forrest operierte.

Als Rodes zum Generalmajor befördert wurde, erhielt er das Kommando über eine Division in der Army of Northern Virginia. Er lehnte das Angebot ab, die alte Brigade von Rodes zu übernehmen und blieb stattdessen auf dem westlichen Kriegsschauplatz des Bürgerkrieges. Er führte die Truppen der Südstaaten während der Schlacht von Chickamauga. Am 16. November 1863 wurde er zum Brigadegeneral der Kavallerie befördert und nahm am Knoxville-Feldzug teil. Seine Brigade bestand dabei aus dem 1., 3., 4., 9. und 51. Kavallerieregiment Alabamas.

Seine Männer wurden am 27. Januar 1864 geschlagen und durch Truppen der Union (Amerikanischer Bürgerkrieg) versprengt. Ihm wurde ein neues Kommando zugeteilt und Morgan kämpfte schließlich während des Atlanta-Feldzugs. Seine Männer trieben William T. Shermans Truppen während des March to the Sea vor sich her. Später gab man ihm einen administrativen Posten in Demopolis, Alabama. Als die Armee der Konföderierten zusammenbrach und der Krieg sich seinem Ende näherte, unternahm Morgan noch den Versuch, eine Armee von Schwarzen zur Heimatverteidigung aufzustellen.

Nachkriegskarriere

Morgan, etwa 1875

Nach dem Krieg nahm Morgan in Selma, Alabama seine Arbeit als Rechtsanwalt wieder auf. Er wurde erneut für die Demokraten Wahlmann bei der Präsidentschaftswahl 1876 und wurde im selben Jahr in den Senat der Vereinigten Staaten gewählt. Er trat sein Amt am 4. März 1877 an und wurde 1882, 1888, 1894, 1900, and 1906 wiedergewählt. Den größten Teil seiner Amtszeit, die durch seinen Tod endete, verbrachte er in Gesellschaft eines weiteren ehemaligen Generals der Konföderierten, Edmund W. Pettus.

Morgan warb für die Trennung von Schwarzen und Weißen in den Vereinigten Staaten ein und trat dafür ein, Farbigen nach [[Hawaii|HawaiVorlage:Okinai]], Kuba und auf die Philippinen zu schicken, die letztere vermutlich aufgrund ihrer weiten Entfernung nach seiner Meinung eine „natürliche Heimat der Neger“.[1]

Er brachte eine Reihe von Gesetzesinitiativen ein, einschließlich solcher zur Legalisierung von Lynchmord und kämpfte unermüdlich für die Rücknahme des 15. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten. Dieser verbot die Ablehnung des Wahlrechts aufgrund der Rasse.[2] Tyler war Vorsitzender des Senatsausschusses für Regeln (46. Kongress), des Senatsausschusses für Äußere Beziehungen (53. Kongress), dem Senatsausschuss für den Kanal zwischen den Ozeanen (56. und 57. Kongress), sowie dem Senatsausschuss für Öffentliche Gesundheit und die Nationale Quarantäne (59. Kongress). 1894 leitete Morgan eine Untersuchung, deren Ergebnis als Morgan Report bekannt wurde und die sich mit der Revolution auf HawaiVorlage:Okinai befasste. Der Bericht stellte fest, dass die Vereinigten Staaten in der Angelegenheit völlig neutral geblieben waren. Von Morgan wurde die Einführung des Reportes geschrieben, die auf den Feststellungen des Untersuchungsausschusse basierten.

Morgan war ein starker Befürworter einer Annektierung [[Hawaii|HawaiVorlage:Okinais]] und besuchte die Insel 1897, um diesen Plan zu unterstützen. Er war überzeugt, dass die Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten eindeutig bewies, dass es zur Annektierung nicht erforderlich sei, auf HawaiVorlage:Okinai eine Volksabstimmung durchzuführen.

Tod und politisches Vermächtnis

Senator Morgan starb in Washington D. C., als er noch sein Amt bekleidete. Er fand seine letzte Ruhestätte auf dem Live Oak Cemetery in Selma, Alabama. Für den Rest der Amtszeit fiel das Mandat an John H. Bankhead.

Seine Bedeutung für die US-amerikanische Poltik wird von dem Historiker Thomas Adams Upchurch beschrieben:

„„Seine Kongressreden und veröffentlichten Schriften zeigen die zentrale Rolle, die Morgan im Drama der Rassenpolitik auf dem Capitol Hill und in der nationalen Presse von 1889 bis 1891 spielte. Noch wichtiger, sie enthüllen seine Führungsrolle beim Schmieden der Ideologie einer Vorherrschaft der Weißen, welche die Beziehungen zwischen den amerikanischen Rassen von den 1890er bis in die 1960er Jahre dominierte. In der Tat stellte sich Morgan als der bekannteste und berüchtigste rassistische Ideologe seiner Zeit heraus, ein Mann, der mehr als jede andere Einzelperson den Tonfall für die aufkommende Jim-Crow-Ära setzte.““

– Thomas Adams Upchurch [3]

Gedenken

1953 wurde Morgan in die Alabama Hall of Fame aufgenommen. Nach ihm ist die 1965 gegründete Privatschule John T. Morgan Academy in Selma benannt, die in ihrer Anfangszeit in Morgans altem Wohnhaus ihre Tätigkeit aufnahm.

Die University of Alabama gab Morgan Hall auf dem Campus den Namen des Senators, der 1882 erfolgreich war und Reparationszahlungen aus Bundesmitteln zum Ausgleich der Zerstörung der Universität 1865 durch Unionstruppen durchsetzte.

Ein Denkmal auf dem Gelände des Bundesgebäudes und United States Courthouse in Selma ehrt die Senatoren Morgan und Pettus für ihre Rolle bei der Festlegung der Zuwendungen der Bundesregierung für Alabama. Das Liberty-Frachschiff USS John Morgan wurde nach John Tyler Morgen benannt.

Literatur

  • Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 1959, ISBN 0-8071-0823-5. (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Mariner Books; 1. Auflage. (October 1999) Seiten 79–80
  2. ↑ Democrats and Republicans: In Their Own Words

    „"According to prominent Democrat leader A. W. Terrell of Texas, the 15th Amendment was what he called 'the political blunder of the century.' Democratic U. S. Rep. Bourke Cockran of New York and Democratic U.S. Senator John Tyler Morgan of Alabama agreed with Terrell and were among the Democrats seeking a repeal of the 15th Amendment."“

  3. ↑ Senator John Tyler Morgan and the Genesis of Jim Crow Ideology, 1889-1891. Alabama Review, Apr 2004
    „His congressional speeches and published writings demonstrate the central role that Morgan played in the drama of racial politics on Capitol Hill and in the national press from 1889 to 1891. More importantly, they reveal his leadership in forging the ideology of white supremacy that dominated American race relations from the 1890s to the 1960s. Indeed, Morgan emerged as the most prominent and notorious racist ideologue of his day, a man who, as much as any other individual, set the tone for the coming Jim Crow era.“
Personendaten
NAME Morgan, John Tyler
KURZBESCHREIBUNG Amerikanischer Politiker und Abgeordneter
GEBURTSDATUM 20. Juni 1824
GEBURTSORT Athens, Tennessee, Vereinigte Staaten
STERBEDATUM 11. Juni 1907
STERBEORT Washington D. C., Vereinigte Staaten

Versionsgeschichte des englischen Artikels, der übersetzt wurde

  1. cur) (last) 11:17, 10 January 2008 PixelBot (Talk | contribs) m (9,490 bytes) (robot Adding: de:John Tyler Morgan) (undo)
  2. (cur) (last) 05:08, 6 January 2008 Harryboyles (Talk | contribs) m (9,464 bytes) (Fix Vorlage:Fact tag) (undo)
  3. (cur) (last) 20:57, 9 October 2007 205.174.22.26 (Talk) (9,463 bytes) (undo)
  4. (cur) (last) 14:06, 8 October 2007 BOTijo (Talk | contribs) m (9,464 bytes) (+DEFAULTSORT) (undo)
  5. (cur) (last) 08:50, 1 October 2007 Arjuna808 (Talk | contribs) (9,528 bytes) (rvv to last version by Nick10000) (undo)
  6. (cur) (last) 06:15, 1 October 2007 209.244.16.164 (Talk) (9,590 bytes) (→Memorialization) (undo)
  7. (cur) (last) 06:09, 1 October 2007 Nick10000 (Talk | contribs) m (9,528 bytes) (Reverted 2 edits by 209.244.16.164 identified as vandalism to last revision by JereKrischel. using TW) (undo)
  8. (cur) (last) 06:07, 1 October 2007 209.244.16.164 (Talk) (9,653 bytes) (→Memorialization) (undo)
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  10. (cur) (last) 08:41, 26 August 2007 JereKrischel (Talk | contribs) m (9,528 bytes) (→Postbellum career - -epxand ref) (undo)
  11. (cur) (last) 08:38, 26 August 2007 JereKrischel (Talk | contribs) (9,382 bytes) (→Postbellum career - - sorting some sentences) (undo)
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  19. (cur) (last) 04:12, 26 August 2007 Arjuna808 (Talk | contribs) (11,822 bytes) (just a note -- can't get the references to show up. Assistance requested.) (undo)
  20. (cur) (last) 04:10, 26 August 2007 Arjuna808 (Talk | contribs) (11,821 bytes) (restoring some of Laualoha's material -- this seems like fair material to me, JK) (undo)
  21. (cur) (last) 03:56, 26 August 2007 Arjuna808 (Talk | contribs) (8,892 bytes) (add reference) (undo)
  22. (cur) (last) 04:57, 25 August 2007 JereKrischel (Talk | contribs) m (8,821 bytes) (aloha laualoha, please see your talk page, and let's work together to improve the morgan article. mahalo!) (undo)
  23. (cur) (last) 03:36, 25 August 2007 Laualoha (Talk | contribs) (10,845 bytes) (→Postbellum career - the other quote returned. Stop it please.) (undo)
  24. (cur) (last) 03:34, 25 August 2007 Laualoha (Talk | contribs) (10,442 bytes) (→Postbellum career - returning quotes: leave them in, Jere, unless you want to discuss it FIRST: this is important, classic history!) (undo)
  25. (cur) (last) 03:31, 25 August 2007 Laualoha (Talk | contribs) (9,770 bytes) (→Postbellum career - returning part about writings - quit it with the censorship Jere!) (undo)
  26. (cur) (last) 03:29, 25 August 2007 Laualoha (Talk | contribs) (9,433 bytes) (→Postbellum career - clarify 15th Amendment issue (possible dual meanings were confusing)) (undo)
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  28. (cur) (last) 03:12, 25 August 2007 Laualoha (Talk | contribs) (9,210 bytes) (→Postbellum career - redo some -- censorship is a bad thing, Jere!) (undo)
  29. (cur) (last) 23:17, 24 August 2007 JereKrischel (Talk | contribs) m (8,821 bytes) (misplaced text) (undo)
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  37. (cur) (last) 10:48, 23 August 2007 66.91.47.100 (Talk) (9,257 bytes) (→Postbellum career - seems he was involved in a legal sense too but wasnt actual atty in case that I know of, so I dont want to mislead) (undo)
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Englische Originalversion

John Tyler Morgan

John Tyler Morgan (June 20 1824 – June 11 1907) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, a Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan,[1] and a postbellum six-term U.S. senator from the state of Alabama. He was a strong supporter of states rights and racial segregation through the Reconstruction era. He was an expansionist, arguing for the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii and for U.S. construction of an interoceanic canal in South America.

Early life and career

Morgan was born in Athens, Tennessee, and was initially educated by his mother. In 1833, he moved with his parents to Calhoun County, Alabama, where he attended frontier schools and then studied law in Tuskegee with justice William Parish Chilton, his brother-in-law. After admission to the bar he established a practice in Talledega. Ten years later, Morgan moved to Dallas County and resumed the practice of law in Selma and Cahaba.

Turning to politics, Morgan became a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1860, and supported John C. Breckinridge. He was delegate from Dallas County to the State Convention of 1861, which passed the ordinance of secession.

Civil War

With Alabama's vote to leave the Union, at the age of 37 Morgan enlisted as a private in the Cahaba Rifles, which volunteered its services in the Confederate Army and was assigned to the 5th Alabama Infantry. He first saw action at the First Battle of Manassas in the summer of 1861. Morgan rose to major and then lieutenant colonel, serving under Col. Robert E. Rodes, a future Confederate general. Morgan resigned in 1862 and returned to Alabama, where in August he recruited a new regiment, the 51st Alabama Partisan Rangers, becoming its colonel. He led it at the Battle of Stones River, operating in cooperation with the cavalry of Nathan Bedford Forrest.

When Rodes was promoted to major general and given a division in the Army of Northern Virginia, Morgan declined an offer to command Rodes's old brigade and instead remained in the Western Theater, leading troops at the Battle of Chickamauga. On November 16, 1863, he was appointed as a brigadier general of cavalry and participated in the Knoxville Campaign. His brigade consisted of the 1st, 3rd, 4th (Russell's), 9th, and 51st Alabama Cavalry regiments.

His men were routed and dispersed by Federal cavalry on January 27, 1864. He was reassigned to a new command and fought in the Atlanta Campaign. Subsequently, his men harassed William T. Sherman's troops during the March to the Sea. Later, he was assigned to administrative duty in Demopolis, Alabama. When the Confederacy collapsed and the war ended, Morgan was trying to organize Alabama black troops for home defense.

Postbellum career

Morgan, circa 1875

After the war, Morgan resumed the practicing of law in Selma, Alabama. He was once again presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1876 and was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in that year, being re-elected in 1882, 1888, 1894, 1900, and 1906, and serving from March 4, 1877, until his death. For much of his tenure, he served as Senator alongside a fellow former Confederate general, Edmund W. Pettus.

Morgan advocated for separating blacks and whites in the U.S. by encouraging the migration of black people out of the U.S. south. Hoschild wrote, "at various times in his long career Morgan also advocated sending them [negroes] to Hawaii, to Cuba, and to the Philippines - which, perhaps because the islands were so far away, he claimed were a “native home of the negro."[2]

He introduced and fought for numerous legislative bills in support of legal lynching.Vorlage:Fact Morgan also staunchly worked for the repeal of the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that was intended to prevent the denial of voting rights based on race.[3] He was chairman of Committee on Rules (Forty-sixth Congress), the Committee on Foreign Relations (Fifty-third Congress), the Committee on Interoceanic Canals (Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh Congresses), and the Committee on Public Health and National Quarantine (Fifty-ninth Congress). In 1894, Morgan chaired an investigation, known as the Morgan Report into the Hawaiian Revolution which concluded that the U.S. had remained completely neutral in the matter. He authored the introduction to the Morgan Report based on the findings of the investigative committee.

He was a strong supporter of the annexation of Hawaii and visited Hawaii in 1897 in support of annexation. He believed that the history of the U.S. clearly indicated it was unnecessary to hold a plebiscite in Hawaii as a condition for annexation.

Death and Legacy

Senator Morgan died in Washington, D.C. while still in office. He was buried in Live Oak Cemetery in Selma, Alabama. The remainder of his term was served by John H. Bankhead.

An article by history professor Thomas Adams Upchurch in the April 2004 Alabama Review says:

His congressional speeches and published writings demonstrate the central role that Morgan played in the drama of racial politics on Capitol Hill and in the national press from 1889 to 1891. More importantly, they reveal his leadership in forging the ideology of white supremacy that dominated American race relations from the 1890s to the 1960s. Indeed, Morgan emerged as the most prominent and notorious racist ideologue of his day, a man who, as much as any other individual, set the tone for the coming Jim Crow era." [4]

Memorialization

  • The John T. Morgan Academy in Selma is named for Morgan. Founded in 1965, the private school originally met in Morgan's old house.
  • Morgan Hall on the campus of the University of Alabama was also named in his honor. Senator Morgan had successfully led a fight in 1882 to obtain Federal funds in reparation for the university's destruction in 1865 by Union forces.
  • Morgan's Rock in the country of Nicaragua was named for Morgan, who as a Senator had strongly advocated Nicaragua as the preferred location for an interoceanic canal, instead of Panama.
  • A memorial arch on the grounds of the Federal Building / U.S. Courthouse in Selma honors Senators Morgan and Pettus, who were instrumental in securing Federal appropriations for the State.
  1. ↑ Albert Pike did not found the Ku Klux Klan, article from the Grand Lodge of Freemasons, British Columbia and Yukon
  2. ↑ Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Mariner Books; 1st Mariner Books Ed edition (October 1999) p79-80
  3. ↑ Democrats and Republicans: In Their Own Words A 124 Year History of Major Civil Rights Efforts Based on a Side-by-Side Comparison of the Early Platforms of the Two Major Political Parties "According to prominent Democrat leader A. W. Terrell of Texas, the 15th Amendment was what he called “the political blunder of the century.” Democratic U. S. Rep. Bourke Cockran of New York and Democratic U.S. Senator John Tyler Morgan of Alabama agreed with Terrell and were among the Democrats seeking a repeal of the 15th Amendment."
  4. ↑ Upchurch, Thomas Adams, Senator John Tyler Morgan and the Genesis of Jim Crow Ideology, 1889-1891, Alabama Review, Apr 2004

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