Glasgow: Difference between revisions

| settlement_type = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] and [[Subdivisions of Scotland#Council areas|council area]]

| image_skyline = {{multiple image

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| image_shield = Glasgow Coat of Arms 1996.svg

| nicknames = "The Dear Green Place", "{{lang|gd|Baile Mòr nan Gàidheal}}"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/plan-launched-to-increase-gaelic-use-1055394 |title=Plan launched to increase Gaelic use in Glasgow |first1=Lucinda |last1=Cameron |date=6 April 2010 |work=Daily Record |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150512/https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/plan-launched-to-increase-gaelic-use-1055394 |url-status=live}}</ref>

 

The arms were re-matriculated by the City of [[Glasgow District Council]] on 6 February 1975, and by the present area council on 25 March 1996. The only change made on each occasion was in the type of coronet over the arms.<ref>Urquhart, R.M. (1979). ''Scottish Civic Heraldry''. London. Heraldry Today. {{ISBN|978-0900455261}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Urquhart |first=R.M. |title=Scottish Civic Heraldry |publisher=School Library Association |location=Swindon |year=2001 |orig-year=1979 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0900649233}}</ref>

 

==History==

{{Main|History of Glasgow}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of Glasgow history}}

 

===Origins and development===

The area around Glasgow has hosted communities for millennia, with the [[River Clyde]] providing a natural location for fishing. The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] later built outposts in the area and, to protect Roman [[Britannia]] from the [[Brittonic languages|Brittonic speaking]] ([[Insular Celts|Celtic]]) [[Caledonians]], constructed the [[Antonine Wall]]. Items from the wall, such as altars from [[Castra|Roman forts]] like [[Balmuildy]], can be found at the [[Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery|Hunterian Museum]] today.

 

 

===Trading port===

After the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] in 1707, Scotland gained further access to the vast markets of the new British Empire, and Glasgow became prominent as a hub of international trade to and from the Americas, especially in sugar, tobacco, cotton, and manufactured goods. Starting in 1668, the city's [[Tobacco Lords]] created a deep water port at [[Port Glasgow]] about {{cvt|20|mi|km}} down the [[River Clyde]], as the river from the city to that point was then too shallow for seagoing merchant ships.<ref>[http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/abolition/ Abolition of the Slave Trade] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103172434/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/abolition/ |date=3 January 2012}}. [[Learning and Teaching Scotland]] Online. Retrieved 26 September 2007</ref> By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on the River Clyde, with over {{cvt|47000000|lb|tonnes}} of tobacco being imported each year at its peak.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story.php?id=TGSCE03 |title=The Glasgow Story: Industry and Technology&nbsp;– Food, Drink and Tobacco |publisher=[[The Glasgow Story]] |year=2004 |access-date=29 July 2008 |first=Ian |last=Donnachie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206081206/http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story.php?id=TGSCE03 |archive-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton.<ref>Harris, Nathaniel (2000). ''Heritage of Scotland'', p. 70. Checkmark Books, London. {{ISBN|0816041369}}.</ref> From the mid-eighteenth century the city began expanding westwards from its medieval core at Glasgow Cross, with a [[grid plan|grid-iron street plan]] starting from the 1770s and eventually reaching George Square to accommodate much of the growth, with that expansion much later becoming known in the 1980s onwards as the [[Merchant City]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Glasgow Central Conservation Area Appraisal |date=2012 |publisher=Glasgow City Council |location=Glasgow |page=9 |url=https://glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=10838&p=0 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> The largest growth in the city centre area, building on the wealth of trading internationally, was the next expansion being the grid-iron streets west of Buchanan Street riding up and over [[Blythswood Hill]] from 1800 onwards.<ref>Glasgow's Blythswood, by Graeme Smith, 2021 https://www.blythswoodsmith.co.uk/</ref>

 

===Industrialisation===

 

 

Glasgow's population had surpassed that of Edinburgh by 1821. The development of civic institutions included the [[City of Glasgow Police]] in 1800, one of the first municipal [[police]] forces in the world. Despite the crisis caused by the [[City of Glasgow Bank]]'s collapse in 1878, growth continued and by the end of the 19th century it was one of the cities known as the "Second City of the Empire" and was producing more than half Britain's tonnage of shipping<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |title=Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914 |publisher=The Glasgow Story |year=2004 |access-date=9 July 2008 |first=W. Hamish |last=Fraser |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517131153/http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and a quarter of all locomotives in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |title=Industrial decline&nbsp;– the 20th Century |publisher=Glasgow City Council |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=9 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517131153/http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to its pre-eminence in shipbuilding, engineering, industrial machinery, bridge building, chemicals, explosives, coal and oil industries it developed as a major centre in textiles, garment-making, carpet manufacturing, leather processing, furniture-making, pottery, food, drink and cigarette making; printing and publishing. Shipping, banking, insurance and professional services expanded at the same time.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The 20th century witnessed both decline and renewal in the city. After [[World War I]], the city suffered from the impact of the [[Post–World War I recession]] and from the later [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]], this also led to a rise of radical socialism and the "[[Red Clydeside]]" movement. The city had recovered by the outbreak of [[World War II]]. The city saw [[Strategic bombing|aerial bombardment]] by the [[Luftwaffe]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/29/a4095029.shtml |title=Blitz in Glasgow |publisher=BBC |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815210112/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/29/a4095029.shtml |archive-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> during the [[Clydebank Blitz]], during the war, then grew through the post-war boom that lasted through the 1950s. By the 1960s, growth of industry in countries like Japan and [[West Germany]], weakened the once pre-eminent position of many of the city's industries. As a result of this, Glasgow entered a lengthy period of relative economic decline and rapid de-industrialisation, leading to high unemployment, urban decay, population decline, [[welfare dependency]] and poor health for the city's inhabitants. There were active attempts at regeneration of the city, when the Glasgow Corporation published its controversial ''[[Bruce Report]]'', which set out a comprehensive series of initiatives aimed at turning round the decline of the city. The report led to a huge and radical programme of rebuilding and regeneration efforts that started in the mid-1950s and lasted into the late 1970s. This involved the mass demolition of the city's infamous slums and their replacement with large suburban housing estates and tower blocks.<ref name="Staples">{{cite web |url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=986122002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119043309/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=986122002 |archive-date=19 January 2005 |title=Secret plot to strip Glasgow of influence |website=The Scotsman |location=UK |date=5 September 2002 |access-date=11 December 2007 |first=John |last=Staples}}</ref>

 

The city invested heavily in roads infrastructure, with an extensive system of arterial roads and motorways that bisected the central area. There are also accusations that the [[Scottish Office]] had deliberately attempted to undermine Glasgow's economic and political influence in post-war Scotland by diverting inward investment in new industries to other regions during the [[Silicon Glen]] boom and creating the [[New towns#United Kingdom|new towns]] of Cumbernauld, Glenrothes, Irvine, Livingston and [[East Kilbride]], dispersed across the [[Scottish Lowlands]] to halve the city's population base.<ref name="Staples"/> By the late 1980s, there had been a significant resurgence in Glasgow's economic fortunes. The "[[Glasgow's miles better]]" campaign, launched in 1983, and opening of the [[Burrell Collection]] in 1983 and [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]] in 1985 facilitated Glasgow's new role as a European centre for business services and finance and promoted an increase in tourism and inward investment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/7468870.stm |title=Why Glasgow was 'miles better' |work=BBC News |date=23 June 2008 |access-date=30 July 2008 |first=Reevel |last=Alderson |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122084724/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/7468870.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The latter continues to be bolstered by the legacy of the city's [[Glasgow Garden Festival]] in 1988, its status as [[European Capital of Culture]] in 1990,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uneecc.org/european-capitals-of-culture/history/ |title=European Capital of Culture |publisher=UNEECC.org |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717134431/https://uneecc.org/european-capitals-of-culture/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and concerted attempts to diversify the city's economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://openscotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/03/27153210/10 |title=Interim Evaluation of the Cities Growth Fund: A Report to the Scottish Executive&nbsp;– Appendix 4: Glasgow |publisher=[[Scottish Government]] |date=March 2007 |access-date=26 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302023804/http://openscotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/03/27153210/10 |archive-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> However, it is the industrial heritage that serves as key tourism enabler.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Richard |last2=Curran |first2=Ross |last3=O'Gorman |first3=Kevin D. |date=1 September 2013 |title=Pro-Poor Tourism in a First World Urban Setting: Case Study of Glasgow Govan |journal=International Journal of Tourism Research |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=443–457 |doi=10.1002/jtr.1888 |issn=1522-1970}}</ref> Wider economic revival has persisted and the ongoing [[Urban renewal|regeneration]] of inner-city areas, including the large-scale [[Clyde Waterfront Regeneration]], has led to more affluent people moving back to live in the centre of Glasgow, fuelling allegations of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_41198_en.pdf |title=Housing regeneration in Glasgow: Gentrification and upward neighbourhood trajectories in a post-industrial city |publisher=eSharp |year=2006 |access-date=10 July 2008 |first=Zhan |last=McIntyre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910115209/http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_41198_en.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the city was listed by [[Lonely Planet]] as one of the world's top 10 tourist cities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/oct/15/glasgow-scotland |title=Lonely Planet guide rates Glasgow as one of the world's top 10 cities |access-date=15 October 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=London |first=Severin |last=Carrell |date=15 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119015641/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/oct/15/glasgow-scotland |archive-date=19 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

 

 

===Sanitation===

With the population growing, the first scheme to provide a public water supply was by the Glasgow Company in 1806. A second company was formed in 1812, and the two merged in 1838, but there was some dissatisfaction with the quality of the water supplied.{{sfn |Binnie |1981 |p=190}} The Gorbals Gravitation Water Company began supplying water to residents living to the south of the River Clyde in 1846, obtained from reservoirs, which gave 75,000 people a constant water supply,{{sfn |Binnie |1981 |p=190}} but others were not so fortunate, and some 4,000 died in an outbreak of [[cholera]] in 1848/1849.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1244 |title=Loch Katrine and aqueducts |publisher=Engineering Timelines |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825110358/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1244 |archive-date=25 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> This led to the development of the [[Glasgow Corporation Water Works]], with a project to raise the level of [[Loch Katrine]] and to convey clean water by gravity along a {{cvt|26|mi|km|adj=on}} aqueduct to a holding reservoir at Milngavie, and then by pipes into the city.{{sfn |Binnie |1981 |pp=191–192}} The project cost £980,000<ref name=timeline/> and was opened by [[Queen Victoria]] in 1859.{{sfn |Cross-Rudkin |Chrimes |2008 |p=62}}

In the early 19th century an eighth of the people lived in single-room accommodation.<ref>Schama, S. 2009 ''A History of Britain The Fate of the Empire. 1776–2000.''p.337 {{ISBN|978-0786868995}}</ref>

===Local government===

{{See also|Glasgow City Council}}

Although Glasgow [[Municipal corporation|Corporation]] had been a pioneer in the [[Municipal socialism|municipal socialist]] movement from the late-nineteenth century, since the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]], Glasgow increasingly supported [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] ideas and politics at a national level. The [[Politics of Glasgow|city council]] was controlled by the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] for over thirty years, since the decline of the [[Progressives (Scotland)|Progressives]]. Since 2007, when local government elections in Scotland began to use the [[single transferable vote]] rather than the [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post system]], the dominance of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] within the city started to decline. As a result of the [[2017 United Kingdom local elections]], the [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] was able to form a minority administration ending Labour's thirty-seven years of uninterrupted control.<ref>{{cite web|title=Councillor Eva Bolander chosen as Glasgow's Lord Provost|url=https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=21216|website=Glasgow City Council|access-date=20 May 2017|language=en|date=18 May 2017}}</ref>

 

 

From 1975 to 1996 the city was part of [[Strathclyde Region]], with the city's council becoming a lower-tier [[City of Glasgow (1975–1996)|district council]]. Strathclyde was abolished in 1996, since when the city has again been responsible for all aspects of local government, being one of the 32 [[Subdivisions of Scotland|council areas]] in Scotland.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994|year=1994|chapter=39|accessdate=26 January 2023}}</ref>

 

===Climate===

 

==Demographics==

{{Main|Demography of Glasgow|Geography of Glasgow#Demographics}}

{{further|Glasgow effect}}

In the 1950s, the population of the City of Glasgow area peaked at 1,089,000. Glasgow was then one of the most densely populated cities in the world. After the 1960s, clearances of poverty-stricken inner city areas like the [[Gorbals]] and relocation to "[[New town#United Kingdom|new towns]]" such as [[East Kilbride]] and [[Cumbernauld]] led to population decline. In addition, the boundaries of the city were changed twice during the late-twentieth century, making direct comparisons difficult.

 

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Since the [[United Kingdom Census 2001]] the population decline has been reversed. The population was static for a time; but due to migration from other parts of Scotland as well as immigration from overseas, the population has begun to grow. The population of the city council area was 593,245 in 2011<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Bulletin |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release1a/rel1asb.pdf |publisher=National Records of Scotland |access-date=17 October 2013 |date=17 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017045500/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release1a/rel1asb.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and around 2,300,000 people live in the Glasgow [[travel to work area]].<ref name=spt>{{cite web |url=http://www.spt.co.uk/Publications/interchange/issue07.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613072504/http://www.spt.co.uk/Publications/interchange/issue07.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=Minister backs SPT on White Paper |date=September 2004 |website=Interchange Issue 7 |publisher=Strathclyde Partnership for Transport |access-date=9 July 2007}}</ref> This area is defined as consisting of over 10% of residents travelling into Glasgow to work and is without fixed boundaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2003/01/15950/15151 |title=Review of Scotland's Cities&nbsp;– Transport within the City and the City-Region |publisher=Scottish Executive |access-date=12 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012032819/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2003/01/15950/15151 |archive-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

 

 

===City centre===

 

The [[Glasgow city centre|city centre]] is bounded by High Street at [[Glasgow Cross]] the historic centre of civic life, up to [[Glasgow Cathedral]] at Castle Street; Saltmarket including [[Glasgow Green]] and [[St Andrew's Square, Glasgow|St Andrew's Square]] to the east; Clyde Street and Broomielaw (along the River Clyde) to the south; and Charing Cross and Elmbank Street, beyond [[Blythswood Square]] to the west. The northern boundary (from east to west) follows Cathedral Street to North Hanover Street and [[George Square]].

 

===Merchant City===

This is the commercial and part-residential district of the [[Merchant City]], a name coined by the historian Charles Oakley in the 1960s. This had started as a residential district of the wealthy city merchants involved in international trade and the textile industries in the 18th and early 19th centuries, with their warehouses nearby, including the [[Tobacco Lords]] from whom many of the streets take their name. With its mercantile wealth, and continuing growth even before the [[Industrial Revolution]], the city expanded by creating the New Town around [[George Square]], soon followed by the New Town of Blythswood on [[Blythswood Hill]] which includes [[Blythswood Square]].<ref>'''Glasgow's Blythswood''', by Graeme Smith, 2021 www.blythswoodsmith.co.uk</ref> The original medieval centre around Glasgow Cross and the High Street was left behind.

 

 

===West End===

Glasgow's West End grew firstly to and around [[Blythswood Square]] and [[Garnethill]], extending then to [[Park District, Glasgow|Woodlands Hill]] and [[Woodlands, Glasgow|Great Western Road]]. It is a district of elegant townhouses and tenements with cafés, tea rooms, bars, boutiques, upmarket hotels, clubs and restaurants in the hinterland of [[Kelvingrove Park]], the [[University of Glasgow]], [[Glasgow Botanic Gardens]] and the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]], focused especially on the area's main thoroughfares of Argyle Street ([[Finnieston]]), Great Western Road and [[Byres Road]]. The area is popular with tourists and students.

 

 

===East End===

The East End extends from [[Glasgow Cross]] in the [[City Centre of Glasgow|City Centre]] to the boundary with [[North Lanarkshire|North]] and [[South Lanarkshire]]. It is home to the [[Glasgow Barrowland market]], popularly known as "The Barras",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgow-barrowland.com/ballroom.htm |title=The Official Glasgow Barrowland Ballroom Site |publisher=Glasgow Barrowland |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415073429/http://www.glasgow-barrowland.com/ballroom.htm |archive-date=15 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Barrowland Ballroom]], [[Glasgow Green]], and [[Celtic Park]], home of [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic FC]]. Many of the original sandstone tenements remain in this district. The East End was once a major industrial centre, home to [[Sir William Arrol & Co.]], [[James Templeton & Co]] and [[William Beardmore and Company]]. A notable local employer continues to be the [[Wellpark Brewery]], home of [[Tennent's Lager]].

 

 

===South Side===

Glasgow's South Side sprawls out south of the Clyde. The adjoining urban area includes some of Greater Glasgow's most affluent suburban towns, such as [[Newton Mearns]], [[Clarkston, East Renfrewshire|Clarkston]], and [[Giffnock]], all of which are in [[East Renfrewshire]], as well as [[Thorntonhall]] in [[South Lanarkshire]]. [[Newlands, Glasgow|Newlands]] and [[Dumbreck]] are examples of high-value residential districts within the city boundaries. There are many areas containing a high concentration of sandstone tenements like [[Shawlands]], which is considered the "Heart of the Southside", with other examples being [[Battlefield, Glasgow|Battlefield]], [[Govanhill]] and [[Mount Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |title=No surprise from the community that Shawlands is coolest spot |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/23042723.no-surprise-community-shawlands-coolest-spot/ |website=Herald Scotland |date=12 October 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022}}</ref> The large suburb of [[Pollokshields]] comprises both a quiet western part with undulating tree-lined boulevards lined with expensive villas, and a busier eastern part with a high-density grid of tenements and small shops. The south side also includes some post-war housing estates of various sizes such as [[Toryglen]], [[Pollok]], [[Castlemilk]] and [[Arden, Glasgow|Arden]]. The towns of [[Cambuslang]] and [[Rutherglen]] were included in the City of Glasgow district from 1975 to 1996, but are now in the [[South Lanarkshire]] council area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1973/oct/22/new-local-government-areas |title=New Local Government areas |publisher=[[Hansard]] |date=22 October 1973 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050038/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1973/oct/22/new-local-government-areas |archive-date=4 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theglasgowstory.com/story/?id=TGSFG |title=Modern Times: 1950s to The Present Day > Neighbourhoods |author=Irene Maver |website=The Glasgow Story |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029031254/http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story/?id=TGSFG |archive-date=29 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/landscapes/glasgow/ |title=Scotland's Landscape: City of Glasgow |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317174830/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/landscapes/glasgow/ |archive-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

 

 

===North Glasgow===

North Glasgow extends out from the north of the city centre towards the affluent suburbs of [[Bearsden]], [[Milngavie]] and [[Bishopbriggs]] in [[East Dunbartonshire]] and [[Clydebank]] in [[West Dunbartonshire]]. The area also contains some of the city's poorest residential areas.

 

===Music scene===

{{see also|List of bands from Glasgow}}

 

The city is home to numerous orchestras, ensembles and bands including those of [[Scottish Opera]], [[Scottish Ballet]], [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]], [[BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra]] and related to the [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]], the [[National Youth Orchestra of Scotland]] and the Universities and Colleges. Choirs of all type are well supported.

Glasgow has many live music venues, pubs, and clubs. Some of the city's more well-known venues include the [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], [[OVO Hydro|The OVO Hydro]], the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]], [[Glasgow Cathouse]], The Art School, [[King Tut's Wah Wah Hut]] (where [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] were spotted and signed by Glaswegian record mogul [[Alan McGee]]), the [[Queen Margaret Union]] (who have [[Kurt Cobain]]'s footprint locked in a safe), [[Barrowland Ballroom|the Barrowland]], a ballroom converted into a live music venue as well as [[The Garage, Glasgow|The Garage]], which is the largest nightclub in Scotland. More recent mid-sized venues include [[O2 ABC Glasgow|ABC]], destroyed in the art school fire of 15 June 2018, and the [[O2 Academy Glasgow|O₂ Academy]], which play host to a similar range of acts. There are also a large number of smaller venues and bars, which host many local and touring musicians, including Stereo, 13th Note and Nice N Sleazy. Most recent recipient of the SLTN Music Pub of the Year award was Bar Bloc, awarded in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sltn.co.uk/2011/11/10/capital-stars-as-denise-belts-out-sltn-winners/ |title=SLTN Awards |date=10 November 2011 |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161754/http://sltn.co.uk/2011/11/10/capital-stars-as-denise-belts-out-sltn-winners/ |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, Glasgow was named the UK's fourth "most musical" city by [[PRS for Music]].<ref name="mirror.co.uk">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Richard |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/03/13/bristol-named-britain-s-most-musical-city-115875-22107650/ |title=Bristol named Britain's most musical city |website=Daily Mirror |date=13 March 2010 |access-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605083821/http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/03/13/bristol-named-britain-s-most-musical-city-115875-22107650/ |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Glasgow is also the "most mentioned city in the UK" in song titles, outside London according, to a chart produced by PRS for music, with 119, ahead of closest rivals Edinburgh who received 95 mentions<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-16854997 |title=Glasgow 'most mentioned UK city' in song titles |work=BBC News |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718042639/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-16854997 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

 

Since the 1980s, the success of bands such as [[The Blue Nile (band)|The Blue Nile]], [[Gun (band)|Gun]], [[Simple Minds]], [[Del Amitri]], [[Texas (band)|Texas]], [[Hipsway]], [[Love & Money]], [[Idlewild (band)|Idlewild]], [[Deacon Blue]], [[Orange Juice (band)|Orange Juice]], [[Lloyd Cole and the Commotions]], [[Teenage Fanclub]], [[Belle and Sebastian]], [[Camera Obscura (band)|Camera Obscura]], [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]], [[Mogwai]], [[Travis (band)|Travis]], and [[Primal Scream]] has significantly boosted the profile of the Glasgow music scene, prompting ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine to liken Glasgow to [[Detroit]] during its 1960s [[Motown]] heyday.<ref>{{cite news |last=Seenan |first=Gerard |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,11711,1297055,00.html |work=The Guardian |title=Rock bands inspire Belle epoque for Glasgow scene |access-date=9 July 2007 |date=4 September 2004 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017025306/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,11711,1297055,00.html |archive-date=17 October 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> More recent{{when|date=October 2012}} successes include [[The Fratellis]], [[Chvrches]], [[Rustie]], [[Vukovi]], [[Glasvegas]] and [[Twin Atlantic]]. The city of Glasgow was appointed a [[UNESCO]] City of Music on 20 August 2008 as part of the [[Creative Cities Network]].

===Architecture===

{{Main|Architecture in Glasgow}}

Very little of [[medieval]] Glasgow remains; the two main landmarks from this period being the 15th-century [[Provand's Lordship]] and 13th-century [[St. Mungo's Cathedral]], although the original medieval street plan (along with many of the street names) on the eastern side of the city centre has largely survived intact. Also in the 15th century began the building of [[Cathcart Castle]], completed {{Circa|1450}} with a view over the landscape in all directions. It was at this castle [[Mary Queen of Scots]] supposedly spent the night before her defeat at the [[Battle of Langside]] in May 1568. The castle was demolished in 1980 for safety reasons. The vast majority of the central city area as seen today dates from the 19th century. As a result, Glasgow has a heritage of [[Victorian architecture]]: the [[Glasgow City Chambers]]; the main building of the [[University of Glasgow]], designed by [[George Gilbert Scott|Sir George Gilbert Scott]]; and the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], designed by [[John William Simpson (architect)|Sir John W. Simpson]], are notable examples.

 

 

===Economic overview===

Glasgow has the largest [[Economy of Scotland|economy in Scotland]]<ref name="bbc.com"/> and is at the hub of the metropolitan area of West Central Scotland. The city itself sustains more than 410,000 jobs in over 12,000 companies. Over 153,000 jobs were created in the city between 2000 and 2005&nbsp;– a growth rate of 32%.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,1572109,00.html |title=Jobs boom on Clyde reverses decline |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=12 December 2007 |last=Seenan |first=Gerrard |date=17 September 2005}}</ref> Glasgow's annual economic growth rate of 4.4% is now second only to that of London. In 2005, over 17,000 new jobs were created, and 2006 saw private-sector investment in the city reaching £4.2&nbsp;billion, an increase of 22% in a single year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/business/glasgow-flourish.html |title=Let Glasgow Flourish |publisher=Scotland.org |date=April 2007 |access-date=9 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044427/http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/business/glasgow-flourish.html |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 55% of the residents in the [[Greater Glasgow]] area commute to the city every day.

 

===Sporting events host city===

 

 

====2014 Commonwealth Games====