Bensulide is a selective organophosphate herbicide. It is one of a few organophosphate compounds that are used as an herbicide. Most of the others are used as insecticides. It is used on vegetable crops such as carrots, cucumbers, peppers, and melons and in cotton and turfgrass to control annual grasses such as bluegrass and crabgrass and broadleaf weeds. It is often applied before the weed seeds germinate (pre-emergence) in order to prevent them from germinating. It is available as granules or an emulsifiable concentrate. Estimates place the total use of bensulide in the United States at about 632,000 pounds annually. Application rates may be relatively heavy (up to 22.6 kg/ha) when it is used. The EPA classifies bensulide as a general use pesticide.[1]
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
S-[2-(Benzenesulfonamido)ethyl] O,O-di(propan-2-yl) phosphorodithioate | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.010.919 |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C14H24NO4PS3 | |
| Molar mass | 397.50 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid or white crystalline solid |
| Density | 1.224 g/mL |
| Melting point | 34.4 °C (93.9 °F; 307.5 K) |
| 5.6 mg/L @ 20 C | |
| Solubility in organic solvents | Soluble[vague] |
| Pharmacology | |
| Legal status |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Application
editBensulide generally is applied to bare soil, before crops are planted. It is incorporated 1 to 2 inches deep in order for the control of grasses and broadleaf weeds in agricultural crops, residential grass lawns, and golf courses.[2]
Uses
editProturk Goosegrass and Crabgrass Control and Anderson's Goose and Crabgrass Control both have bensulide as one of their active ingredients, along with oxadiazon at a concentration of 5.25% and 1.31% respectively.[3] Bensulide products may be used outdoors by homeowners on lawns and ornamentals, and by professional lawn care operators. Bensulide may be used on turf (primarily golf course greens and tees), on ornamentals, and for greenhouse and outdoor uses in commercial nurseries. 550,000 pounds of active ingredient are used per year, a relatively low value.[1]
Risks
editThere are a few minor risks that are involved with herbicides that include bensulide. Generally, indirect exposure to it is non-lethal. Dietary exposures from eating food crops treated with bensulide are below the level of concern for the entire U.S. population, including infants and children. Drinking water is not a significant source of exposure.[1]
Risks are of concern for homeowners who apply bensulide, and for children entering turf areas treated with bensulide if label directions are not followed properly. EPA also has risk concerns for workers who mix, load, and/or apply bensulide to agricultural sites, golf courses, and home lawns. Chronic risks are of concern for birds and mammals; risks are posed to some aquatic species.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Bensulide Facts. June 2000.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Antonious GF (2009). "Mobility and half-life of bensulide in agricultural soil". Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B. 45 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1080/03601230903404283. PMID 20390925. S2CID 23963656.
- ^ EPA Office of Pesticide Programs. (October 18, 2007). Risks of bensulide use to Federally Listed California red legged frog (Rana aurora draytonii) (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Office of Pesticide Programs.
External links
edit- Coolong T, Jones T, Masabni J, Strang J. "Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers" (PDF). University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service.