Klagenfurt am Wörthersee[4] (German: [ˌklaːɡn̩fʊʁt ʔam ˈvœʁtɐzeː] ;[5] Slovene: Celovec;[6] Austro-Bavarian: Klognfuat; Carinthian Slovene: Clouvc; usually known as simply Klagenfurt (English: /ˈklɑːɡənfʊərt/ KLAH-gən-foort[7])) is the capital and largest city of the Austrian state of Carinthia, as well as of the historical region of Carinthia including Slovene Carinthia. With a population of 104,862 (1 January 2024), it is the sixth-largest city in Austria after Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg, and Innsbruck. The city is the bishop's seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gurk-Klagenfurt and home to the University of Klagenfurt, the Carinthian University of Applied Sciences and the Gustav Mahler Private University for Music. Klagenfurt is considered the cultural centre of the Carinthian Slovenes (Slovene: koroški Slovenci; German: Kärntner Slowenen), one of Austria's indigenous minorities.
Klagenfurt am Wörthersee
Celovec (Slovene) | |
|---|---|
Skyline of Klagenfurt Wörthersee with Klagenfurt at the eastern end | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Klagenfurt am Wörthersee Location of Klagenfurt within Carinthia  Klagenfurt am Wörthersee Location of Klagenfurt within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 46°37′N 14°18′E / 46.617°N 14.300°E | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Carinthia |
| District | Statutory city |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Christian Scheider (Team Kärnten) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 120.12 km2 (46.38 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 446 m (1,463 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 100,316 |
| • Density | 840/km2 (2,200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 9020, 9061, 9063, 9065, 9073, 9201 |
| Area code | 0463 |
| Vehicle registration | K |
| Website | www.klagenfurt.at |
Name
editThe Carinthian linguists Primus Lessiak and Eberhard Kranzmayer assumed that the city's name, which literally translates as 'ford of lament' or 'ford of complaints', had something to do with the superstitious thought that fateful fairies or demons tend to live around treacherous waters or swamps. In Old Slovene, a cviljovec is a place haunted by such a wailing female ghost or cvilya.[8] Thus, they assumed that Klagenfurt's name was a translation made by the German settlers of the original Slovene name of the neighbouring wetland. However, the earliest Slovene mention of Klagenfurt in the form of v Zelouzi ('in Celovec', the Slovene name for Klagenfurt), dating from 1615,[9]: 8 is 400 years more recent and thus could be a translation from German. The latest interpretation, on the other hand, is that Old Slovene cviljovec itself goes back to Italic l'aquiliu 'place at or in the water', which would make the wailing-hag theory obsolete.[10]: 83 [11]: 59–65
Scholars attempted to explain the city's peculiar name at various times. In the 14th century, the abbot and historiographer John of Viktring translated Klagenfurt's name in his Liber certarum historiarum as Queremoniae Vadus 'ford of complaint', Hieronymus Megiser, master of the university college of the Carinthian Estates in Klagenfurt and editor of the earliest printed history of the duchy in 1612, believed the name to mean 'ford across the Glan River',[10]: 83 which, however, is impossible for linguistic reasons. The common people also sought an explanation in a story that a baker's apprentice was accused of theft and executed, but when the alleged theft turned out to be a mistake a few days afterwards, and the lad was proved innocent, the citizens' "lament" (Klagen) went forth and forth. This story was reported by Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, who later became Pope Pius II.[9]: 14
In 2007, the city changed its official name to Klagenfurt am Wörthersee ('Klagenfurt on Lake Wörth').[citation needed] However, since there are no other settlements called Klagenfurt in the world, the previous shorter name is nearly always used.
History
editFoundation
edit
Legend has it that Klagenfurt was founded after a group of brave men slayed an abominable winged "lindwurm" from the moors adjoining the lake,[when?] which was preying on the nearby duchy. The legend says that a tower at the edge of the moor was erected to watch out for the dragon, and that the dragon was baited using a bull fitted with a chain and hook, which caught the beast's palatal. A village was subsequently founded on the battlesite, which later expanded into a town, while the watchtower made way for a castle. The feat is commemorated by a grandiose 9-ton Renaissance monument in the city centre.
Historically, the place was founded by the Spanheim Duke Herman as a stronghold sited across the commercial routes in the area. Its first mention dates from the late 12th century in a document in which Duke Ulric II. exempted St. Paul's Abbey from the toll charge "in foro Chlagenvurth".[9]: 7 That settlement occupied an area that was subject to frequent flooding, so in 1246 Duke Herman's son, Duke Bernhard von Spanheim, moved it to a safer position and is thus considered to be the actual founder of the market place, which in 1252 received a city charter.[citation needed]
Medieval history
editIn the following centuries, Klagenfurt suffered fires, earthquakes, invasions of locusts, and attacks from Ottomans, and was ravaged by the Peasants' Wars. In 1514, a fire almost completely destroyed the city, and in 1518 Emperor Maximilian I, unable to rebuild it, despite the loud protests of the citizens, ceded Klagenfurt to the Estates, the nobility of the Duchy. Never before had such a thing happened. The new owners, however, brought about an economic renaissance and the political and cultural ascendancy in Klagenfurt. A canal was dug to connect the city to the lake as a supply route for timber to rebuild the city and to feed the city's new moats; the noble families had their town-houses built in the duchy's new capital; the city was enlarged along a geometrical chequer-board lay-out according to the Renaissance ideas of the Italian architect Domenico dell'Allio; a new city centre square, the Neuer Platz, was constructed; and the new fortifications that took half a century to build made Klagenfurt the strongest fortress north of the Alps.
Industrial era
editIn 1809, however, the French troops (under Napoleon) destroyed the city walls, leaving, against a large sum collected by the citizens, only one eastern gate (which was pulled down to make way for traffic some decades later), and the small stretch in the west which is now all that is left of the once grand fortifications. In 1863, the railway connection to St. Veit an der Glan boosted the city's economy and so did the building of the Vienna-Trieste railway that brought to the city an imposing central station (destroyed in World War II) and solidified Klagenfurt as the centre of the region.
During the 19th century, the city developed into an important centre of Carinthian Slovene culture. Many important Slovene public figures lived, studied or worked in Klagenfurt, among them Anton Martin Slomšek, who later became the first bishop of Maribor and was beatified in 1999, the philologists Jurij Japelj and Anton Janežič, the politician Andrej Einspieler, and the activist Matija Majar. The Slovene national poet France Prešeren also spent a short part of his professional career there. On the initiative of bishop Slomšek, teacher Anton Janežič and vicar Andrej Einspieler on 27 July 1851 in Klagenfurt the Hermagoras Society publishing house was founded,[12] which in 1919 moved to Prevalje and then in 1927 to Celje, but was re-established in Klagenfurt in 1947. Several Slovene language newspapers were also published in the city, among them Slovenski glasnik. By the late 19th century, however, the Slovene cultural and political influence in Klagenfurt had declined sharply, and by the end of World War I, the city showed an overwhelmingly Austrian German character.
Nevertheless, in 1919, the city was occupied by the Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and claimed for the newly founded South-Slav kingdom. In 1920, the Yugoslav occupying forces withdrew from the town centre, but remained in its southern suburbs, such as Viktring and Ebenthal. They eventually withdrew after the Carinthian Plebiscite in October 1920, when the majority of voters in the Carinthian mixed-language Zone A decided to remain part of Austria.
World War II
editIn 1938, Klagenfurt's population suddenly grew by more than 50% through the incorporation of the town of St. Ruprecht and the municipalities of St. Peter, Annabichl, and St. Martin but during World War II, the city was bombed 41 times. The bombs killed 612 people, completely destroyed 443 buildings and damaged 1,132 others.[citation needed] A volume of 110,000 cubic metres (3,884,613 cu ft) of rubble had to be removed before the citizens could set about rebuilding their city.[citation needed]
From the beginning of 1945, when the end of the war was rather obvious, numerous talks among representatives of democratic pre-1934 organisations had taken place, which later extended to high-ranking officers of the Wehrmacht and officials of the administration. Even representatives of the partisans in the hills south of Klagenfurt were met who, in view of the strong SS-forces in Klagenfurt, agreed not to attempt to take the city by force,[13] but upheld the official declaration that south-eastern Carinthia was to be a Yugoslav possession.[14]
To avoid further destruction and a major bloodshed, on 3 May 1945 General Löhr of Army Group E (Heeresgruppe E) agreed to declare Klagenfurt an "open city" "in case Anglo-American forces should attack the city", a declaration that was broadcast several times and two days later also published in the Kärntner Nachrichten.[15]
On 7 May 1945, a committee convened in the historic Landhaus building of the Gau authorities to form a Provisional State government, and one of the numerous decisions taken was a proclamation to the "People of Carinthia". This proclamation included the reporting of the resignation of the Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter Friedrich Rainer, the transfer of power to the new authorities, and an appeal to the people to decorate their homes with Austrian or Carinthian colours. The proclamation was printed in the Kärntner Zeitung of 8 May. When on the following day, Yugoslav military demanded of Klagenfurt's new mayor that he remove the Austrian flag from the city hall and fly the Yugoslav flag instead, the acting British Town Officer Captain Watson immediately prohibited this, but also ordered that the Austrian flag be taken down.[16] Accompanied by a guerilla troop carrying a machine pistol, a Yugoslav emissary appeared on the same day in the Landesregierung building, demanding of the Acting State Governor Piesch repeal the order to take down the Yugoslav flag, which was ignored.[citation needed]
On 8 May 1945, 9:30 am, British troops of the Eighth Army under General McCreery entered Klagenfurt and were met in front of Stauderhaus by the new democratic city and state authorities. All the strategic positions and important buildings were immediately seized, and Major General Horatius Murray was taken to General Noeldechen for the official surrender of the 438th German Division. Three hours later, groups of partisan forces arrived on a train they had seized in the Rosental valley the day before, at the same time as Yugoslav regular forces of the IVth army.[17] Both of these forces made their way through the city's streets which were jammed with tens of thousands of Volksdeutsche refugees, and masses of soldiers of all the nationalities that had been fighting under German command and were now fleeing the Russians. These partisan and Yugoslav regular forces claimed the city and the surrounding South Carinthian land, establishing the Komanda staba za Koroška, which would be named the "Commandantura of the Carinthian Military Zone" under Major Egon Remec.[18] On Neuer Platz—renamed Adolf Hitler Platz in 1938—British armoured vehicles[19] are said to have faced allied Yugoslav ones in a hostile way, which would have been a curious spectacle for the liberated citizens, but this is unlikely.
Several days passed before, under British pressure and American diplomatic backing, the Yugoslav troops withdrew from the city proper,[20] but not before establishing a parallel Carinthian-Slovene civil administration (the Carinthian National Council) presided over by Franc Petek. However, protected by British soldiers, the members of the Provisional State Government went about devising a comprehensive programme to cover the new political, sociological, and economic outlooks in the land, which would serve the British military authorities. Rapid financial assistance and the restitution of property to the victims of the Nazi regime was necessary. This posed a problem, because one of the first actions of the British had been to confiscate all the property of the Nazi Party, as well as to freeze their bank accounts and to block their financial transfers. It took months before basic communication and public transport, mail service and supply were working again, to some extent at least. During the years that followed these turbulent days, a major part of the British Eighth Army, which in July 1945 was re-constituted as British Troops in Austria (BTA), had their headquarters in Klagenfurt - as Carinthia, together with neighbouring Styria, formed part of the British occupation zone in liberated Austria, which remained to be the case until 26 October 1955.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1910 | 45,161 | — |
| 1923 | 43,536 | −3.6% |
| 1934 | 53,000 | +21.7% |
| 1939 | 61,286 | +15.6% |
| 1951 | 68,187 | +11.3% |
| 1961 | 75,684 | +11.0% |
| 1971 | 82,840 | +9.5% |
| 1981 | 87,321 | +5.4% |
| 1991 | 89,415 | +2.4% |
| 2001 | 90,141 | +0.8% |
| 2011 | 94,483 | +4.8% |
| 2018 | 100,316 | +6.2% |
Modern history
editIn 1961, Klagenfurt became the first city in Austria to adopt a pedestrian zone. The idea of a friendly twinning of cities in other countries began with the first city partnership between Klagenfurt and Wiesbaden, Germany, as early as 1930. This was followed up by numerous city partnerships, with the result that in 1968, Klagenfurt was honoured with the title of "European City of the Year". Klagenfurt has also been awarded the prestigious Europa Nostra Diploma of Merit (an award for the exemplary restoration and redevelopment of its ancient centre) a total of three times, which is a record for a European city.
In 1973, Klagenfurt absorbed four more adjacent municipalities: Viktring, with its grand Cistercian monastery; Wölfnitz; Hörtendorf; and St. Peter am Bichl. The addition of these municipalities increased the population of Klagenfurt to about 90,000.
Geography
editLocation
editThe city of Klagenfurt is in southern Austria, near the border with Slovenia. It is in the lower middle of Austria, almost the same distance from Innsbruck in the west as it is from Vienna in the northeast.
Klagenfurt is elevated 446 metres (1,463 feet) above sea level and covers an area of 120.03 square kilometres (46+3⁄8 sq mi). It is on the lake Wörthersee and on the Glan river. The city is surrounded by several forest covered hills and mountains, with heights of up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) (for example Ulrichsberg). To the south of the city is the Karawanken mountain range, which separates Carinthia from bordering nations of Slovenia and Italy.
Municipal arrangement
editKlagenfurt is a statutory city of Carinthia, and the administrative seat of the district of Klagenfurt-Land, but is a separate district from Klagenfurt-Land. In fact, their licence plates are different (K for the city, KL for the district). Klagenfurt is divided itself into 16 districts:
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It is further divided into 25 Katastralgemeinden. They are: Klagenfurt, Blasendorf, Ehrenthal, Goritschitzen, Großbuch, Großponfeld, Gurlitsch I, Hallegg, Hörtendorf, Kleinbuch, Lendorf, Marolla, Nagra, Neudorf, St. Martin bei Klagenfurt, St. Peter am Karlsberg, St. Peter bei Ebenthal, Sankt Peter am Bichl, St. Ruprecht bei Klagenfurt, Stein, Tentschach, Viktring, Waidmannsdorf, Waltendorf, and Welzenegg.
Climate
editKlagenfurt has a typical humid continental climate (Dfb), with a fair amount of fog throughout the autumn and winter, which occurs in 106 days annually.[21] Summers are warm and wet, with frequent thunderstorms which happen in 43.8 days on average. Klagenfurt experiences 70.9 days annually with maximum temperature at or above 25 °C (77 °F), and 18.8 days in which the maximum temperature reaches 30 °C (86 °F).[22] The rather cold winters are broken up by occasional warmer periods due to foehn wind from the Karawanken mountains to the south. On 52.9 days the depth of snow cover is at or above 1 cm (0.39 in), with 10.1 days having more than 20 cm (7.9 in) of snow depth.[22] The average temperature from 1961 to 1990 was 7.1 °C (44.8 °F), while the average temperature in 1991-2020 period is 9.9 °C (49.8 °F).
| Climate data for Klagenfurt (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961-2020, humidity and dew point 1961-1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.4 (61.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
32.4 (90.3) |
37.1 (98.8) |
38.1 (100.6) |
37.8 (100.0) |
31.6 (88.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
21.5 (70.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
38.1 (100.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.5 (34.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.7 (69.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.5 (77.9) |
20.8 (69.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
15.2 (59.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
10.3 (50.5) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
9.9 (49.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.6 (21.9) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
4.3 (39.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
12.8 (55.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
13.7 (56.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
4.6 (40.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.8 (−18.0) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
3.0 (37.4) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−17.4 (0.7) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 27.0 (1.06) |
38.0 (1.50) |
46.3 (1.82) |
63.1 (2.48) |
85.6 (3.37) |
105.0 (4.13) |
119.0 (4.69) |
130.8 (5.15) |
102.1 (4.02) |
90.9 (3.58) |
84.8 (3.34) |
50.4 (1.98) |
943 (37.12) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 8.1 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 8 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 5.6 | 92.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 88 | 82 | 75 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 75 | 81 | 84 | 89 | 90 | 79 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | −5.5 (22.1) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
2.2 (36.0) |
7.3 (45.1) |
10.8 (51.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
10.5 (50.9) |
5.7 (42.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
4.0 (39.2) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 94.5 | 135.2 | 187.7 | 197.1 | 230.8 | 239.2 | 257.1 | 248.4 | 191.9 | 134.7 | 68.1 | 67.8 | 2,052.5 |
| Source: NOAA NCEI[22][21] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Klagenfurt (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
32.4 (90.3) |
35.3 (95.5) |
35.8 (96.4) |
36.6 (97.9) |
30.7 (87.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
36.6 (97.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
4.8 (40.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
26.5 (79.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
14.6 (58.3) |
6.7 (44.1) |
1.1 (34.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.8 (27.0) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
4.3 (39.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
8.9 (48.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.1 (19.2) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
3.4 (38.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.3 (48.7) |
5.1 (41.2) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
3.8 (38.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.1 (−13.2) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
−18.8 (−1.8) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
2.1 (35.8) |
3.0 (37.4) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−17.4 (0.7) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 26 (1.0) |
29 (1.1) |
51 (2.0) |
62 (2.4) |
80 (3.1) |
105 (4.1) |
113 (4.4) |
126 (5.0) |
92 (3.6) |
84 (3.3) |
76 (3.0) |
51 (2.0) |
893 (35.2) |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 14:00) | 76.5 | 60.7 | 52.0 | 48.7 | 49.2 | 50.1 | 49.1 | 51.3 | 55.3 | 63.6 | 74.0 | 80.6 | 59.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 90 | 140 | 170 | 184 | 223 | 226 | 255 | 239 | 189 | 128 | 74 | 62 | 1,981 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 35.7 | 53.3 | 49.8 | 48.9 | 50.8 | 51.1 | 57.1 | 57.6 | 53.0 | 41.3 | 27.0 | 24.8 | 45.9 |
| Source: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics[23][24][25][26][27] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Klagenfurt (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.4 (61.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
31.4 (88.5) |
33.1 (91.6) |
35.8 (96.4) |
35.5 (95.9) |
29.7 (85.5) |
26.3 (79.3) |
18.3 (64.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
35.8 (96.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
4.4 (39.9) |
10.3 (50.5) |
14.9 (58.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.1 (77.2) |
20.6 (69.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
5.8 (42.4) |
0.8 (33.4) |
13.8 (56.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4 (25) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
3.6 (38.5) |
8.3 (46.9) |
13.7 (56.7) |
16.9 (62.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
8.2 (46.8) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
7.9 (46.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.2 (19.0) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
2.8 (37.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
4.3 (39.7) |
−1 (30) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
3.4 (38.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.1 (−13.2) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
1.9 (35.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−17.4 (0.7) |
−28.1 (−18.6) |
−28.1 (−18.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30.9 (1.22) |
35.2 (1.39) |
50.2 (1.98) |
64.5 (2.54) |
78.5 (3.09) |
113.5 (4.47) |
117.6 (4.63) |
98.6 (3.88) |
89.7 (3.53) |
82.9 (3.26) |
78.9 (3.11) |
48.9 (1.93) |
889.4 (35.02) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 17.5 (6.9) |
20.4 (8.0) |
9.9 (3.9) |
5.1 (2.0) |
0.8 (0.3) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.3 (0.1) |
10.1 (4.0) |
20.0 (7.9) |
84.1 (33.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.1 | 4.9 | 6.2 | 8.0 | 9.6 | 11.5 | 10.2 | 9.4 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 5.4 | 91.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 14:00) | 78.0 | 63.9 | 52.6 | 47.8 | 49.0 | 50.6 | 50.3 | 51.4 | 65.8 | 63.0 | 76.1 | 81.9 | 60.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 78.8 | 123.0 | 158.3 | 175.2 | 212.5 | 217.5 | 241.2 | 233.0 | 180.5 | 125.6 | 66.0 | 57.4 | 1,869 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 31.2 | 46.6 | 46.2 | 46.5 | 48.5 | 49.2 | 53.9 | 56.1 | 50.7 | 40.8 | 24.1 | 23.1 | 43.1 |
| Source: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics[28] | |||||||||||||
Population
editAs of January 2020, there were 101,403 people whose principal residence was Klagenfurt.[29]
| Largest groups of foreign residents[30] | |
| Nationality | Population (2018) |
|---|---|
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
2,465 |
 Germany |
1,977 |
 Croatia |
1,695 |
 Slovenia |
1,342 |
 Romania |
832 |
 Italy |
650 |
 Afghanistan |
626 |
In 2019, there were around 20,000 people who were born outside the country living in Klagenfurt, corresponding to around 20% of the city's population.
Sights
edit
The Old City, with its central Alter Platz (Old Square) and the Renaissance buildings with their charming arcaded courtyards are a major attraction.
Notable landmarks also include:
- The Lindworm fountain of 1593, with a Hercules added in 1633
- Landhaus, Palace of the Estates, now the seat of the State Assembly
- the Baroque cathedral, built by the then Protestant Estates of Carinthia
- Viktring Abbey
- Wörthersee Stadion Football stadium
- Minimundus, the "small world on lake Wörthersee"
- The Kreuzbergl Nature Park, with a viewing tower and observatory
- The small but attractive botanical garden at the foot of Kreuzbergl, with a mining museum attached
- The University Campus at the city's west end, with the adjacent Lakeside Science & Technology Park
- Wörthersee (the warmest of the large Alpine lakes) with Europe's largest non-sea beach and lido, taking 12,000 bathers on a summer day
- Maria Loretto peninsula, with its newly renovated stately home (recently acquired by the city from the Carinithian noble family of the Rosenbergs)
- Tentschach and Hallegg castles
Economy
edit
Klagenfurt is the economic centre of Carinthia, with 20% of the industrial companies. In May 2001, there were 63,618 employees in 6,184 companies here. 33 of these companies employed more than 200 people. The prevalent economic sectors are light industry, electronics, and tourism. There are also several printing offices.
The most important market place in Klagenfurt since 1948 is Benedikterplatz, formerly known as Herzogplatz. There is a market at Benediktenplatz twice a week with a diverse selection of food available for sale.
As well as the historical market, there are several shopping centres in Klagenfurt. The City-Arkaden shopping centre, founded in 2006, is located at the northern part of the city centre. The shopping centre has 120 businesses in a total floor area of 30 thousand square metres, and is one of the largest shopping centres in Carinthia. At the time of its foundation, it was one of the first shopping centres with a central arcade in the entire country of Austria.
The second-largest shopping centre in the city is Südpark, founded in 1998 and located near the Klagenfurt central station.
Transport
edit
Klagenfurt Airport is a primary international airport with connections to several major European cities and holiday resorts abroad.
The Klagenfurt central station (German: Hauptbahnhof) is located south of the city centre.
The city is situated at the intersection of the A2 and S37 motorways. The A2 autobahn runs from Vienna via Graz and Klagenfurt to Villach and further to the state border of Italy. The S37 freeway runs from Vienna via Bruck an der Mur and Sankt Veit an der Glan to Klagenfurt. The Loibl Pass highway B91 goes to Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, which is only 88 km (55 mi) from Klagenfurt.
The volume of traffic in Klagenfurt is high (motorisation level: 572 cars/1000 inhabitants in 2007).[31] Service on the city's streetcar (tram) system, as well as its trolleybus system, ended in April 1963.[32] In the 1960s, Klagenfurt was meant to become a car-friendly city, with many wide roads. A motorway was even planned which was to cross the city partly underground, but which now by-passes the city to the north. The problem of four railway lines from north, west, south, and east meeting at the central station south of the city centre and strangulating city traffic has been eased by a considerable number of underpasses on the main arteries. Nevertheless, despite 28 bus lines, traffic jams are frequent nowadays as in most cities of similar size. Ideas of a rapid transport system using the existing railway rails, of an elevated cable railway to the football stadium, or of a regular motorboat service on the Lend Canal from the city centre to the lake have not materialized. But for those who fancy leisurely travel there is a regular motorboat and steamer service on the lake connecting the resorts on Wörthersee. During severe winters, which no longer occur regularly, it might be faster to cross the frozen lake on skates.
Culture
edit
There is a civic theatre-cum-opera house with professional companies, a professional symphony orchestra, a university of music and a concert hall. There are musical societies such as Musikverein (founded in 1826) or Mozartgemeinde, a private experimental theatre company, the State Museum for Carinthia, a modern art museum and the Diocesan museum of religious art; the Artists' House, two municipal and several private galleries, a planetarium in Europa Park, literary institutions such as the Robert Musil House, and a reputable German-literature competition awarding the prestigious Ingeborg Bachmann Prize.
Klagenfurt is the home of a number of small but fine publishing houses, and several papers or regional editions are also published here including dailies such as "Kleine Zeitung" and "Kärntner Krone".
Klagenfurt is a popular vacation spot, with mountains both to the south and north, numerous parks and a series of 23 stately homes and castles on its outskirts. In summer, the city is home to the Altstadtzauber (The Magic of the Old City) festival.
Several Carinthian Slovene cultural and political associations are also based in the city, including the Hermagoras Society, the oldest Slovene publishing house founded in Klagenfurt in 1851.[33]
Annual events
editKlagenfurt hosts several events annually.
- Annual lectures and discussions of the international Ingeborg Bachmann awards ceremony for literature.[34]
- Annual international summer music concert and Gustav Mahler awards ceremony at the former monastery in Viktring.[35]
- "Wörtheresee Classics" festival at the concert house.[36]
- World Bodypainting Festival, the most famous body painting festival in the world, held at the Norbert Artner park in July.[37]
- The so-called "Kontaktna-leča – Kontaklinse-Festival" youth culture organised by Slovenian students, held in Klagenfurt since 1981.[38]
- "Altstadtzauber" ("Old Town Magic") music and arts festival on the second weekend of August.[39]
- The so-called Klagenfurt Festival held since 2020.[40][41]
- A Christmas market held annually at Christmas time.
Education
editThe city is home to the University of Klagenfurt and hosts a campus of the Fachhochschule Kärnten (Carinthia University of Applied Sciences), a college of education for primary and secondary teacher training and further education of teachers as well as a college of general further education (VHS) and two institutions of further professional and vocational education (WIFI and BFI). Among other Austrian educational institutions, there is a Slovene language Gymnasium (established in 1957) and a Slovene language commercial high school.
Tertiary
edit
- University of Klagenfurt
- Klagenfurt Campus of Fachhochschule (FH) Kärnten, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences (CUAS)
- Pädagogische Hochschule Viktor Frankl, a college of education
- Health Science Centre with Academy for Midwifery and hospital-based Nursing school at the Klagenfurt State Hospital
- Gustav Mahler University of Music
Secondary
editA number of general high schools such as
- Europa-Gymnasium, Austria's second-oldest
- BG/BRG Mössingerstraße
- BRG Klagenfurt-Viktring with emphasis on arts (music and drawing)
- ORG St. Ursula, a private Catholic institutionf
- Federal Gymnasium for Slovenes
and senior high schools offering general-cum-professional education:
- Two schools of Engineering: HTL Lastenstrasse and HTL Mössingerstraße
- Two commercial high schools: Handelsakademie No. 1 and No. 2
- a Slovene-language Commercial High School ("Handelsakademie")
- a high school of catering, fashion and design
- a school of pre-school education
- a school of Alpine agriculture and nutrition science
- a school of social management of the Caritas charity
Further education
edit- College of Further Education Volkshochschule
- Technical Training Institute of the Trade unions, Berufsförderungsinstitut (BFI)
- Technical Training Institute of the Chamber of commerce, Wirtschaftsförderungsinstitut (WIFI)
- evening schools (Gymnasium and Schools of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering)
Others
edit- Waldorf School
- a school for social workers operated by the Austrian Caritas Charity
- Carinthian State school of Fire Control
Sports
editThe ice hockey team EC KAC (Eishockey Club Klagenfurter Athletiksport Club) has won the top level Austrian Championship 30 times since its founding in 1909.
The Bundesliga football club SK Austria Kärnten was based in Klagenfurt, with their second-tier phoenix club Austria Klagenfurt also playing there.
Klagenfurt hosts the Start/Finish of the Austrian Ironman Contest, 3.8 km (2+3⁄8 mi) swim, 180 km (112 mi) cycling, and a 42 km (26 mi) run, part of the WTC Ironman series, which culminates in the Hawaii World Championships.[42]
The World Rowing Championships were held on the Wörthersee in 1969.
The 2016 Beach Volleyball Major Series took place in Klagenfurt on 26–31 July[43]
Klagenfurt hosted three games during the UEFA Euro 2008 in the recently-rebuilt Wörthersee Stadion. Klagenfurt was also a contender for the 2006 Winter Olympics and is home to an American football team, the Carinthian Black Lions, competing in the First League of the Austrian Football League. The Black Lions[44] attract fans from all over Carinthia, playing home games in both Klagenfurt and Villach.
Notable natives and residents
editNobility, soldiers and diplomats
edit
- Bernhard von Spanheim (1176 or 1181 – 1256), House of Sponheim, was Duke of Carinthia for 54 years from 1202
- Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck (1829–1897), Admiral Austro-Hungarian Navy
- Prince Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1870 in Ebenthal – 1942 in Innsbruck), prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry lived in Brazil until 1889
- Countess Lucy Christalnigg von und zu Gillitzstein (1872–1914), Red Cross worker and motor racing driver
- Hanns Albin Rauter (1895–1949), SS-general in Nazi-occupied Netherlands, executed war criminal
- Odilo Globocnik (1904-1945), a leading Nazi official, born in Trieste, but later resided in Klagenfurt
- Ernst Lerch (1914–1997), ran Operation Reinhard, the mass murder of Jews in the General Government
- Wolfgang Petritsch (born 1947), diplomat, former UN High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Valentin Inzko (born 1949), diplomat, Carinthian Slovene, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Ursula Plassnik (born 1956), diplomat and politician, Foreign Minister of Austria from 2004 to 2008
- Prince Stefan of Liechtenstein (born 1961), Liechtenstein's Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Germany
Public service
edit
- John of Viktring (ca. 1270–1347), late medieval chronicler and political advisor to the Duchy of Carinthia
- Jurij Japelj (1744–1807), Slovene Jesuit priest, translator, and philologist
- Matija Majar (1809–1892), Carinthian Slovene RC priest and political activist, went to school in Klagenfurt
- Andrej Einspieler (1813–1888) Slovene politician, RC priest, journalist, "father of the Carinthian Slovenes"
- Anton Janežič (1828–1869) Carinthian Slovene linguist, philologist, literary historian, went to school in Klagenfurt
- Emanuel Herrmann (1839–1902), national economist, originated the pre-paid postal card
- Felix Ermacora (1923–1995), human rights expert
- Heinz Nittel (1931–1981), politician in Vienna's city administration, murdered
- Karl Matthäus Woschitz (born 1937 in Sankt Margareten im Rosental), Austrian theologian and bible scholar
- Rudi Vouk (born 1965), lawyer, politician, human rights activist
Science and architecture
edit_(cropped).jpg)
- Lorenz Chrysanth von Vest (1776–1840), physician and botanist
- Friedrich Welwitsch (1806 in Maria Saal – 1872), explorer, botanist, discovered Welwitschia mirabilis.[45]
- Josef Stefan (1835–1893), Carinthian Slovene physicist, mathematician, poet of the Austrian Empire
- Hubert Leitgeb (1835 in Portendorf – 1888), botanist
- Gustav Gugitz (1836–1882), architect
- Markus von Jabornegg (1837–1910), government official, botanist
- Roland Rainer (1910–2004), architect
- Hubert Petschnigg (1913–1997), architect
- Karl Robatsch (1929–2000), botanist & chess player
- Günther Domenig (1934–2012), architect
- Hermann Mittelberger (1935–2004), Indo-Europeanist
- Peter Manfred Gruber (born 1941), mathematician working in geometric number theory
- Helmut Wautischer (born 1954), philosopher, senior philosophy lecturer at Sonoma State University
- Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch (born 1965), scientist, pharmacist, entrepreneur, inventor and professor
- Markus Müller (born 1967), pharmacologist
- Ingo Zechner (born 1972), philosopher and historian
Writers
edit- Robert Musil (1880–1942), philosophical writer
- Wolf In der Maur (1924–2005), journalist and editor
- Ingeborg Bachmann (1926–1973), poet and author
- Ernst Alexander Rauter (1929–2006), author, journalist and language critic
- Gert Jonke (1946–2009), poet, playwright and novelist
- Vinko Ošlak (born 1947), Slovene author, essayist, translator, columnist and esperantist, lived in Klagenfurt
- Antonia Rados (born 1953), television journalist working for RTL Television
- Monika Czernin (born 1965), writer, screenwriter and film director
- Isabella Krassnitzer (born 1967), journalist, radio and television presenter
Musicians
edit
- Konrad Ragossnig (born 1932), classical guitarist and lutenist
- Udo Jürgens (1934–2014), Austrian-Swiss singer, won the Eurovision Song Contest 1966
- Dagmar Koller (born 1939), singer and actress
- Penny McLean (born Gertrude Wirschinger 1948), singer in Silver Convention
- Wolfgang Puschnig (born 1956), jazz musician (saxophone, flute, bass clarinet) and composer
- Christopher Hinterhuber (born 1973), classical pianist
- Benjamin Ziervogel (born 1983), violinist, concertmaster of RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra
- Anna Kohlweis (born 1984), singer-songwriter and artist, also known as Paper Bird and Squalloscope
- Naked Lunch, a band from Klagenfurt founded in 1991, started as an alternative rock band
Arts
edit- Franciszek Ksawery Lampi (1782–1852), Polish Romantic painter
- Mirella Bentivoglio (born 1922–2017), Italian sculptor, poet, performance artist and curator
- Wolfgang Hollegha (born 1929=2023), painter
- Hannes Heinz Goll (1934–1999), sculptor, printmaker and painter, worked mainly in Colombia
- James Aubrey (1947–2010), British actor
- Sissy Höfferer (born 1955), television actress
- Danny Nucci (born 1968), Austrian-American actor
- Maria Petschnig (born 1977), artist and filmmaker
- Larissa-Antonia Marolt (born 1992), fashion model and actress
Sport
edit- Andre Burakovsky (born 1995), ice hockey player
- Rosa Donner, (born 2003), competitive sailor[46]
- Stephanie Graf (born 1973), former middle-distance runner
- Dieter Kalt, Jr. (born 1974), former professional ice hockey player
- Stefan Lexa (born 1976), retired football player, played 454 games
- Stefan Koubek (born 1977), retired tennis player
- Thomas Pöck (born 1981), ice hockey player
- Anton Pein (born 1967), darts player
- Horst Skoff (1968–2008), professional tennis player
- Peter Scharmann (born 1950), racing driver
Gallery
edit-
Civic Theatre and Opera -
-
The Stadthaus -
Klagenfurt Cathedral -
Lend canal in the centre of Klagenfurt -
Annabichl Manor -
Ehrental Manor -
Krastowitz Manor -
Tentschach Castle -
Model of St. Peter's, Rome, in Minimundus -
British Forces War Cemetery -
A2 autobahn by-pass at Falkenberg tunnel -
Empress Maria Theresa on Neuer Platz -
Detail of the Lindworm Fountain
Twin towns – sister cities
edit
Klagenfurt is twinned with the following towns and cities.[47]
Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany, since 1930[48]
Venlo, Limburg, Netherlands, since 1961
Nova Gorica, Slovenia, since 1965
Gorizia, Gorizia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy, since 1965
Gladsaxe, Denmark, since 1969- Dessau-Roßlau, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, since 1970
Dushanbe, Tajikistan, since 1973- Dachau, Bavaria, Germany, since 1974
Rzeszów, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Poland, since 1975[49]
Sibiu, Romania, since 1990
Zalaegerszeg, Hungary, since 1990
Chernivtsi, Ukraine, since 1992
Nof Hagalil, Israel, since 1993
Tarragona, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain, since 1994
Nanning, China, since 2001
Laval, Québec, Canada, since 2005- Lignano Sabbiadoro, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy, since 2021
- Koper, Slovenia, since 2022[50]
References
editNotes
edit- ^ "Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
- ^ Population at the beginning of the year for municipalities since 2002 (in German), Statistics Austria, January 2023, Wikidata Q27838750
- ^ "Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- ^ Landesgesetzblatt 2008 vom 16. Jänner 2008, Stück 1, Nr. 1: Gesetz vom 25. Oktober 2007, mit dem die Kärntner Landesverfassung und das Klagenfurter Stadtrecht 1998 geändert werden. (link)
- ^ lit. "Lament ford on Lake Wörth"
- ^ Kattnig, Franc; Zerzer, Janko (1982). Dvojezična Koroška/Zweisprachiges Kärnten (in Slovenian and German). Klagenfurt: Mohorjeva/Hermagoras. p. 14.
- ^ "Klagenfurt". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021.
- ^ Eberhard Kranzmayer, Ortsnamenbuch von Kärnten. Part II, Klagenfurt 1958, p. 119.
- ^ a b c Dieter Jandl, A Brief History of Klagenfurt, revised edition, Klagenfurt 2007
- ^ a b Heinz-Dieter Pohl, Kärnten. Deutsche und slowenische Namen/Koroška. Slovenska in nemška imena. In: Österreichische Namenforschung 28 (2000), vols. 2–3, Klagenfurt 2000
- ^ Paul Gleirscher, Wie Aquiliu zu Klagenfurt wurde. In: Paul Gleirscher, Mystisches Kärnten. Sagenhaftes, Verborgenes, Ergrabenes, Klagenfurt 2007.
- ^ Janez Jeromen: 150th Anniversary of "Mohorjeva družba" Publishing House. Pošta Slovenije, Ljubljana 2001
- ^ August Walzl, Kärnten 1945, p. 127 f.
- ^ Josef Rausch, Der Partisanenkampf in Kärnten im Zweiten Weltkrieg (= Militärhistorische Schriftenreihe 39/40), Vienna 1979; August Walzl, Kärnten 1945, p. 127, 156
- ^ August Walzl, Kärnten 1946. Vom NS-Regime zur Besatzungsherrschaft im Alpen-Adria-Raum. Klagenfurt: Universitätsverlag Carinthia 1985, ISBN 3-85378-235-3, p. 117
- ^ August Walzl, Kärnten 1945, p. 197
- ^ August Walzl, Kärnten 1946, p. 176f, p. 194.
All the Western sources agree on that date, contrary to Yugoslav or Slovene sources.
Karel Pušnik-Gašper and others, Gemsen auf der Lawine. Der Partisanenkampf in Kärnten, Klagenfurt: Drava 1980, pp.305 ff., still claims that Yugoslav partisan forces liberated Klagenfurt on 7 May, disarming the last Hitler units.
Similarly, the Bulgarian publication Otecestvenata vojna na Bulgarija 1944–1945, Sofia 1965, vol. 3, p. 258 writes of the plans for an advance as far as Klagenfurt and Villach. This advance, however, came to a halt at Lavamünd, cf. Walzl, Kärnten 1945, pp. 178 f., 225 f., 241. - ^ Zbornik dokumentov in podatkov v narodno osvobodilni vojni jugoslovanskih narodov. Part 6, vol. 12, Ljubljana 1953–1965, pp. 493 ff.
- ^ Photos in August Walzl, Kärnten 1945, pp. 326, 327
- ^ Report of Field Marshal Alexander to the Combined Chief of Staffs of 15 May 1945 WO 202/319/040927 (Public Record Office London: War Office, unpublished), in: Walzl, Kärnten 1945, p. 224
- ^ a b "Klagenfurt Climate Normals for 1961-1990". ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ a b c "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Klagenfurt-11231" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Lufttemperatur" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ^ "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Niederschlag" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ^ "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Schnee" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ^ "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Luftfeuchtigkeit" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ^ "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Strahlung" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ^ "Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000 – Kärnten-Klagenfurt" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ^ "Magistrat und Landeshauptstadt Klagenfurt am Wörthersee – Population". www.klagenfurt.at. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
- ^ "Statistisches Jahrbuch der Landeshauptstadt Klagenfurt am Wörthersee 2015" (PDF). Magistrat der Landeshauptstadt Klagenfurt am Wörtherse. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
- ^ "Statistik Austria". Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
- ^ Wyse, W.J., ed. (August 1964). "Overseas News". Modern Tramway and Light Railway Review. London: Ian Allan Publishing. p. 289.
- ^ 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE ST HERMAGORAS SOCIETY. Speech of Slovene President Milan Kucan in the Palace of St Hermagoras Society: Meeting the press. Klagenfurt (Austria), 28 September 2001
- ^ Bachmannpreis. Accessed on 19 December 2019.
- ^ Musikforum. Accessed on 19 December 2019.
- ^ Wörthersee Classics Festival: Idee des Festivals Archived 25 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed on 19 December 2019.
- ^ Magistrat und Landeshauptstadt Klagenfurt am Wörthersee Archived 12 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed on 19 December 2019.
- ^ Kontaktna leča / Kontaktlinse. Accessed on 19 December 2019.
- ^ Stadtrichter | Vorwort – Altstadtzauber. Accessed on 19 December 2019.
- ^ Klagenfurt erhält eigenes Kulturfestival. Accessed on 19 December 2019.
- ^ Klagenfurt Festival bringt Popkultur in die Lindwurmstadt Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed on 19 December 2019.
- ^ Ironman Austria Contest Archived 7 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ":: A1 Beach Volleyball Grand Slam Klagenfurt presented by Volksbank ::". Beachvolleyball.at. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ "Black Lions", webpage: CBLions Archived 5 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ . New International Encyclopedia. Vol. XX. 1905.
- ^ Kowal, Peter (27 July 2022). "Rosa & Sebastian holen EM-Silber für Kärnten!". KLiCK Kärnten (in German). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ "Klagenfurt's international city relations". Retrieved 17 October 2022.
- ^ "Wiesbaden's international city relations". Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ^ "Serwis informacyjny UM Rzeszów - Informacja o współpracy Rzeszowa z miastami partnerskimi". rzeszow.pl. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ "Koper in Celovec odslej partnerski mesti". 7 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
Bibliography
edit- Dieter Jandl, A brief history of Klagenfurt, revised edition, Klagenfurt: Heyn 2007, ISBN 978-3-7084-0222-2
- Uwe Johnson, A trip to Klagenfurt. In the footsteps of Ingeborg Bachmann, transl. by Damion Searls, Evanston, Ill. : Northwestern University Press, 2004 ISBN 978-0-8101-1796-9
- Richard Rainier Randall, The Political Geography of the Klagenfurt Plebiscite Area, PhD thesis, Clark University, Worcester, Mass. 1955
- Karl R. Stadler, Austria, London: Benn 1971 ISBN 9780510393113
- Nikolai Tolstoy, The Klagenfurt Conspiracy . War crimes & diplomatic secrets, in: Encounter vol. 60 (1983) no. 5
- Anthony Cowgill, Christopher Booker et al., Interim Report on an Enquiry into the Repatriation of Surrendered Enemy Personnel to The Soviet Union and Yugoslavia from Austria in May 1945 and The Alleged 'Klagenfurt Conspiracy', Stroud, Gloucestershire, Royal United Service Institute for Defence Studies, 1988 ISBN 0-9514029-0-0
External links
edit
- Klagenfurt Tourism
- Statistisches Jahrbuch der Landeshauptstadt Klagenfurt 2007, S. XXIX. Statistical Yearbook 2007 of the Capital City of Klagenfurt[permanent dead link] (PDFin German)
- Slovene postage stamp 150th anniversary of Hermagoras
- Speech of the President of Slovenia in Klagenfurt on the 150th anniversary of Hermagoras