Antvorskov Monastery (Danish: Antvorskov Kloster) was the principal Scandinavian monastery of the Catholic Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, located about one kilometer south of the town of Slagelse on Zealand, Denmark.[1]
It served as the Scandinavian headquarters of the Order, known also as "the Hospitallers", and the prior of Antvorskov reported directly to the great officer of the Order in Germany, the Grand Master of the Order on Rhodes (and, later, on Malta), and the pope. As a result, Antvorskov was one of the most important monastic houses in Denmark. Before the Reformation, its prior often served as a member of the Council of the Realm (Danish: Rigsrådet) as well.[2]
History
editKnights Hospitaller
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In 1165, the Danish king Valdemar the Great, who was himself an honorary Knight of St John, gave the Order land at Antvorskov. The monastery (Danish: kloster) was constructed soon thereafter, during the time of Archbishop Eskil. The mother monastery, on Rhodes, and a monastery on Cyprus were built to house pilgrims to the Holy Land. Daughter houses such as Antvorskov were to forward any profits from properties to the monastery on Rhodes. Over time, however, especially after the collapse of Crusader kingdoms in Palestine, the Order focused more on helping local people, especially those suffering from leprosy, which was not uncommon in medieval Europe.[3]
In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the monastery became one of Denmark's major landowners. Many persons nearing death and seeking to withdraw from the world into a quasi-religious life donated some or all of their goods to the monastery. Many families seeking heavenly rest for their kinsmen donated property to buy prayers in perpetuity for those deceased relatives, or to buy burial places inside the abbey church.
Despite the vast landholdings attached to the monastery, the central government of the Order on Rhodes (and, later, on Malta) often scolded Antvorskov for failing to send the required excess to the mother house. In time, Antvorskov came to own farms and land all over Denmark and as far south as Rügen, where a daughter abbey at Maschenholt was established in 1435.
The list of priors is long, but a few outstandingly notable names appear. Henrik of Hohenscheid was an advisor to the Danish kings Erik V and Erik VI, from whom the monastery received many lucrative holdings. Jep Mortensen rebuilt the monastery between 1468 and 1490, and he added a new chapel attached to the abbey church. Eskil Thomesen, the last Catholic prior, received permission to wear the vestments of a bishop and perform a bishop's functions without being ordained.
Secularization
editThomesen opposed the introduction of Lutheran teaching and was responsible for sending Hans Tausen, who lived at the monastery, to prison in Viborg for teaching Lutheran "heresy" in the Good Friday sermon in 1525 that sparked the Reformation in Denmark. Thomesen refused to ratify the election in 1534 of Christian III, whom he fiercely opposed, to the Danish throne. When Count Christopher of Oldenburg failed to achieve the reinstatement of Christian II as king, Christian III persecuted both Thomesen and the monastic institution. The king demanded money from the monastery to pay off the debt he had incurred in securing his election to the throne.[3]
Royal castle
editAfter the Reformation, the monastery complex became a royal residence. In 1585, it became illegal to use the name "Antvorskov Abbey" to refer to the property; it was thenceforth to be called "Antvorskov Castle" (Danish: Antvorskov Slot).[4] Frederik II died at Antvorskov in 1588. Frederik IV's wife was created Countess of Antvorskov, but upon her death the properties reverted to the crown. In 1717, the castle became for a while a staging location for the Danish army, housing troops. The abbey church was reopened for services in 1722.
Dismantling
editIn 1774 the property was sold as private property to Georg Ditlev Frederik Köes, who ordered the church to be pulled down and the materials used to rebuild his manor at Falkenstein. In 1774, lands at Anvorskov were broken into nine large estates, which passed into the hands of local noble families.[5] In 1799, State Minister Bruun bought the remaining estate, divided it into four parcels, and sold them off. Several of the fixtures from the monastery were transferred to nearby Saint Peter's Church, including an altar and a baptismal font.[6]
The remnants of the monastic complex crumbled, visited by Danes and others as a picturesque reminder of the distant past; in his autobiography, Hans Christian Andersen, for example, mentions excursions to the ruins of the monastery. Anvorskov is also mentioned at HCA's A String of Pearls. By 1816, the last of the ancient buildings stood in hopeless disrepair and were torn down. In 1888 the Nationalmuseum excavated ruins found at the property, that can be viewed at the museum building at Kongevejen, 4200 Slagelse.
Owners
edit- Peder Reedtz, 1580–1589
- Christian Friis, 1589–1596
- Ebbe Munk, 1596–1620
- Ernst Nordmand, 1620–1631
- Hugo Lützow, 1656–1662
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ "Johanniterordenens historie: En introduktion". Johanniterordenen - Johanniterhjælpen (in Danish). Retrieved 2020-07-21.
- ^ Trap, J.P. (1898). Kongeriget Danmark: Frederiksborg Kjøbenhavns Holbæk Sorø og Præstø Amter (in Danish). Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: G.E.C. GAD. p. 674.
- ^ a b Antvorskove Kloster.da.wikipedia
- ^ Antvorskov Slot.dk.bygning/Antvorskov
- ^ "Antvorskov Kloster". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 2020-07-21.
- ^ "Om kirken". Sct Peders Kirke (in Danish). Folkekirken. Retrieved 2020-07-21.
Bibliography
edit- Carlsson, Christer (2010). Johanitterordens kloster i Skandinavien utifrån historiskt och arkeologiskt material (in Swedish). Syddansk Universitet. Det Humanistiske Fakultet.
- Heebøll-Holm, Thomas (2004). "Da Johanniterordenen kom til Danmark – johanniternes rolle i Valdemar I's korstog". 1066 - Tidsskrift for Historie (in Danish). 34 (2–3): 41–49. ISSN 2244-9817.
- Reitzel-Nielsen, Erik (1984). "Tiden før Rhodos". Johannitterordenens historie med særligt henblik på de nordiske lande (in Danish). Vol. 1. København: C.A. Reitzels Forlag.
- Reitzel-Nielsen, Erik (1988). "Rhodos og Malta (1309-1798)". Johannitterordenens historie med særligt henblik på de nordiske lande (in Danish). Vol. 2. København: C.A. Reitzels Forlag.
