Kirkuk: Difference between revisions

The city sits on the ruins of the original [[Kirkuk Citadel]], site of the ancient mid-3rd millennium BC, [[Akkadian empire|Akkadian]] city of [[Arrapha]],<ref>The Cambridge Ancient History – Page 17 by John Boardman</ref> and which sits near the [[Khasa River]]. The region became a part of the [[Akkadian empire]] (2335–2154 BC) which united all of the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] and [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] speaking Mesopotamians under one rule. After its collapse, the [[language isolate]]-speaking [[Gutians]], a ''pre-Iranic'' race from [[Ancient Iran]], overran the region for a few decades, making Arrapha their capital, before being ejected from [[Mesopotamia]] by the [[Sumer]]ians during the [[Neo-Sumerian Empire]] (2112–2004 BC). The city later came to be dominated by the [[Hurrians]] from eastern [[Anatolia]] before being incorporated into the [[Old Assyrian Empire]] (2025–1750 BC), after which Arrapha and the whole of northern Mesopotamia became a part of Assyria proper. During the late 15th century BC Assyria and Arrapha was under the domination of the short-lived [[Mitanni|Mittani]]-Hurrian empire, but after the Assyrians overthrew and destroyed the Hurri-Mitanni in the early 14th century BC the city was once more under Assyrian rule. Arrapha remained an important Assyrian city until the fall of the [[Assyrian empire]] between 615 and 599 BC. After this it remained a part of the [[geo-political]] province of Assyria ([[Achaemenid Assyria]], [[Athura]], [[Seleucid Syria]], [[Assyria (Roman province)]] and [[Assuristan]]) under various foreign empires, and between the 2nd century BC and 3rd century AD became the capital of the [[Neo-Assyrian]] state of [[Beth Garmai]] before this was conquered into the [[Sassanid empire]] and became a part of [[Assuristan]]. The [[Arab]] [[Islamic conquest]] of the 7th century AD saw the dissolution of Assyria as a geo-political entity. It was also the capital of the [[Shahrizor Eyalet]] in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire.]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macgregor|first=John|url=http://archive.org/details/commercialstatis01macg|title=Commercial statistics. A digest of the productive resources, commercial legislation, customs tariffs ... of all nations. Including all British commercial treaties with foreign states ..|date=1850|publisher=London, Whittaker and co.|others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref>

 

 

==Etymology==