The Wiriyamu Massacre or Operation Marosca was a massacre of the civilian population of the village of Wiriyamu in Mozambique by Portuguese soldiers in December 1972.
| Wiriyamu Massacre | |
|---|---|
| Location | Wiriyamu, Mozambique |
| Date | 16 December 1972 |
Attack type | shooting |
| Deaths | 400[1] |
| Injured | Unknown |
| Perpetrators |  Portuguese ArmyPIDE/DGS |
In September 2022, Portuguese prime minister António Costa called it "an unforgivable act that dishonours Portuguese history".[2]
Background
editThe Portuguese Colonial War broke out in 1961 in response to challenges to Portuguese colonial rule by African independence movements following the success of Democratic Republic of the Congo obtaining independence from Belgium a year earlier. In 1970, FRELIMO guerillas began operating along the Mozambican section of the Zambezi River. The presence of FRELIMO and other anti-colonial revolutionary guerilla organisations sparked intense and widespread panic among settlers. In response, the Portuguese Army initiated in 1971 a series of "cleanup" operations along the Zambezi, from Mucanha to Mucumbura to Inhambinga. These operations involved widespread atrocities and the depopulating of the area to block the advance of guerillas, who relied on support from the local African populace. By 1972, the Portuguese government deployed large amounts of Army units and PIDE/DGS corps to the area, with their behaviour and that of the settler militias becoming increasingly harsh.[3]
Massacre
editOn 16 December 1972, the Portuguese 6th company of Mozambique Commandos killed the inhabitants of the village of Wiriyamu, in the district of Tete. Referred to as the 'Wiriyamu Massacre', the soldiers killed between 150 (according to the Red Cross) and 300 (according to a much later investigation by the Portuguese newspaper Expresso based in testimonies from soldiers) villagers accused of sheltering FRELIMO guerrillas.
The action, named "Operation Marosca", was planned at the instigation of PIDE/DGS agents and guided by agent Chico Kachavi, who was later assassinated while an inquiry into the events was being carried out. The soldiers were told by this agent that "the orders were to kill them all", never mind that only civilians, women and children included, were found.[4] All of the victims were civilians.
Aftermath
editThe massacre was recounted in July 1973 by the British Catholic priest, Father Adrian Hastings, and two other Spanish missionary priests. Later counter-claims have been made in a report of Archbishop of Dar es Salaam Laurean Rugambwa that alleged that the killings were carried out by FRELIMO combatants, not Portuguese forces.[5] In addition, others claimed that the alleged massacres by Portuguese military forces were fabricated to tar the reputation of the Portuguese state abroad.[6] Portuguese journalist Felícia Cabrita reconstructed the Wiriyamu massacre in detail by interviewing both survivors and former members of the Portuguese Army Commandos, the unit that carried out the massacre. Cabrita's report was published in the Portuguese weekly newspaper Expresso and later in a book containing several of the journalist's articles.[7]
References
edit- ^ "Portugal manifesta arrependimento pelo massacre cometido em Moçambique há 50 anos".
- ^ [1] Portuguese Prime Minister Asks for Forgiveness to Mozambique for Wiriyamu Massacre, ECO, Retrieved 15.09.2022, in Portuguese.
- ^ Neves, Joao-Manuel (14 February 2022). "Portuguese Fascism's Genocidal Strategy in Mozambique: The Zambezi River South Bank in the Early-Mid 1970s". Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies. 25 (2): 192–215. doi:10.1080/1369801X.2022.2029533. S2CID 246840758. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ^ Gomes, Carlos de Matos, Afonso, Aniceto. Os Anos da Guerra Colonial - Wiriyamu, De Moçambique para o mundo. Lisboa, 2010
- ^ Arslan Humbarachi & Nicole Muchnik, Portugal's African Wars, N.Y., 1974.
- ^ Adrian Hastings, The Daily Telegraph (June 26, 2001)
- ^ Cabrita, Felícia (2008). Massacres em África. A Esfera dos Livros, Lisbon. pp. 243–282. ISBN 978-989-626-089-7.
Further reading
edit- Dhada, Mustafah (2020), The Wiriyamu Massacre: An Oral History, 1960-1974, Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 9781350119932.