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Xide County (Chinese: 喜德县, Yi: ꑝꅇꑤ) is a county in the south of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. It is located in the southwestern mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin, in the north-central area of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. Xide County is bounded in the east by Zhaojue County, in the south by Xichang, in the west by Mianning County, and in the north by Yuexi County. As of 2020, it has an estimated population of 158,000 covering a total area of 2,206 square kilometers. The northern dialect of Yi language is commonly used, and the Yi language of Sichuan is based on the pronunciation of Xide County.
Xide County
喜德县 • ꑝꅇꑤ | |
|---|---|
 | |
.png) Location of Xide County (red) within Liangshan Prefecture (yellow) and Sichuan | |
  Xide Location of the seat in Sichuan  Xide Xide (China) | |
| Coordinates: 28°18′25″N 102°24′47″E / 28.307°N 102.413°E | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Sichuan |
| Autonomous prefecture | Liangshan |
| County seat | Guangming |
| Area | |
• Total | 2,206 km2 (852 sq mi) |
| Population (2020)[1] | |
• Total | 158,139 |
| • Density | 72/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Website | www |
| Xide County | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 喜德县 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 喜德縣 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Yi name | |||||||
| Yi | ꑝꅇꑤ Romanisation: xit ddop xiep IPA: /ɕɪ˥dʊ˨˩ ɕɛ˨˩/ | ||||||
History
editFrom the Han dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the northern part of Xide belonged to Taitung County,[citation needed] the southern part belonged to Sushi County,[citation needed] and the area around Beishan Township belonged to Qiong Du County. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Xide area belonged to Yueqi County, and later changed to Jingzhou. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, it belonged to Nanzhao, and Nanzhao changed Zhangzhou to Jianchang House. Dali set up two forest departments between Taiping and Qiang Du, and the county belonged to it. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Xide area belonged to Luo Luos Xuanwei Division, Jianchang Road, and Qiang Du Prefecture, while the Yi area belonged to the Tusi surnamed Ling. In the Ming Dynasty, the northern part of Xide belonged to Ningfan Wei, and the southern part belonged to Jianchang Wei. In 1730, Mianshan branch was established in Mianshan, Mianning County. In the early years of the Republic of China, Xide belonged to three counties of Xichang, Mianning, and Yueqi. In 1938, Zhaojue County, Mianning County and Yueqi County were analyzed and set up in Ningdong. In 1939, it was transferred to the newly established Xikang Province. In 1941, the Beishan Model Political Guidance Area was established. In 1950, Jingyuan District, the fourth district of Mianning County, was established.[2]
In 1951, the southwest of the former Ningdong Administrative Bureau and the Beishan Model Political Guidance District merged to establish the Hongmao Magu Yi Autonomous Region in Xichang County. In 1952, Xichang County belonged to Hongmao Magu Yi Autonomous Region and Mianning County belonged to the fourth district merged to establish Xide County, which belongs to Liangshan Yi Autonomous Region. In 1955, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Region was changed to Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and was placed under Sichuan Province.[2] In November 2020, Sichuan Province approved Xide County to withdraw from poverty-stricken counties.[3] Xide in north central Liangshan was once classified as a national-level poverty-stricken county. In November 2020, Sichuan's provincial government announced that the seven remaining impoverished counties in the prefecture, including Xide County, had removed their "hats of poverty" after five painstaking years of targeted poverty alleviation work.
Geography
edit
Xide County is located in the northern section of the north–south Yunnan tectonic belt.[citation needed] Folds and faults coexist in the territory, and the rock strata in the territory cross the stratigraphic area in the asbestos stratigraphic district and the oblique stratigraphic area in Mishi.[citation needed] The terrain is high in the northeast and low in the southwest, and the mountains and rivers are mostly north–south. The highest point is located in the main peak of Erze Russia in Xiaoxiangling, with an altitude of 4500.4 meters, and the lowest point is located in Hong Shinzui, Lizi Township, with an altitude of 1580 meters. Ditch and dam account for 3.82%, which is the main rice producing area; The mesa accounts for 0.86%, which is the main potato producing area; Deep hills accounted for 0.39%; low and medium mountains accounted for 34.42%; Moderate mountains account for 60%, with a large number of natural grasslands and forests; Mountain plains account for 0.34%, mostly high-altitude natural grasslands with flat terrain; High mountains account for 0.17%, mainly distributed in the Erze Russia area at the southern end of the Xiaoxiang Mountains.[4]
The existing vegetation in Xide County is mostly artificial afforestation and afforestation by aircraft planting. There are more than 270 kinds of vegetation, and there are more than 100 kinds of common tree species in more than 70 families. The total forest area is more than 1.689 million mu, including 840,000 mu of aircraft planting forest, more than 600,000 mu of natural forest, and 108,000 mu of farmland converted to forest. National first- and second-level protected animals include macaques, pangolins, Asian black bears, red pandas, leopards, and civet cats, and first-level national protected plants include yew and dove tree. The total amount of water resources in the county is 2.418 billion cubic meters, and the annual runoff is 1.38 billion cubic meters. The theoretical reserves of hydropower resources are 380,760 kilowatts, and the exploitable capacity is 128,440 kilowatts.[5]
Climate
editThe climate of Xide County belongs to the transition zone between the Yajiang warm temperate zone and the subtropical climate zone of Xichang and Batang. It is dry but not cold in winter and cool but rainy in summer. The complex topography in the county results in an obvious three-dimensional climate. The annual average temperature is 14 °C, the average temperature in July is 20.8 °C, and the average temperature in January is 5.7 °C. The average annual sunshine hours is 2016 hours, and the average annual rainfall is 1034.2 mm. The rainfall from mid-May to mid-October accounts for 87.3% of the annual rainfall.[6]
| Climate data for Xide, elevation 1,818 m (5,965 ft), (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.1 (57.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.9 (75.0) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
21.2 (70.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.4 (43.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
14.8 (58.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) |
2.9 (37.2) |
6.1 (43.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
17.2 (63.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.7 (58.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
9.8 (49.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3.4 (0.13) |
4.2 (0.17) |
18.6 (0.73) |
39.7 (1.56) |
100.5 (3.96) |
212.1 (8.35) |
227.8 (8.97) |
176.4 (6.94) |
152.2 (5.99) |
64.7 (2.55) |
16.7 (0.66) |
2.7 (0.11) |
1,019 (40.12) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.2 | 2.8 | 6.9 | 11.3 | 15.5 | 20.9 | 19.8 | 18.4 | 17.5 | 13.4 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 135.6 |
| Average snowy days | 3.4 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 10.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 57 | 51 | 51 | 55 | 61 | 73 | 78 | 76 | 78 | 73 | 68 | 63 | 65 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 207.4 | 202.9 | 233.3 | 217.2 | 187.4 | 109.2 | 134.7 | 154.9 | 108.4 | 119.2 | 168.7 | 178.0 | 2,021.3 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 63 | 64 | 62 | 56 | 45 | 26 | 32 | 38 | 30 | 34 | 53 | 56 | 47 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[7][8] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
editXide County comprises 7 towns and 6 townships.
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Yi | Romanized Yi | Administrative division code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Towns | ||||||
| Guangming Town | 光明镇 | Tiāndìbà Zhèn | ꇨꂱꍔ | guo mip zhep | 513432100 | |
| Mianshan Town | 冕山镇 | Miǎnshān Zhèn | ꂲꎭꍔ | miex sha zhep | 513432101 | |
| Hongmo Town | 红莫镇 | Hóngmò Zhèn | ꉙꃀꍔ | hxop mop zhep | 513432102 | |
| Lianghekou Town | 两河口镇 | Liǎnghékǒu Zhèn | ꆂꉼꈇꍔ | nie hop kox zhep | 513432103 | |
| Mishi Town | 米市镇 | Mǐshì Zhèn | ꁶꏂꍔ | nbit shy zhep | 513432104 | |
| Luoha Town | 洛哈镇 | Luòhā Zhèn | ꇉꉱꍔ | lo hat zhep | 513432105 | |
| Nibo Town | 尼波镇 | Níbō Zhèn | ꐳꁧꍔ | nji bbo zhep | 513432106 | |
| Townships | ||||||
| Heboluo Township | 贺波洛乡 | Hèbōluò Xiāng | ꉙꁈꇉꑣ | hxop po lo xie | 513432202 | |
| Luji Township | 鲁基乡 | Lǔjī Xiāng | ꇇꐯꑣ | lot jjy xie | 513432203 | |
| Lizi Township | 李子乡 | Lǐzǐ Xiāng | ꅾꊪꑣ | nix zy xie | 513432204 | |
| Beishan Township | 北山乡 | Běishān Xiāng | ꀙꎭꑣ | bip sha xie | 513432205 | |
| Qietuo Township | 且拖乡 | Qiětuō Xiāng | ꐀꄧꑣ | qiet tuo xie | 513432208 | |
| Shamashada Township | 沙马拉达乡 | Shāmǎlādá Xiāng | ꎭꂵꇁꄿꑣ | sha mat la dda xie | 513432210 | |
Population
edit
In 2018, the birth rate of Xide County was 15.26‰, the death rate was 4.57‰, and the natural population growth rate was 10.69‰.[9] At the time of the seventh national census in 2020, the resident population of Xide County was 158,139.[10] Among them, men accounted for 50.58%, women accounted for 49.42, and the sex ratio was 102.35.[11] 0–14 years old accounted for 33.62%, 15–59 years old accounted for 56.96%, over 60 years old accounted for 9.42%, of which over 65 years old accounted for 7.25%.[12]
There are mainly four ethnic groups in Xide County: Yi, Han, Hui, and Tibetan. The majority of the population in Xide County is Yi, accounting for 91.49% of the total population in 2018.[9] Agriculture is the mainstay, and animal husbandry is supplemented. Since the early Qing Dynasty, the number of Hui people who moved to Minzhu Village, Mianshan Town, increased from 78 people in 13 households in 1985 to 101 people in 2006; Xide Tibetan people moved in from Shigatse, Tibet, and stayed in Hong Kong. Xuejia Baozi, the second group of Sijin Village, Mozhen, has been through 9 generations, and in 2006 there were 17 households with 66 people.[13]
Economy
edit
In 2018, the GDP of Xide County was 2,392.08 million yuan, of which the added value of the primary industry was 750.75 million yuan, the added value of the secondary industry was 668.39 million yuan, and the added value of the tertiary industry was 972.94 million yuan. The three industrial structures were 31.39 yuan: 27.94: 40.67. In 2018, the per capita GDP of residents in the county was 12,909 yuan, and the per capita disposable income was 12,579 yuan, including 24,270 yuan for urban residents and 8,703 yuan for rural residents.[9]
In 2018, the agricultural added value of Xide County was 750.75 million yuan, the grain sown area was 20,415 hectares, and the total grain output was 83,215 tons; 140,664 pigs, 8,600 cattle, 143,609 sheep, and 14,769 tons of meat were produced; 98,182 cattle, 21,927 cattle and 155,047 sheep. The output of Sichuan pepper is 800 tons, the output of walnut is 1,553 tons, and the output of chestnut is 63 tons. [10]
In 2018, the industrial added value of Xide County was 335.14 million yuan, accounting for 14.0% of the regional GDP. There are 7 industrial enterprises above designated size, with a total industrial output value of 290 million yuan and an increase of 9.2% in industrial added value. The power consumption of industrial enterprises was 71.52 million kWh, the output of raw iron ore was 90,000 tons, the output of finished products was 48,000 tons, and the output of ferroalloy was 6,000 tons. The added value of the construction industry was 333.25 million yuan, accounting for 13.9% of the regional GDP.[9]
In 2018, the total retail sales of social consumer goods in Xide County was 910.35 million yuan, the added value of the wholesale and retail industry was 137.96 million yuan, accounting for 5.8% of the regional GDP, and the added value of the accommodation and catering industry was 151.33 million yuan, accounting for 151.33 million yuan in the regional GDP. 6.3% of the value. The retail sales in the urban market was 534.49 million yuan, and the retail sales in the rural market was 358.18 million yuan. In the industry structure, the retail sales were 749.24 million yuan, the accommodation industry was 16.68 million yuan, and the catering industry retail sales were 126.75 million yuan.[9]
Transportation
editIn 2018, the mileage of rural roads in Xide County was 1,342.7 kilometers, including 61 kilometers of national roads, 113.4 kilometers of provincial roads, 166 kilometers of county and township roads, 825.3 kilometers of village roads, and 177 kilometers of special roads. There are 44 kilometers of highways above grade 3 and 109 kilometers of roads of grade 4. There is 1 road transport enterprise, 208 operating vehicles with a total of 2,037 vehicles, 17 rural passenger lines, 3 cross-line lines in Linxian County, and 50 taxis operating within the county. The annual passenger turnover was 56.54 million people/km, and the freight turnover was 169.48 million tons/km.[9]
Mineral resources
editThe total land area of Xide County is 3,309,760.8 mu, of which 391,825.8 mu is cultivated land, most of which are dry land, and paddy fields are distributed in the valleys of ditch and dam. There are 10,242.3 mu of garden land, accounting for 0.3% of the county area; 1,581,252.3 mu of forest land, accounting for 47.7% of the county area; 1,109,685.15 mu of pasture land, accounting for 33.5% of the county area; 26,533.5 mu of residential and mining land, accounting for 0.8% of the county area; transportation land is 23,084.85 mu, accounting for 0.7% of the county area; water area is 96,559.59 mu, accounting for 2.9% of the county area; unused land is 70,576.95 mu, accounting for 2.1% of the county area.[5]
There are various soil types in Xide County, including 33,200 mu of paddy soil, 34,508 mu of fluvo-aquic soil, 1,857,524 mu of purple soil, 182,065 mu of red loam, 411,893 mu of yellow-brown loam, 256,591 mu of dark brown loam, and mountain calcification. The soil is 25,655 mu, the mountain meadow soil is 365,897 mu, the subalpine meadow soil is 25,170 mu, and the limestone soil is 16,123 mu.[5]
More than 40 mineral deposits have been found in Xide County, including iron, copper, lead, zinc, tin and other metal minerals; arsenic, fluorite, dolomite, silica, granite, feldspar, basalt, tuff, sandstone for construction, Non-metallic minerals such as shale for bricks and tiles; energy minerals such as coal and geothermal hot springs. Among them, dolomite, granite, marble, basalt, and sandstone for construction have reached the scale of medium-sized or above, and all of them are small-scale mines.[14]
Culture
editThe Wuhe Tomb in Xide County is listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit in China, and the Dengxiangying Ancient Post Station and Xide Deng Mansion are listed as Sichuan provincial key cultural relics protection units. Xide Yi Kezhi and Yi lacquer decoration skills were included in the second batch of China's national intangible cultural heritage list, and were awarded the title of "Hometown of Yi Lacquerware" by China's National Ethnic Affairs Commission and Liangshan Prefecture Government.[15]
Education
editIn 2018, there were 76 schools of all levels and types in Xide County, including 23 kindergartens, 10,952 students, 279 faculty members, and 163 full-time teachers; 46 primary schools, 28,493 students and 1,415 faculty members. There are 1,329 full-time teachers; 5 junior high schools, 8,512 students, 225 faculty members, and 222 full-time teachers; 3 nine-year schools with 2,484 students, 206 faculty members, and 285 full-time teachers; There are 2 complete middle schools with 2,667 students, 299 faculty members and 291 full-time teachers.[13] Among the county's population, college education accounted for 4.572%, high school education accounted for 4.657%, junior high school education accounted for 19.534%, and primary school education accounted for 40.316%.[16]
References
edit- ^ "凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）——县（市）人口情况" (in Chinese). Government of Liangshan Prefecture. 2021-06-02.
- ^ a b 四川省喜德县地方志编纂委员会, ed. (2007). 喜德县志 第一篇第二章 建置沿革. 中国文史出版社. ISBN 9787503427916.
- ^ "四川省人民政府关于批准普格县等7个县退出贫困县的通知川府函〔2020〕227号". 四川省人民政府. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ 四川省喜德县地方志编纂委员会, ed. (2007). 喜德县志 第二篇第一章 地质地貌. 中国文史出版社. ISBN 9787503427916. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ a b c 四川省喜德县地方志编纂委员会, ed. (2007). 喜德县志 第二篇第四章 自然资源. 中国文史出版社. ISBN 9787503427916. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ 四川省喜德县地方志编纂委员会, ed. (2007). 喜德县志 第二篇第二章 气候. 中国文史出版社. ISBN 9787503427916. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f 喜德县统计局 (2019-08-15). "喜德县2018年国民经济和社会发展统计公报". 喜德縣人民政府. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ "凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）". 凉山州统计局. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ "凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第三号）". 凉山州统计局. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ "凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第四号）". 凉山州统计局. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ a b 四川省喜德县地方志编纂委员会, ed. (2007). 喜德县志 第二十四篇第四章 少数民族习俗. 中国文史出版社. ISBN 9787503427916. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ 喜德县自然资源局 (2021-03-25). "喜德县矿产资源". 喜德县人民政府. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ 四川省喜德县地方志编纂委员会, ed. (2007). 喜德县志 第二十二篇第二章 文化艺术. 中国文史出版社. ISBN 9787503427916. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ "凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第五号）". 凉山州统计局. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2022-06-12.