Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*gēną

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁-. Suppletive past tense is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-, although all modern Germanic languages have eliminated this stem by further suppletion or innovation.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gāną

to go, walk
Synonyms: *ganganą, *līþaną

Inflection

Irregular; the present is similar to verbs of weak class 3-ā. The past is suppletive and is formed with a stem *ijj-.

Conjugation of *gāną (irregular, suppletive)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*gō	?	—	—	—
2nd singular	*gaisi	?	*gai	—	—
3rd singular	*gaiþi	?	*gāþau	—	—
1st dual	*gōs	?	—	—	—
2nd dual	*gāþiz	?	*gāþiz	—	—
1st plural	*gāmaz	?	—	—	—
2nd plural	*gaiþ	?	*gaiþ	—	—
3rd plural	*gānþi	?	*gānþau	—	—

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*ijjǭ	*ijjēdį̄
2nd singular	*ijjēz	*ijjēdīz
3rd singular	*ijjē	*ijjēdī
1st dual	*ijjēdū	*ijjēdīw
2nd dual	*ijjēdudiz	*ijjēdīdiz
1st plural	*ijjēdum	*ijjēdīm
2nd plural	*ijjēdud	*ijjēdīd
3rd plural	*ijjēdun	*ijjēdīn

	present	past
participles	*gāndz	*gānaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *gān
- Old English: gān
  - Middle English: gon, gan, ga, goo, goon, go
    - English: go
    - Geordie English: gan
    - Middle Scots: go, goe, gone
      - Scots: gan, gae, ga, gang
    - Yola: goe, gow, go, goeth (influnced by Irish silent -th)
- Old Frisian: gān
  - Saterland Frisian: geen (simple past, past participle of gunge)
  - West Frisian: gean
- Old Saxon: gān
  - Middle Low German: gân
    - Dutch Low Saxon: gan, gaon
    - German Low German: gahn
    - Plautdietsch: gone
- Old Dutch: gān
  - Middle Dutch: gâen
    - Dutch: gaan
      - Afrikaans: gaan
      - Javindo: ha, haat
      - Jersey Dutch: xân, xâne
      - Petjo: gaan, haan
    - Limburgish: gaon
- Old High German: gān, gēn
  - Middle High German: gān, gēn, kēn
    - Alemannic German: gaa, gan, ge, gi, goo, gu
      Swabian: gau, geha
    - Bavarian: geh, gea, gean, gian
      Cimbrian: gian, ghéenan (Sette Comuni)
      Northern Bavarian: [ɡ̊ɛi]
    - Central Franconian: giehn, gohn (northeastern Moselle Franconian), john, jonn (Ripuarian)
      Hunsrik: gehn, keen
      Luxembourgish: goen
    - East Central German: gii, giin (Erzgebirgisch)
      Upper Saxon German:
      Vilamovian: gejn
    - East Franconian:
    - German: gehen
    - Rhine Franconian: geh, gehe, gäh, gähe, gäj, gäje, gih, gihe, gej, geje
      Frankfurterisch: [g̥ε̃ː]
      Pennsylvania German: geh
    - Yiddish: גיין (geyn)
Old Norse: gá
- Icelandic: gá
- Faroese: gá
- Norwegian Nynorsk: gå
- Elfdalian: gą̊
- Old Swedish: gā
  - Swedish: gå
- Danish: gå
  - Norwegian Bokmål: gå
Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gaggan) (only the past tense forms, e.g. 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 (iddja))
Crimean Gothic: geen (infinitive only)