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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
The '''culture of the Philippines''' is characterized by its ethnic diversity.<ref name="UNDPCountryInfo">{{cite web |title=About the Philippines |url=https://www.ph.undp.org/content/philippines/en/home/countryinfo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608085704/http://www.ph.undp.org/content/philippines/en/home/countryinfo.html |archive-date=June 8, 2014 |access-date=October 19, 2021 |website=UNDP in Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Although the various ethnolinguistic groups of the archipelago have only recently established a shared national identity,<ref name="Scott1994">{{cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |author-link = William Henry Scott (historian) |title= Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher= Ateneo de Manila University Press |year= 1994 |location= Quezon City |isbn=971-550-135-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC }}</ref> their cultures were all shaped by the geography and history of the country,<ref name="JocanoWorldview">{{Cite book |last=Jocano |first=F. Landa |title=Filipino worldview: ethnography of local knowledge |date=2001 |publisher=PUNLAD Research House |isbn=971-622-005-7 |location=Metro Manila, Philippines |oclc=50000279}}</ref><ref name="JocanoEthnic">{{Cite book |last=Jocano |first=F. Landa |title=Filipino indigenous ethnic communities: patterns, variations, and typologies |date=2003 |publisher=PUNLAD Research House |isbn=971-622-002-2 |edition=Repr |location=Manila |oclc=66410722}}</ref> and by centuries of interaction with neighboring countries, and colonial powers.<ref name="Junker1990">{{cite journal |title=The Organization of Intraregional and Longdistance Trade in Prehispanic Philippine Complex Societies |author=Junker, Laura Lee |journal=Asian Perspectives |year=1990 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=167–209}}</ref><ref name="Jocano2001">{{cite book | last = Jocano | first = F. Landa | author-link = F. Landa Jocano | title = Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage | publisher = Punlad Research House, Inc. | date = 1998 | location = Quezon City | edition = 2001 | isbn = 971-622-006-5 }}</ref> In more recent times, Filipino culture has also been influenced through its participation in the international community.<ref name="MichelleAbad20200922">{{Cite news |last=Abad |first=Michelle |date=September 22, 2020 |title=FAST FACTS: The United Nations General Assembly and PH participation |language=en |work=[[Rappler]] |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/things-to-know-united-nations-general-assembly-philippine-participation |url-status=live |access-date=October 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922201236/https://rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/things-to-know-united-nations-general-assembly-philippine-participation |archive-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref>
The '''culture of the Philippines''' is characterized by its ethnic diversity.<ref name="UNDPCountryInfo">{{cite web |title=About the Philippines |url=https://www.ph.undp.org/content/philippines/en/home/countryinfo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608085704/http://www.ph.undp.org/content/philippines/en/home/countryinfo.html |archive-date=June 8, 2014 |access-date=October 19, 2021 |website=UNDP in Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Although the various ethnolinguistic groups of the archipelago have only recently established a shared national identity,<ref name="Scott1994">{{cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |author-link = William Henry Scott (historian) |title= Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher= Ateneo de Manila University Press |year= 1994 |location= Quezon City |isbn=971-550-135-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC }}</ref> their cultures were all shaped by the geography and history of the country,<ref name="JocanoWorldview">{{Cite book |last=Jocano |first=F. Landa |title=Filipino worldview: ethnography of local knowledge |date=2001 |publisher=PUNLAD Research House |isbn=971-622-005-7 |location=Metro Manila, Philippines |oclc=50000279}}</ref><ref name="JocanoEthnic">{{Cite book |last=Jocano |first=F. Landa |title=Filipino indigenous ethnic communities: patterns, variations, and typologies |date=2003 |publisher=PUNLAD Research House |isbn=971-622-002-2 |edition=Repr |location=Manila |oclc=66410722}}</ref> and by centuries of interaction with neighboring countries, and colonial powers.<ref name="Junker1990">{{cite journal |title=The Organization of Intraregional and Longdistance Trade in Prehispanic Philippine Complex Societies |author=Junker, Laura Lee |journal=Asian Perspectives |year=1990 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=167–209}}</ref><ref name="Jocano2001">{{cite book | last = Jocano | first = F. Landa | author-link = F. Landa Jocano | title = Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage | publisher = Punlad Research House, Inc. | date = 1998 | location = Quezon City | edition = 2001 | isbn = 971-622-006-5 }}</ref> In more recent times, Filipino culture has also been influenced through its participation in the international community.<ref name="MichelleAbad20200922">{{Cite news |last=Abad |first=Michelle |date=September 22, 2020 |title=FAST FACTS: The United Nations General Assembly and PH participation |language=en |work=[[Rappler]] |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/things-to-know-united-nations-general-assembly-philippine-participation |url-status=live |access-date=October 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922201236/https://rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/things-to-know-united-nations-general-assembly-philippine-participation |archive-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref>

==Ethnolinguistic Groups==
===Ilocano===
The Ilocano people are a predominantly Christian group who reside within the lowlands and coastal areas of northwestern Luzon.<ref name="CCP_Ilocano2">CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art, Peoples of the Philippines, Ilocano</ref> Other Ilocanos are also found in Cordillera Administrative Region and Cagayan Valley, as well as in west and east Pangasinan. Minor pockets of Ilocanos are also found in scattered parts of Central Luzon, such as Zambales, Tarlac, Bataan,<ref>[https://phinder.ph/bataan-philippines/ Discovering Bataan]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131153829/https://phinder.ph/bataan-philippines/|date=January 31, 2024}} in phinder.ph</ref> Nueva Ecija, and Aurora,<ref name=1:/><ref name=Aurorapeople>{{cite web|last1=Mesina|first1=Ilovita|title=Baler And Its People, The Aurorans|url=http://www.aurora.ph/mobile/baler-aurora-book/baler-and-its-people.html|website=Aurora.ph|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011235049/http://www.aurora.ph/mobile/baler-aurora-book/baler-and-its-people.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in Metro Manila and in some municipalities in Mindanao, mainly in Sultan Kudarat.<ref name="CCP_Ilocano2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/cps//fil-community.html|title=The Filipino Community in Hawaii|publisher=University of Hawaii, Center for Philippine studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809094700/http://www.hawaii.edu/cps/fil-community.html|archive-date=August 9, 2007|access-date=July 10, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> They speak Ilocano and they form the third largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines at about 8.1 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ilo|title=Ilocano|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|access-date=July 10, 2007|archive-date=January 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113013255/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ilo|url-status=live}}</ref> Ilocanos even speak other languages within the environment of other ethnic groups in areas they settled and grew up in, like Ibanag, Pangasinan, Ivatan, Kapampangan and Tagalog in Central Luzon, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Butuanon, Surigaonon as well as Lumad and Moro languages in Mindanao. Their foremost folk literature is ''[[Biag ni Lam-ang]]'' (The Life of Lam-ang), an epic poem with similarities with the Ramayana.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 22:59, 18 October 2024

Introduction

The culture of the Philippines is characterized by its ethnic diversity.[1] Although the various ethnolinguistic groups of the archipelago have only recently established a shared national identity,[2] their cultures were all shaped by the geography and history of the country,[3][4] and by centuries of interaction with neighboring countries, and colonial powers.[5][6] In more recent times, Filipino culture has also been influenced through its participation in the international community.[7]

Ethnolinguistic Groups

Ilocano

The Ilocano people are a predominantly Christian group who reside within the lowlands and coastal areas of northwestern Luzon.[8] Other Ilocanos are also found in Cordillera Administrative Region and Cagayan Valley, as well as in west and east Pangasinan. Minor pockets of Ilocanos are also found in scattered parts of Central Luzon, such as Zambales, Tarlac, Bataan,[9] Nueva Ecija, and Aurora,[10][11] in Metro Manila and in some municipalities in Mindanao, mainly in Sultan Kudarat.[8][12] They speak Ilocano and they form the third largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines at about 8.1 million.[13] Ilocanos even speak other languages within the environment of other ethnic groups in areas they settled and grew up in, like Ibanag, Pangasinan, Ivatan, Kapampangan and Tagalog in Central Luzon, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Butuanon, Surigaonon as well as Lumad and Moro languages in Mindanao. Their foremost folk literature is Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang), an epic poem with similarities with the Ramayana.

References

  1. ↑ "About the Philippines". UNDP in Philippines. Archived from the original on June 8, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  2. ↑ Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
  3. ↑ Jocano, F. Landa (2001). Filipino worldview: ethnography of local knowledge. Metro Manila, Philippines: PUNLAD Research House. ISBN 971-622-005-7. OCLC 50000279.
  4. ↑ Jocano, F. Landa (2003). Filipino indigenous ethnic communities: patterns, variations, and typologies (Repr ed.). Manila: PUNLAD Research House. ISBN 971-622-002-2. OCLC 66410722.
  5. ↑ Junker, Laura Lee (1990). "The Organization of Intraregional and Longdistance Trade in Prehispanic Philippine Complex Societies". Asian Perspectives. 29 (2): 167–209.
  6. ↑ Jocano, F. Landa (1998). Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage (2001 ed.). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. ISBN 971-622-006-5.
  7. ↑ Abad, Michelle (September 22, 2020). "FAST FACTS: The United Nations General Assembly and PH participation" (in en). Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/things-to-know-united-nations-general-assembly-philippine-participation. 
  8. ↑ a b CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art, Peoples of the Philippines, Ilocano
  9. ↑ Discovering BataanTemplate:Webarchive in phinder.ph
  10. ↑ Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 1:
  11. ↑ Mesina, Ilovita. "Baler And Its People, The Aurorans". Aurora.ph. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  12. ↑ "The Filipino Community in Hawaii". University of Hawaii, Center for Philippine studies. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
  13. ↑ "Ilocano". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Archived from the original on January 13, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
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