Conlang/Appendix/CXS

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	Conlang

CXS, or Conlang X-SAMPA, is an encoding of the International Phonetic Alphabet into 7-bit ASCII. CXS is a slightly modifed form of X-SAMPA, an encoding proposed in 1995 by a British phonetician, John C. Wells; the modifications have been devised by and for the members of the CONLANG mailing list — whose name gave rise to the word conlang used in this book, and thus indirectly to all the other uses of prefix con- in the Conworld series of wikibooks.

Sounds

Click on the name of a sound in these tables to hear the sound. If a sound isn't available here, its name is shown in red. If the sound files don't play on your computer, see w:Wikipedia:Media help.

You may notice that many of the red links have long names. A design priority for the CXS encoding is to give the shortest names to the most commonly encoded sounds — which means that the most unusual sounds, most likely not to have sound files available here, are also most likely to have longer names.

Consonant sounds

In the table of pulmonic consonants, for each place and manner of articulation (column and row), there may be an unvoiced consonant and a voiced consonant. Unvoiced consonants appear on the left side of that cell in the table, voiced consonants on the right.

Consonants (pulmonic)
Place of articulation →	Labial		Coronal				Dorsal				Radical				(none)
Manner of articulation ↓	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Retro- flex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular		Pharyn- geal		Epi- glottal		Glottal
Nasal	m	F	n			n`	J	N	N\
Plosive	p b	p_d b_d	t d			t` d`	c J\	k g	q G\						?
Fricative	p\ B	f v	T D	s z	S Z	s` z`	C j\	x G	X	R	X\	?\	H\	<\	h h\
Approximant	B_o	P	r\			r\`	j	M\		R		?\		<\	h h\
Trill	B\		r			r`r)			R\				>\:
Tap or Flap	v_X_+	v_X	4			r`							>\_X
Lateral Fricative			K K\			K`	L_0_r	L\_0_r
Lateral Approximant			l			l`	L	L\
Lateral Flap			l\			l\`	L_X	L\_X

Alternative notation v\ can be used for P (the labiodental approximant).

Coarticulated
W	Voiceless labialized velar approximant
w	Voiced labialized velar approximant
	Voiced labialized palatal approximant
s\	Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
z\	Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
x\	Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative

Affricates and double articulation
ts	voiceless alveolar affricate
dz	voiced alveolar affricate
tS	voiceless postalveolar affricate
dZ	voiced postalveolar affricate
ts\	voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
dz\	voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
tK	voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
kp	voiceless labial-velar plosive
gb	voiced labial-velar plosive
Nm	labial-velar nasal stop

The joining of the two sounds in an affricate or double articulation can be notated explicitly by following the second with a right paren, as in /tS)/.

Consonants (non-pulmonic)
Clicks		Implosives		Ejectives
O\	Bilabial	b_<	Bilabial	_>	For example:
\|\	Laminal alveolar ("dental")	d_<	Alveolar	p_>	Bilabial
!\	Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex")	J\_<	Palatal	t_>	Alveolar
=\	Laminal postalveolar ("palatal")	g_<	Velar	k_>	Velar
\|\\|\	Lateral coronal ("lateral")	G\_<	Uvular	s_>	Alveolar fricative

Vowel sounds

At each point in the chart, the vowel to the left of the "•" is unrounded, the vowel to the right is rounded. The symbols for the mid central and near-open central vowels do not distinguish between rounded and unrounded forms.

Front

Near-front

Central

Near-back

Back

Close

i • y

i\ • u\

M • u

I • Y

I\ • U\

• U

e • 2

@\ • 8

7 • o

@

E • 9

3 • 3\

V • O

& •

6

a • &\

A • Q

Near-close

Close-mid

Mid

Open-mid

Near-open

Open

Diacritics and suprasegmentals

A diacritic is a modifier added to a sound symbol to either alter or more specifically describe the sound. In CXS, all diacritics are suffixes after the symbol. All but four of the CXS diacritics are sequences of two or more characters starting with underscore (the other four being the single-character diacritics ~ = ; and `).

A suprasegmental is a symbol that describes a feature of language sound above the level of consonants and vowels, such as prosody, tone, length, or stress.

Syllabicity diacritics
=	Syllabic	_^	Non-syllabic
Consonant-release diacritics
_h	Aspirated	_}	No audible release
_n	Nasal release	_l	Lateral release
Phonation diacritics
_0	Voiceless	_v	Voiced
_t	Breathy voiced	_k	Creaky voiced
Articulation diacritics
_d	Dental	_N	Linguolabial
_a	Apical	_m	Laminal
_+	Advanced	_-	Retracted
_"	Centralized	_x	Mid-centralized
_r	Raised	_o	Lowered
Co-articulation diacritics
_O	More rounded	_c	Less rounded
_w	Labialized or labio-velarized	;	Palatalized
_G	Velarized	_?\	Pharyngealized
_e	Velarized or pharyngealized
_A	Advanced tongue root	_q	Retracted tongue root
~	Nasalized
`	Retroflex (consonants), rhotacized (vowels)

Some conlangers use _j for palatalization instead of ;.

Length, stress, and rhythm
'	Primary stress (symbol goes before stressed syllable)	,	Secondary stress (symbol goes before stressed syllable)
:	Long (long vowel or geminate consonant)	:\	Half-long
_X	Extra-short
.	Syllable break	-\	Linking (absence of a break)
Intonation (prosody)
\|	Minor (foot) break	\|\|	Major (intonation) break
<R>	Global rise	<F>	Global fall
Tone diacritics and tone letters
_T	Extra high tone	^	Upstep
_H	High tone	_R	Rising tone
_M	Mid
_L	Low tone	_F	Falling tone
_B	Extra low / bottom	!	Downstep

Some conlangers use " for primary stress and % for secondary stress, instead of ' and ,.

Data tables

Here are tables of detailed data on CXS symbols and other notations, arranged alphabetically by CXS coding. The tables include translations of each notation to IPA; descriptions of the notations' meanings, with links to associated Wikipedia articles; and examples of words using the notations.

For high-level explanations, and charts arranged by how the sounds are pronounced, see the next section.

Sounds

These sequences represent sounds. All CXS sequences starting with a letter or digit are here.

CXS	X-SAMPA (if different)	IPA	IPA web markup (using only ASCII)	Description (linked to Wikipedia article, if any)	Examples
a		a	`a`	open front unrounded vowel	French dame [dam], Spanish padre ['paD4e]
A		ɑ	`ɑ`	open back unrounded vowel	English father ['fA:D@(r\)] (RP and Gen.American)
b		b	`b`	voiced bilabial plosive	English bed [bEd], French bon [bO~]
b_d		b̪	`b̪`	voiced labiodental plosive
b_<		ɓ	`ɓ`	voiced bilabial implosive	Sindhi ɓarʊ [b_<arU]
B		β	`β`	voiced bilabial fricative	Spanish lavar [la'Ba4]
B\		ʙ	`ʙ`	bilabial trill	Reminiscent of shivering ("brrr")
B_o		β̞	`β̞`	bilabial approximant	Spanish lava ['lB_oa]
c		c	`c`	voiceless palatal plosive	Hungarian latyak ['lQcQk]
C		ç	`ç`	voiceless palatal fricative	German ich [IC], English human ['Cjum@n] (broad transcription uses [hj-])
d		d	`d`	voiced alveolar plosive	English dig [dIg], French doigt [dwa]
dz)		d͡z or ʣ	`d͡z` or `ʣ`	voiced alveolar affricate
dz\)		d͡ʑ or ʥ	`d͡ʑ` or `ʥ`	voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
dZ)		d͡ʒ or ʤ	`d͡ʒ` or `ʤ`	voiced postalveolar affricate	English jest [dZ)est]<
d`		ɖ	`ɖ`	voiced retroflex plosive	Swedish hord [hu:d`]
d_<		ɗ	`ɗ`	voiced alveolar implosive	Sindhi ɗarʊ [d_<arU]
D		ð	`ð`	voiced dental fricative	English then [DEn]
e		e	`e`	close-mid front unrounded vowel	French ses [se], English met [met] (Australian and New Zealand English)
E		ɛ	`ɛ`	open-mid front unrounded vowel	French même [mEm], English met [mEt] (RP and Gen.American)
f		f	`f`	voiceless labiodental fricative	English five [faIv], French femme [fam]
F		ɱ	`ɱ`	labiodental nasal	English emphasis ['EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [Emf-])
g		ɡ	`ɡ`	voiced velar plosive	English game [geIm], French longue [lO~g]
gb)		g͡b	`g͡b`	voiced labial-velar plosive
g_<		ɠ	`ɠ`	voiced velar implosive	Sindhi ɠƏro [g_<@ro]
G		ɣ	`ɣ`	voiced velar fricative	Greek γωνίa [Go'nia], Danish vælge ['vElG@]
G\		ɢ	`ɢ`	voiced uvular plosive	Inuktitut nirivvik [niG\ivvik]
G\_<		ʛ	`ʛ`	voiced uvular implosive	Mam ʛa [G\_<a]
h		h	`h`	voiceless glottal fricative	English house [haUs]
h\		ɦ	`ɦ`	voiced glottal fricative	Czech hrad [h\rat]
H		ɥ	`ɥ`	labial-palatal approximant	French huit [Hit]
H\		ʜ	`ʜ`	voiceless epiglottal fricative	Agul [mEH\]
i		i	`i`	close front unrounded vowel	English be [bi:], French oui [wi], Spanish si [si]
i\ (or 1)	1	Ɨ	`Ƈ`	close central unrounded vowel	Welsh tu [ti\], American English rose's ['r\oUzi\z]
I		ɪ	`ɪ`	near-close near-front unrounded vowel	English kit [kIt]
I\		ɪ¨	`ɪ¨`	Near-close central unrounded vowel	Polish ryba [rI\bA]
j		j	`j`	palatal approximant	English yes [jEs], French yeux [j2]
j\		ʝ	`ʝ`	voiced palatal fricative	Greek γειά [j\a]
J		ɲ	`ɲ`	palatal nasal	Spanish año ['aJo], English canyon ['k&J@n] (broad transcription uses [-nj-])
J\		ɟ	`ɟ`	voiced palatal plosive	Hungarian egy [EJ\]
J\_<		ʄ	`ʄ`	voiced palatal implosive	Sindhi ʄaro [J\_<aro]
k		k	`k`	voiceless velar plosive	English scat [sk&t], Spanish carro ['kar:o]
kp)		k͡p	`k͡p`	voiceless labial-velar plosive
k_>		kʼ	`kʼ`	velar ejective plosive
K		ɬ	`ɬ`	voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	Welsh llaw [KaU]
K`		ɬ̢	`ɬ̢`	voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
K\		ɮ	`ɮ`	voiced alveolar lateral fricative	Mongolian долоо [tOK\O:]
l		l	`l`	alveolar lateral approximant	English lay [leI], French mal [mal]
l`		ɭ	`ɭ`	retroflex lateral approximant	Svealand Swedish sorl [so:l`]
l\		ɺ	`ɺ`	alveolar lateral flap	Japanese phoneme /r/
l\`		ɺ̢	`ɺ̢`	retroflex lateral flap	Pashto دنوړ [l\`und]
L		ʎ	`ʎ`	palatal lateral approximant	Italian famiglia [fa'miLa], Castilian llamar [La'mar], English million ['mIL@n] (broad transcription uses [-lj-])
L\		ʟ	`ʟ`	velar lateral approximant
L_0_r		ʎ̥˔	`ʎ̥˔`	voiceless palatal lateral fricative	Hadza [cL_0_ra?a]
L\_0_r		ʟ̝̊	`ʟ̝̊`	voiceless velar lateral fricative
L_X		ʎ̯	`ʎ̯`	palatal lateral flap
L\_X		ʟ̆	`ʟ̆`	velar lateral flap
m		m	`m`	bilabial nasal	English mouse [maUs], French homme [Om]
M		ɯ	`ɯ`	close back unrounded vowel	Korean 으 (eu)
M\		ɰ	`ɰ`	velar approximant	Spanish fuego ['fweM\o]
n		n	`n`	alveolar nasal	English nap [n&p], French non [nO~]
n`		ɳ	`ɳ`	retroflex nasal	Swedish hörn [h2:n`]
N		ŋ	`ŋ`	velar nasal	English thing [TIN]
Nm)		ŋ͡m	`ŋ͡m`	labial-velar nasal stop
N\		ɴ	`ɴ`	uvular nasal	Japanese san [saN\]
o		o	`o`	close-mid back rounded vowel	French gros [gRo]
O		ɔ	`ɔ`	open-mid back rounded vowel	British English thought [TO:t], American English off [O:f]
O\		ʘ	`ʘ`	bilabial click
p		p	`p`	voiceless bilabial plosive	English speak [spik], French pose [poz], Spanish perro ['per:o]
p\		ɸ	`ɸ`	voiceless bilabial fricative	Japanese fuku [p\M_0kM]
p_d		p̪	`p̪`	voiceless labiodental plosive	Greek σάπφειρος ['sap_dfiro_os]
p_>		pʼ	`pʼ`	bilabial ejective plosive
P (or v\)		ʋ	`ʋ`	labiodental approximant	Dutch west [PEst]/[v\Est], allophone of English phoneme /r\/
q		q	`q`	voiceless uvular plosive	Arabic qasbah ['qQs_Gba]
Q		ɒ	`ɒ`	open back rounded vowel	British English lot [lQt]
r		r	`r`	alveolar trill	Spanish perro ['per:o]
r`		ɽ	`ɽ`	retroflex flap	American English hurting ['h3`r`IN]
r`r)		ɽ͡r	`ɽ͡r`	retroflex trill
r\		ɹ	`ɹ`	alveolar approximant	English red [r\Ed]
r\`		ɻ	`ɻ`	retroflex approximant	Malayalam വഴി ['v6r\`i]
R		ʁ	`ʁ`	voiced uvular fricative	German rein [RaIn]
R\		ʀ	`ʀ`	uvular trill	French roi [R\wa]
s		s	`s`	voiceless alveolar fricative	English seem [si:m], French session [se'sjO~]
s`		ʂ	`ʂ`	voiceless retroflex fricative	Swedish mars [mas`]
s\		ɕ	`ɕ`	voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish swierszcz [s\v;ers`ts`]
s_>		sʼ	`sʼ`	alveolar ejective fricative
S		ʃ	`ʃ`	voiceless postalveolar fricative	English ship [SIp]
t		t	`t`	voiceless alveolar plosive	English stew [stju:], French raté [Ra'te], Spanish tuyo ['tujo]
ts)		t͡s or ʦ	`t͡s` or `ʦ`	voiceless alveolar affricate	Japanese tsunami [ts)Mnam;i]
ts\)		t͡ɕ or ʨ	`t͡ɕ` or `ʨ`	voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
tK)		t͡ɬ	`t͡ɬ`	voiceless alveolar lateral affricate	Nahuatl Nahuatl ['na:.watK)]
tS)		t͡ʃ or ʧ	`t͡ʃ` or `ʧ`	voiceless postalveolar affricate	English chat [tS)&t]
t`		ʈ	`ʈ`	voiceless retroflex plosive	Swedish mört [m2t`]
t_>		tʼ	`pʼ`	alveolar ejective plosive
T		θ	`θ`	voiceless dental fricative	English thin [TIn]
u		u	`u`	close back rounded vowel	English boom [bu:m], Spanish su [su]
u\	}	ʉ	`ʉ`	close central rounded vowel	Swedish sju [{x\u\:]; AuE/NZE boot [bu\:t]
U		ʊ	`ʊ`	near-close near-back rounded vowel	English foot [fUt]
U\		ʊ¨	`ʊ¨`	Near-close central rounded vowel
v		v	`v`	voiced labiodental fricative	English vest [vEst], French voix [vwa]
v\ (or P)		see P
v_X		v̆	`v̆`	labiodental flap	Sika v̆oːtɛr [v_Xo:tEr]
v_X_+		v̟̆	`v̟̆`	bilabial flap
V		ʌ	`ʌ`	open-mid back unrounded vowel	RP English strut [str\Vt]
w		w	`w`	labial-velar approximant	English west [wEst], French oui [wi]
W		ʍ	`ʍ`	voiceless labial-velar fricative	Scots when [WEn]
x		x	`x`	voiceless velar fricative	Scots loch [lQx]; German Loch, Dach; Spanish caja, gestión
x\		ɧ	`ɧ`	voiceless palatal-velar fricative	Swedish sjal [x\A:l]
X		χ	`χ`	voiceless uvular fricative	Klallam sχaʔqʷaʔ [sXa?q_wa?]
X\		ħ	`ħ`	voiceless pharyngeal fricative	Arabic <ح>ha’ [X\A:]
y		y	`y`	close front rounded vowel	French tu [ty] German über ['y:b6]
Y		ʏ	`ʏ`	near-close near-front rounded vowel	German hübsch [hYpS]
z		z	`z`	voiced alveolar fricative	English zoo [zu:], French azote [a'zOt]
z`		ʐ	`ʐ`	voiced retroflex fricative	Mandarin Chinese rang [z`aN], Polish żart [z`a4t]
z\		ʑ	`ʑ`	voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish źrebak ['z\rEbak], Japanese gaikokujin [gaikokMz\i~N\]
Z		ʒ	`ʒ`	voiced postalveolar fricative	English vision ['vIZ@n]
1 (or i\)	1 (only)	see i\
2		ø	`ø`	close-mid front rounded vowel	Danish købe ['k2:b@], French deux [d2]
3		ɜ	`ɜ`	open-mid central unrounded vowel	English nurse [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
3\		ɞ	`ɞ`	open-mid central rounded vowel	Irish tomhail [t3\:l;]
4		ɾ	`ɾ`	alveolar flap	Spanish pero ['pe4o], American English better ['bE4@`]
5		ɫ	`ɫ`	velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see _e	English milk [mI5k]
6		ɐ	`ɐ`	near-open central vowel	German besser ['bEs6], Australian English mud [m6d]
7		ɤ	`ɤ`	close-mid back unrounded vowel	Estonian kõik [k7ik], Vietnamese mo [m7_M]
8		ɵ	`ɵ`	close-mid central rounded vowel	Swedish buss [b8s]
9		œ	`œ`	open-mid front rounded vowel	French neuf [n9f], Danish drømme [dR9m@]
!\		!	`!`	postalveolar click
&	{	æ	`æ`	near-open front unrounded vowel	English trap [tr\&p]
&\	&	ɶ	`ɶ`	open front rounded vowel	Swedish skörd [x\&\d`]
<\		ʢ	`ʢ`	voiced epiglottal fricative
=\		ǂ	`ǂ`	palatal click
>\		ʡ	`ʡ`	epiglottal plosive
>\:		Я	`Я`	epiglottal trill
>\_X		ʡ̯	`ʡ̯`	epiglottal flap
?		ʔ	`ʔ`	glottal stop	Danish stød [sd2?], Cockney English bottle ['bQ?l]
?\		ʕ	`ʕ`	voiced pharyngeal fricative	Arabic ع (`ayn) [?\Ajn]
@		Ə	`Ə`	schwa	English arena [@'r\i:n@]
@\		ɘ	`ɘ`	close-mid central unrounded vowel	Paici kɘ̄ɾɘ [k@\_M4@\_M]
\|\		ǀ	`ǀ`	dental click
\|\\|\		ǁ	`ǁ`	alveolar lateral click

Diacritics and suprasegmentals

These notations represent diacritics and other information (suprasegmentals). They are ordered by primary character — which is often the first character in the sequence, but is the second character if the sequence begins with an underscore (such as _F) or is an angle-bracketed letter (such as <F>). Letters are listed first, then digits, then non-alphanumerics.

CXS	X-SAMPA (if different)	IPA	IPA web markup (using only ASCII)	Description (linked to Wikipedia article, if any)	Examples
_a		̺	`̺`	apical
_A		̘	`̘`	advanced tongue root
_B		̏ (or ˩)	`̏` (or `˩`)	extra low tone
_B_L		˩˧	`&#x2E9˧`	low rising tone
_c		̜	`̜`	less rounded
_d		̪	`̪`	dental
_e		̴	`̴`	velarized or pharyngealized; also see 5
<F>		↘	`↘`	global fall
_F		̂	`̂`	falling tone
_G		ˠ	`ˠ`	velarized
_h		ʰ	`ʰ`	aspirated
_H		́ (or ˦)	`́` (or `˦`)	high tone
_H_T		˧˥	`˧˥`	high rising tone
_j (or ;)		see ;
_k		̰	`̰`	creaky voice
_l		ˡ	`ˡ`	lateral release
_L		̀ (or ˨)	`̀` (or `˨`)	low tone
_m		̻	`̻`	laminal
_M		̄ (or ˧)	`̄` (or `˧`)	mid tone
_n		ⁿ	`ⁿ`	nasal release
_N		̼	`̼`	linguolabial
_o		̞	`̞`	lowered
_O		̹	`̹`	more rounded
_q		̙	`̙`	retracted tongue root
<R>		↗	`↗`	global rise
_r		̝	`̝`	raised
_R		ˇ	`ˇ`	rising tone
_R_F		˧˥˧	`˧˥˧`	rising falling tone
_t		̤	`̤`	breathy voice
_T		̋ (or ˥)	`̋` (or `˥`)	extra high tone
_v		̭	`̭`	voiced
_w		ʷ	`ʷ`	labialized
_x		̽	`̽`	mid-centralized
_X		̆	`̆`	extra-short
_0		̥	`̥`	voiceless
_\		ˆ	`ˆ`	falling tone
!		↓	`↓`	downstep
" (or ')	" (only)	see '
_"		̈	`̈`	centralized
% (or ,)	% (only)	see ,
' (or ")	"	ˈ	`ˈ`	primary stress
*				undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor"
_+		̟	`̟`	advanced
, (or %)	%	ˌ	`ˌ`	secondary stress
-				separator
-\		‿	`‿`	linking mark
_-		̠	`̠`	retracted
.		.	`.`	syllable break
/				indeterminacy in French vowels
:		ː	`ː`	long
:\		ˑ	`ˑ`	half long	Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
; (or _j)	' (or _j)	ʲ	`ʲ`	palatalized
<				begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA)
_<				implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
= (or _=)		̩	`̩`	syllabic
>				end nonsegmental notation
_>		ʼ	`ʼ`	ejective
_?\		ˤ	`ˤ`	pharyngealized
^		↑	`↑`	upstep
_^		̯	`̯`	non-syllabic
`		˞	`˞`	rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example)
\|		\|	`\|`	minor (foot) group
\|\|		‖	`‖`	major (intonation) group
_}		̚	`̚`	no audible release
~ (or _~)		̃	`̃`	nasalization

Comparison between CXS and IPA

IPA symbols that are ordinary lower-case letters are the same in CXS as in the IPA, and vice versa.

CXS uses a following backslash as an escape character to create a new symbol. Often the new symbol is similar to the old in some way or other, as with the velar nasal N and uvular nasal N\, but sometimes they have nothing to do with each other, as with the open-mid back rounded vowel O versus the bilabial click O\.

IPA consonant symbols that are ordinary (small) upper-case letters are named in CXS by adding a backslash to the IPA symbol. IPA vowel symbols of this type (ordinary upper-case letters) are the same in CXS as in the IPA (no backslash added).

Consonants

Consonants (pulmonic)
Place of articulation →	Labial		Coronal				Dorsal				Radical				(none)
Manner of articulation ↓	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Retro- flex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular		Pharyn- geal		Epi- glottal		Glottal
Nasal	m m	F ɱ	n n			n` ɳ	J ɲ	N ŋ	N\ ɴ
Plosive	p b p b	p_d b_d p̪ b̪	t d t d			t` d` ʈ ɖ	c J\ c ɟ	k g k ɡ	q G\ q ɢ				>\ ʡ		? ʔ
Fricative	p\ B ɸ β	f v f v	T D θ ð	s z s z	S Z ʃ ʒ	s` z` ʂ ʐ	C j\ ç ʝ	x G x ɣ	X χ	R ʁ	X\ ħ	?\ ʕ	H\ ʜ	<\ ʢ	h h\ h ɦ
Approximant	B_o β̞	P ʋ	r\ ɹ			r\` ɻ	j j	M\ ɰ		R ʁ		?\ ʕ		<\ ʢ	h h\ h ɦ
Trill	B\ ʙ		r r			r`r) ɽ͡r			R\ ʀ				>\: Я
Tap or Flap	v_X_+ v̟̆	v_X v̆	4 ɾ			r` ɽ							>\_X ʡ̯
Lateral Fricative			K K\ ɬ ɮ			K` ɬ̢	L_0_r ʎ̥˔	L\_0_r ʟ̝̊
Lateral Approximant			l l			l` ɭ	L ʎ	L\ ʟ
Lateral Flap			l\ ɺ			l\` ɺ̢	L_X ʎ̯	L\_X ʟ̆

Alternative notation v\ can be used for P (the labiodental approximant).

Coarticulated
W ʍ	Voiceless labialized velar approximant
w w	Voiced labialized velar approximant
H ɥ	Voiced labialized palatal approximant
s\ ɕ	Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
z\ ʑ	Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
x\ ɧ	Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative

Affricates and double articulation
ts t͡s	voiceless alveolar affricate
dz d͡z	voiced alveolar affricate
tS t͡ʃ	voiceless postalveolar affricate
dZ d͡ʒ	voiced postalveolar affricate
ts\ t͡ɕ	voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
dz\ d͡ʑ	voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
tK t͡ɬ	voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
kp k͡p	voiceless labial-velar plosive
gb ɡ͡b	voiced labial-velar plosive
Nm ŋ͡m	labial-velar nasal stop

The joining of the two sounds in an affricate or double articulation can be notated explicitly by following the second with a right paren, as in /tS)/.

Consonants (non-pulmonic)
Clicks		Implosives		Ejectives
O\ ʘ	Bilabial	b_< ɓ	Bilabial	_> ʼ	For example:
\|\ ǀ	Laminal alveolar ("dental")	d_< ɗ	Alveolar	p_> pʼ	Bilabial
!\ !	Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex")	J\_< ʄ	Palatal	t_> tʼ	Alveolar
=\ ǂ	Laminal postalveolar ("palatal")	g_< ɠ	Velar	k_> kʼ	Velar
\|\\|\ ǁ	Lateral coronal ("lateral")	G\_< ʛ	Uvular	s_> sʼ	Alveolar fricative

Vowels

At each point in the chart, the vowel to the left of the "•" is unrounded, the vowel to the right is rounded. The symbols for the mid central and near-open central vowels do not distinguish between rounded and unrounded forms.

Front

Near-front

Central

Near-back

Back

Close

i • y
i y

i\ • u\
Ɨ ʉ

M • u
ɯ u

I • Y
ɪ ʏ

I\ • U\
ɪ¨ ʊ¨

• U
ʊ

e • 2
e ø

@\ • 8
ɘ ɵ

7 • o
ɤ o

@
Ə

E • 9
ɛ œ

3 • 3\
ɜ ɞ

V • O
ʌ ɔ

& •
æ

6
ɐ

a • &\
a ɶ

A • Q
ɑ ɒ

Near-close

Close-mid

Mid

Open-mid

Near-open

Open

Diacritics and suprasegmentals

Syllabicity diacritics
= ̩	Syllabic	_^ ̯	Non-syllabic
Consonant-release diacritics
_h ʰ	Aspirated	_} ̚	No audible release
_n ⁿ	Nasal release	_l ˡ	Lateral release
Phonation diacritics
_0 ̥	Voiceless	_v ̭	Voiced
_t ̤	Breathy voiced	_k ̰	Creaky voiced
Articulation diacritics
_d ̪	Dental	_N ̼	Linguolabial
_a ̺	Apical	_m ̻	Laminal
_+ ̟	Advanced	_- ̠	Retracted
_" ̈	Centralized	_x ̽	Mid-centralized
_r ̝	Raised	_o ̞	Lowered
Co-articulation diacritics
_O ̹	More rounded	_c ̜	Less rounded
_w ʷ	Labialized or labio-velarized	; ʲ	Palatalized
_G ˠ	Velarized	_?\ ˤ	Pharyngealized
_e ̴	Velarized or pharyngealized
_A ̘	Advanced tongue root	_q ̙	Retracted tongue root
~ ̃	Nasalized
` ˞	Retroflex (consonants), rhotacized (vowels)

Some conlangers use _j for palatalization instead of ;.

Length, stress, and rhythm
' ˈ	Primary stress (symbol goes before stressed syllable)	, ˌ	Secondary stress (symbol goes before stressed syllable)
: ː	Long (long vowel or geminate consonant)	:\ ˑ	Half-long
_X ̆	Extra-short
. .	Syllable break	-\ ‿	Linking (absence of a break)
Intonation (prosody)
\| \|	Minor (foot) break	\|\| ‖	Major (intonation) break
<R> ↗	Global rise	<F> ↘	Global fall
Tone diacritics and tone letters
_T ̋ (or ˥)	Extra high tone	^ ↑	Upstep
_H ́ (or ˦)	High tone	_R ˇ	Rising tone
_M ̄ (or ˧)	Mid tone
_L ̀ (or ˨)	Low tone	_F ̂	Falling tone
_B ̏ (or ˩)	Extra low / bottom	! ↓	Downstep

Some conlangers use " for primary stress and % for secondary stress, instead of ' and ,.

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