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* [[Miljenko Hrkać|Belgrade train station bombing in 1968]]
* [[Miljenko Hrkać|Belgrade train station bombing in 1968]]
* [[Bugojno group|Uprising attempt]] in [[Bugojno]], 1972{{sfn|Adriano|Cingolani|2018|pp=434–435}}<ref name="Tokic 2012 pp. 421–445">{{cite journal |last=Tokic |first=Mate Nikola |title=The End of 'Historical-Ideological Bedazzlement': Cold War Politics and Emigre Croatian Separatist Violence, 1950-1980 |journal=Social Science History |publisher=Duke University Press |volume=36 |issue=3 |date=2012-08-06 |issn=0145-5532 |doi=10.1215/01455532-1595408 |jstor=23258106 |pages=421–445|s2cid=246273836 }}</ref>
* [[Bugojno group|Uprising attempt]] in [[Bugojno]], 1972{{sfn|Adriano|Cingolani|2018|pp=434–435}}<ref name="Tokic 2012 pp. 421–445">{{cite journal |last=Tokic |first=Mate Nikola |title=The End of 'Historical-Ideological Bedazzlement': Cold War Politics and Emigre Croatian Separatist Violence, 1950-1980 |journal=Social Science History |publisher=Duke University Press |volume=36 |issue=3 |date=2012-08-06 |issn=0145-5532 |doi=10.1215/01455532-1595408 |jstor=23258106 |pages=421–445|s2cid=246273836 }}</ref>
* Assassination two Yugoslav consular officials--one in Munich in 1966 and another in Frankfurt in 1976 and wounding another in an assassination attempt in 1965 in West Germany. <ref>CIA-RDP85T00287R000101220002-6 � Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/08/23: CIA-RDP85T00287R000101220002-6 </ref>
* Assassination two Yugoslav consular officials--one in Munich in 1966 and another in Frankfurt in 1976 and wounding another in an assassination attempt in 1965 in West Germany. <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85t00287r000101220002-6 Central Intelligence Agency: Yugoslav Emigre Extremists (declassified documents) ]</ref>
* Action Kaktus; a sabotage attempt on the 1975 tourist season<ref name="Tokić 2011 pp. 395-396">{{cite book |last=Tokić |first=Mate Nikola |chapter=Party Politics, National Security, and Émigré Political Violence in Australia, 1949–1973 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0383-9_16 |chapter-url-access=subscription |editor-last=Heitmeyer |editor-first=Wilhelm |editor-link=Wilhelm Heitmeyer |editor-last2=Haupt |editor-first2=Heinz-Gerhard |editor2-link=Heinz-Gerhard Haupt |editor-last3=Malthaner |editor-first3=Stefan |editor-last4=Kirschner |editor-first4=Andrea |title=Control of Violence |publisher=Springer New York |publication-place=New York, NY |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4419-0382-2 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0383-9 |oclc=695388665 |page=395-396}}</ref><ref name="Brawley 2009 pp. 283-298">{{cite book |last=Brawley |first=Sean |title=Doomed to Repeat? Terrorism and the Lessons of History |publisher=New Academia Publishing, LLC |publication-place=Washington, DC |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-955835-04-6 |oclc=1265464219 |pages=283–298}}</ref>
* Action Kaktus; a sabotage attempt on the 1975 tourist season<ref name="Tokić 2011 pp. 395-396">{{cite book |last=Tokić |first=Mate Nikola |chapter=Party Politics, National Security, and Émigré Political Violence in Australia, 1949–1973 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0383-9_16 |chapter-url-access=subscription |editor-last=Heitmeyer |editor-first=Wilhelm |editor-link=Wilhelm Heitmeyer |editor-last2=Haupt |editor-first2=Heinz-Gerhard |editor2-link=Heinz-Gerhard Haupt |editor-last3=Malthaner |editor-first3=Stefan |editor-last4=Kirschner |editor-first4=Andrea |title=Control of Violence |publisher=Springer New York |publication-place=New York, NY |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4419-0382-2 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0383-9 |oclc=695388665 |page=395-396}}</ref><ref name="Brawley 2009 pp. 283-298">{{cite book |last=Brawley |first=Sean |title=Doomed to Repeat? Terrorism and the Lessons of History |publisher=New Academia Publishing, LLC |publication-place=Washington, DC |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-955835-04-6 |oclc=1265464219 |pages=283–298}}</ref>


Revision as of 06:00, 24 January 2024

The Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (CRB) (Template:Lang-hr or HRB), also known as Ustasha, was an Australian-based Croatian separatist terrorist organisation.[1][2][3][4]

The organisation was established by four Croatian emigres: Jure Maric, Ilija Tolic, Josip Oblak, and Geza Pasti. Geza Pasti was a former Ustashi officer.[5] The organisation carried out terrorist actions in Europe and Australia.[6] The organisation was active throughout the territory of Yugoslavia in the early and mid-1960s. Its aim was to start an uprising in Yugoslavia and to establish an independent Croatia. This mission failed due to the intervention of the State Security Administration, the Yugoslav secret police.[7]

In 1972 CRB was renamed to Croatian Illegal Revolutionary Organization.[5]

Actions

Notable members

Some notable CRB members were:

These people were also members of Ante Pavelić's Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP) but they left that organisation because they decided they would not achieve their goals through the political route.[5]

UDBA, the Yugoslav secret police, attempted to curb the group's terrorist activities by engaging in covert assassinations of its members. Geza Pašti was killed in Nice in 1965, and Marijan Šimundić was killed in Stuttgart in 1967.[13]

The CRB/HRB's motto was: "Život za Hrvatsku" ["Life for Croatia"].[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jaensch, Dean (1992). The Macmillan Dictionary of Australian politics. Melbourne: Macmillan. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-7329-1445-5.
  2. ^ Atkins, Stephen E. (1992). Terrorism: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara. Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-87436-670-9.
  3. ^ Aarons, Mark (2001). War Criminals Welcome: Australia, A Sanctuary for Fugitive War Criminals Since 1945. Melbourne: Black Inc. p. 15.
  4. ^ Koschade 2009, p. 12, 296.
  5. ^ a b c d Brawley, Sean (2009). "Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood". Doomed to Repeat? Terrorism and the Lessons of History. New Academia Publishing. ISBN 9781955835046.
  6. ^ Cain, Frank (1994). "ASIO in the 1960s and 1970s". The Australian Security Intelligence Organization: An Unofficial History. Abington; New York, NY: F. Cass. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-1-136-29385-6. OCLC 819635772 – via Internet Archive.
  7. ^ Hockenos, Paul (2003). "Chapter 3: The Avengers of Bleiburg". Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism and the Balkan Wars. pp. 60–61. doi:10.7591/9781501725654. ISBN 978-1-5017-2565-4. OCLC 606993935.
  8. ^ Adriano & Cingolani 2018, pp. 434–435.
  9. ^ Tokic, Mate Nikola (6 August 2012). "The End of 'Historical-Ideological Bedazzlement': Cold War Politics and Emigre Croatian Separatist Violence, 1950-1980". Social Science History. 36 (3). Duke University Press: 421–445. doi:10.1215/01455532-1595408. ISSN 0145-5532. JSTOR 23258106. S2CID 246273836.
  10. ^ Central Intelligence Agency: Yugoslav Emigre Extremists (declassified documents)
  11. ^ Tokić, Mate Nikola (2011). "Party Politics, National Security, and Émigré Political Violence in Australia, 1949–1973". In Heitmeyer, Wilhelm; Haupt, Heinz-Gerhard; Malthaner, Stefan; Kirschner, Andrea (eds.). Control of Violence. New York, NY: Springer New York. p. 395-396. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0383-9. ISBN 978-1-4419-0382-2. OCLC 695388665.
  12. ^ Brawley, Sean (2009). Doomed to Repeat? Terrorism and the Lessons of History. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, LLC. pp. 283–298. ISBN 978-1-955835-04-6. OCLC 1265464219.
  13. ^ Adriano & Cingolani 2018, p. 434.

Bibliography

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