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* Bowen, Thomas. (1772). [http://cartweb.geography.ua.edu/lizardtech/iserv/calcrgn?cat=South%20America&item=/SouthAm1772a.sid&wid=500&hei=400&props=item(Name,Description),cat(Name,Description)&style=default/view.xsl&plugin=true ''South America from the best Authorities''.] London: G. Robinson.
* Bowen, Thomas. (1772). [http://cartweb.geography.ua.edu/lizardtech/iserv/calcrgn?cat=South%20America&item=/SouthAm1772a.sid&wid=500&hei=400&props=item(Name,Description),cat(Name,Description)&style=default/view.xsl&plugin=true ''South America from the best Authorities''.] London: G. Robinson.
* Sayer, Robert. (1772). [[:File:A General map of America divided into North and South, and West Indies - with the newest discoveries.jpg|''A General Map of America divided into North and South, and West Indies: with the Newest Discoveries''.]] London.
* Sayer, Robert. (1772). [[:File:A General map of America divided into North and South, and West Indies - with the newest discoveries.jpg|''A General Map of America divided into North and South, and West Indies: with the Newest Discoveries''.]] London.
* Jefferys, Thomas. (1776). [http://www.davidrumsey.com/maps4545.html ''South America'']. London.
* Jefferys, Thomas. (1776). [https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~1927~120033:-Composite-of--A-Map-Of-South-Ameri ''South America'']. London.
* Jefferys, Thomas. (1776). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240108133739/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/images2/southamerica1776map.jpg ''A Chart of North and South America''.] London.
* Jefferys, Thomas. (1776). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240108133739/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/images2/southamerica1776map.jpg ''A Chart of North and South America''.] London.
* Gibson, John. (1777). [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3290.ar305500/?r=0.544,0.818,0.115,0.06,0 ''A New Map of the Whole Continent of America, divided into North and South America and West Indies, with a Descriptive Account of the European Possessions, as Settled by the Definitive Treaty of Peace, Concluded at Paris, Feby. 10th, 1763, Compiled from Mr. D'Anville's Maps of that Continent, and Corrected in the Several Parts belonging to Great Britain, from the Original Materials of Governor Pownall, MP''.] London: Robert Sayer.
* Gibson, John. (1777). [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3290.ar305500/?r=0.544,0.818,0.115,0.06,0 ''A New Map of the Whole Continent of America, divided into North and South America and West Indies, with a Descriptive Account of the European Possessions, as Settled by the Definitive Treaty of Peace, Concluded at Paris, Feby. 10th, 1763, Compiled from Mr. D'Anville's Maps of that Continent, and Corrected in the Several Parts belonging to Great Britain, from the Original Materials of Governor Pownall, MP''.] London: Robert Sayer.

Revision as of 19:12, 20 February 2024

Anthony de la Roché
Route of La Roché's voyage
from Chile to South Georgia
and on to Brazil
in 1675
BornMid-17th century
London, England
NationalityEnglish
Occupation(s)Maritime explorer and merchant
Early voyages in the Southern or Antarctic Ocean
Chiloé Island
Nautical chart of Le Maire Strait and Isla de los Estados area (fragment); caution notes warn of local "very strong currents," "dangerous and heavy tide race" and "heavy race and foul tide"
17th-century merchantman
1703 map of southern South America by Guillaume Delisle featuring Roché Island, Strait de la Roché, Unknown Land and Isle Grande, with the ship tracks of Vespucci, Magellan, Sarmiento de Gamboa, La Roché, Sharp and Halley (fragment)
Drygalski Fjord, a possible place of La Roché's stay in South Georgia
Location of Drygalski Fjord and Doubtful Bay
Satellite image of the South Georgia's southeast extremity
1777 South-Up map of South Georgia and Clerke Rocks by Capt. James Cook
Gonçalo Álvares (Gough) Island
Capt. Jean-François de Galaup de Lapérouse's detour in 1785 to search for Isle Grande in an area situated due north of South Georgia and west-southwest of Gough Island shown on the map as Diego Alvarez

Captain Anthony de la Roché (spelled also Antoine de la Roché, Antonio de la Roché or Antonio de la Roca in some sources) was a 17th-century English merchant, born in London to a French Huguenot father and an English mother, who took part in a joint enterprise established by English and Dutch shipowners in the Spanish port city of Cádiz in order to engage in the lucrative New World trade. During a commercial voyage between Europe and South America he was blown off course in Drake Passage and visited the island of South Georgia in 1675, making the first discovery of land in the Antarctic.[1][2][3] In doing so he crossed the Antarctic Convergence, a natural boundary of the Antarctic region that would be described a quarter of a century later by the English scientist Edmund Halley.

1675 voyage

Discovery of Roché Island / South Georgia

Having acquired a 350-ton ship and a bilander of 50 tons in Hamburg, with 56 men in the two vessels, La Roché obtained permission by the Spanish authorities to trade in Spanish America. He called at the Canary Islands in May 1674, and in October that year arrived in the port of Callao in the Viceroyalty of Peru by way of Le Maire Strait and Cape Horn. On his return voyage, the vessels were careened on the coast of Chiloé Island, Chile and sailed for Baía de Todos os Santos (Salvador), Brazil.[4][5]

In April 1675 La Roché rounded Cape Horn and was overwhelmed by tempestuous conditions in the tricky waters off Staten Island (Isla de los Estados). He failed to make Le Maire Strait as desired, nor could he round the east extremity of Staten Island "to sail into the No. Sea by Brouwer’s Strait" (a mythical passage present on the old maps since the 1643 Dutch expedition of Admiral Hendrik Brouwer), with "the Winds and Currents having carried them so far to the Eastward."[4][5]

Eventually, they found refuge in one of South Georgia's southern bays – possibly Drygalski Fjord or Doubtful Bay, according to Matthews and other authors[6][1][7] – where the battered ships anchored for a fortnight.

According to La Roché's account of the events reportedly published in French in London in 1678[8] and its surviving 1690 Spanish summary by Capt. Francisco de Seixas y Lovera[9] (translated into English by Alexander Dalrymple, the first Hydrographer of the British Admiralty), "they found a Bay, in which they anchored close to a Point or Cape which stretches out to the Southeast with 28. 30. and 40. fathoms sand and rock."[8][4][10] The surrounding glaciated, mountainous terrain was described as "some Snow Mountains near the Coast, with much bad Weather."

Once the weather cleared up, they set sail and while rounding the southeast extremity of South Georgia sighted Clerke Rocks, a group of conspicuous rocky islets extending 11 km and rising to 244 m some 70 km to the east-southeast.[1][11]

Variant routes

French naval officer, explorer and hydrographer Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu opined that La Roché's strait was actually Stewart Strait running between Willis Islands and Bird Island off the northwest extremity of South Georgia, traversed and mapped by Capt. James Cook in 1775,[5] which however is 3.6 km (less than one league) wide, with no point or cape stretching out to the southeast.

For quite some time in the 20th century, the even narrower neighbouring passage (550 m wide) separating Bird Island from mainland South Georgia appeared as La Roché Strait, La-Roche-Straße or Estrecho La Roche on Admiralty charts and in other publications. This version was eventually discarded due to its discord with the existing historical description, and the passage got renamed to Bird Sound.[12][13][14][15][16]

British naval officer and author James Burney conjectured that La Roché might have visited the Falkland Islands (known as John Davis's South Land at that time) rather than South Georgia, possibly anchored in the Bay of Harbours area, and sailed between the flat, boggy peninsula of Lafonia and Beauchene Island on his departure.[5]

In a variant version, Argentine historian Ernesto Fitte identified La Roché Strait with the Falkland Sound separating the two main islands of the Falklands archipelago.[17] That passage, however, is some 90 km long – no way of disemboguing through it "in 3 Glasses" – and narrowing to less than 5 km rather than "10 leagues little more or less."

Argentine naval officer and historian Laurio Destéfani referred to the possibility of Roché Island actually being Beauchene Island itself.[18] Yet there is no land to the southeast of Beauchene, whether within visibility range or further beyond, hence no "said Passage." Furthermore, with its elevation of 70 m that island could hardly be one of the two "high lands" in Seixas y Lovera’s summary.

One common drawback of Burney's conjecture and its varieties is that the Falkland Islands are not known for their "snow mountains near the coast."

Another drawback would stem from La Roché's approaching his island from the west ("the Land which they now began to see toward the East"). Indeed, in such a westerly location with respect to the Falklands he would have been well into the "North Sea" even before his two-week anchorage and before sailing his strait – something refuted by the report narrating that, on departure, "steering ENE they found themselves in the No. Sea."[8] (According to American historian Mark Peterson, "maps from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries commonly referred to the entire Atlantic as the North Sea … even the southernmost regions of the Atlantic, the waters to the east of Argentina and Tierra del Fuego …"[19][20])

That a sailing ship in Drake Passage could be blown off course and find itself in the South Georgia area was demonstrated by the Spanish merchant ship León captained by Gregorio Jerez on a voyage in service of the French company Sieur Duclos of Saint-Malo, which ship made the second sighting of the island in June 1756.[1][4] On that particular occasion, the Board of Expert Pilots in Cádiz examined the ship pilot Henri Cormer’s report and concluded that the island was probably that sighted by Antoine de la Roche in 1675.[21]

Gough Island landing

Several days after his departure from South Georgia, La Roché came across another uninhabited island, "where they found water, wood and fish" and spent six days "without seeing any human being", thus making what some historians believe was the first landing on the South Atlantic island that had been discovered by the Portuguese navigator Gonçalo Álvares in 1505, called Gonçalo Álvares Island (sometimes erringly Diego Alvarez Island), and better known as Gough Island since 1732.[8][10][22]

Following the 1675 voyage, a sizeable island named Isle Grande, Isla Grande or Isle Grand was placed on the map mostly northeast of Roché Island (like on the 1703 map by Guillaume Delisle, the 1710 map of Nicolaes Visscher or the 1715 map by Herman Moll) and west-southwest of Gough Island, with near five degrees difference in latitude with respect to the latter.

However, when Roché Island was relocated on the map eastwards to its precise longitude ascertained by James Cook in 1775 (using a Kendall copy of Harrison's marine chronometer[23]), the cartographers would seem to have overlooked the necessity to adjust the location of Isle Grande accordingly.[7] As a result of that Lapérouse,[10] Vancouver,[24] Colnett,[25] von Bellingshausen[26] and other mariners sought in vain to find Isle Grande as mapped north of South Georgia (like on the 1790 map by de:Johann Walch, the 1796 map by Mathew Carey or the 1804 map by Jedidiah Morse) instead of northeast of it.

For instance, on his way to the Pacific via Le Maire Strait and Cape Horn, Capt. Lapérouse made in November-December 1785 a forty-day detour from the Brazilian island of Santa Catarina to an area north of South Georgia in fruitless search of Isle Grande.

In his reconstruction of the events Burney found a possible place of landing as far west as the coast of Patagonia, at the projecting headlands of either Cabo Dos Bahías or Punta Santa Elena (south and north entrance to Camarones Bay respectively[27]). Each of these, it was said, "afar off appears like an island."[5] However, for La Roché and his companions it was no afar off appearance as they approached, landed, and spent time ashore.

British naval officer and prolific author Rupert Gould shared Burney’s Patagonian conjecture but not his Falklands one, and regarded La Roché as either discoverer or rediscoverer of South Georgia.[28]

La Roché successfully reached the Brazilian port of Salvador, and eventually arrived in La Rochelle, France on 29 September 1675.[8][4][6][29][2]

Varnhagen-Duperrey hypothesis

Brazilian historian Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, following French naval officer and explorer Louis-Isidore Duperrey, supposed that South Georgia might have been discovered as early as April 1502 by a Portuguese expedition led by Gonçalo Coelho, finding evidence of this in an episode reported by Florentine Amerigo Vespucci.[30][31] According to the latter’s account, from Brazil the expedition headed south and reached 52°S latitude, from where, after a four-day voyage in turbulent weather they encountered land and sailed "about 20 leagues" along a rocky coast in severe cold weather.[32]

Vespucci made no mention of snow/ice cover, something with which South Georgia invariably impresses seafarers. For instance, Cook’s description of Possession Bay, South Georgia went like this: "The head of the bay, as well as two places on each side, was terminated by perpendicular ice-cliffs of considerable height. Pieces were continually breaking off, and floating out to sea; and a great fall happened while we were in the bay, which made a noise like cannon … and the valleys lay covered with everlasting snow."[33] Indeed, the island has been described like "the Alps in mid-ocean" or "the Himalayas seen from Simla."[1].

Vespucci wrote, however, that the night there was fifteen hours long,[30] which on the date in question 7 April (17 April New Style) was valid 2,000 km south of 52°S – a location unattainable in four days.[7]

Coelho’s voyage was commissioned by King Manuel I of Portugal and duly documented in the Portuguese archives which, however, have no reports of sailing that far south, and indeed no information sourced to Vespucci.[7]

In comparison, Seixas y Lovera’s work Descripcion Geographica y Derrotero de la Region Austral Magallanica was duly licensed, endorsed and officially reported to Charles II of Spain in his Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies in 1690,[8] its publication making the reported European and Spanish American developments related to La Roché's voyage open to wider scrutiny. The 1690 Spanish map of the Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego area[34] was officially presented before the Council in 1692.[35]

Alexander von Humboldt respectfully disagreed with Duperrey, and thought that Vespucci must have been driven back by a storm and seen part of the east Patagonian coast.[36][37] According to British historian Robert Headland, the analysis of historical evidence refutes the Varnhagen-Duperrey hypothesis.[1]

Legacy

Following the 1675 voyage cartographers started to depict on their maps Roché Island or Land of la Roché, Terre de la Roché, with Strait(s) de la Roché separating it from an Unknown Land, east of Tierra del Fuego, and Isle Grande or Ile de la Roché – that "very great and nice island" in the middle of South Atlantic ocean.[7][35]

Apart from mapping, both La Roché and his geographic discoveries were used in encyclopedic editions and dictionaries, scientific and popular publications, video gaming, commercial promotion etc.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]

Well aware of La Roché's discovery, James Cook mentioned it in his ship's logbook upon approaching South Georgia one hundred years later in January 1775,[33] and wrote in the general introduction to his 1777 book: "In April 1675, Anthony la Roche, an English merchant, in his return from the South Pacific Ocean, where he had been on a trading voyage, being carried, by the winds and currents, far to the East of Strait La Maire, fell in with a coast, which may possibly be the same with that which I visited during this voyage, and have called the Island of Georgia."[46]

Cook made the first recorded landing, surveyed and mapped Roché Island, and renamed and claimed it for King George III of Great Britain and Ireland.[47] (Fleurieu disapproved of the name change disrespecting early discovery, and recommended that the island "should not be called New Georgia."[48])

German naturalist Georg Forster, scientist in Cook’s expedition, also knew of La Roché’s discovery.[49] So did naval officer and explorer James Colnett, a midshipman in the expedition who later wrote of "the land discovered by Monsieur La Roche, in Latitude 55° South, which I touched at with Captain Cook …"[25]

Comments on La Roché's discoveries could be found in the ship's journals of explorers such as Britain's James Cook[33] and George Vancouver,[24] France's Lapérouse[10] and Russia's von Bellingshausen,[26] also in Dalrymple’s Memoir of a chart of the Southern Ocean,[50] The Nautical Magazine for 1835[51] and the authoritative Laurie’s Sailing Directory by John Purdy.[52]

The second-ever map of South Georgia and Clerke Rocks, made in 1802 by Capt. Isaac Pendleton of the American sealing vessel Union and reproduced by the Italian polar cartographer Arnaldo Faustini in 1906, was entitled South Georgia: Discovered by the Frenchman La Roche in the year 1675.[53] While Pendleton probably erred regarding La Roché's nationality due to his French last name, British historian Peter Bradley noted that "(d)espite the suggestion that La Roché was English, the name and the return to La Rochelle … appear to indicate a French connection."[54]

Some authors maintain that La Roché was a Spaniard ("… a century before, the Spaniard Antonio de la Roca had discovered Georgia …"[55]) yet provide no evidence.

La Roché was quoted in relation to his compass variation data, too.[56][5]

Maps and charts

The following 17th, 18th and 19th-century maps and charts reflect the geographical knowledge gained from La Roché's 1674-75 voyage:

Fragment of Seale's 1744 map featuring Roche Island, Straits de la Roche and Unknown Land
1802 Map of South Georgia and Clerke Rocks by Capt. Isaac Pendleton

Honours

Roché Peak, the summit of Bird Island, South Georgia,[57][16] and Roché Glacier in Vinson Massif, Antarctica[58][59] are named for Anthony de la Roché.

The Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands issued in 2000 a two pound coin commemorating the 325th anniversary of the discovery of South Georgia by La Roché.[60]

Namesake

Some mariner named Capt. Anthony de la Roche was reportedly in command of a merchant ship owned by the prominent Bermudian Henry Corbusier in the late 1770s, having previously commanded the ship Saint James of Bordeaux, France, which was wrecked.[61]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Headland, Robert Keith. (1984). The Island of South Georgia. Cambridge University Press. 293 pp. ISBN 0-521-25274-1 (Shows on p. 24 the track of La Roché's in South Georgia waters.) / 1982 concise account
  2. ^ a b Capt. Ferrer Fougá, Hernán. (2003). El hito austral del confín de América: El cabo de Hornos. (Siglos XVI–XVII–XVIII). (Primera parte) Archived 10 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Revista de Marina, Valparaíso, N° 6.
  3. ^ ICJ. (1955). Origins of the British Titles, Historic Discoveries and Acts of Annexation by British Nationals in the Period 1675-1843. Application instituting proceedings: Antarctica cases (United Kingdom v. Argentina; United Kingdom v. Chile). The Hague: International Court of Justice, 4 May 1955.
  4. ^ a b c d e Dalrymple, Alexander. (1775). A Collection of Voyages Chiefly in The Southern Atlantick Ocean. London. (Includes a chapter on La Roché, and an extract (in French) from the logbook of French merchant and mariner Nicolas Pierre Duclos-Guyot onboard the Spanish ship León that sighted Roché Island in 1756.)
  5. ^ a b c d e f Burney, James. (1813). A Chronological History of the Voyages and Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean: Part III: From the Year 1620, to the Year 1688. London: Luke Hansard & Sons. pp. 395–403. (Discusses various aspects of La Roché's voyage.)
  6. ^ a b Matthews, L. Harrison. (1931). South Georgia: The British Empire's Sub-Antarctic Outpost. Bristol: John Wright; and London: Simpkin Marshall.
  7. ^ a b c d e Ivanov, Lyubomir & Nusha Ivanova. Roché Island / South Georgia. In: The World of Antarctica. Generis Publishing, 2022. pp. 68–70. ISBN 979-8-88676-403-1
  8. ^ a b c d e f Capt. Seixas y Lovera, Francisco de. Descripcion Geographica y Derrotero de la Region Austral Magallanica. Que se dirige al Rey nuestro señor, gran monarca de España, y sus dominios en Europa, Emperador del Nuevo Mundo Americano, y Rey de los reynos de la Filipinas y Malucas. Madrid: Antonio de Zafra, 1690. Capítulo IIII Título XIX p. 27 or p. 99 of pdf. (Sailing Directions for the Magellanic Region, narrate the discovery of South Georgia by the Englishman Anthony de la Roché in April 1675.) / Relevant fragment
  9. ^ Lage-Seara, Antonio. (2022.) Francisco de Seyxas: corsario, científico y aventurero. Mundiario, August 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d Lapérouse, Jean-François de Galaup de. (1807). A Voyage Round the World, Performed in the Years 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, by the Boussole and Astrolabe: Under the Command of J.-F.G. de la Pérouse. Ed. F.A.M. de la Rúa. Volume 1. London: Lackington, Allen, and Company. pp. 71–81. / French version
  11. ^ GSGSSI. (2020). South Georgia GIS. British Antarctic Survey, accessed 2024.
  12. ^ Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig. (1930). An den Toren der Antarktis. Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder. 300 pp.
  13. ^ Pierrou, Enrique Jorge. (1970). Toponimia del Sector Antártico Argentino. Buenos Aires: Armada Nacional. 746 p.
  14. ^ Comando de Operaciones Navales. (n.d.). Islas Georgias: Topografía, Fojas No. 3–4; Relación de cartas agregadas: Islas Willis y Pájaro. Historial 44. (Describes in detail Estrecho La Roche and mentions some possible early sightings of South Georgia; inserted chart of Willis and Bird Islands featuring La Roche Strait)
  15. ^ Alfonso, Carlos L. (2012). La Corbeta ARA Guerrico y El Conflicto Austral Grytviken −Georgias Del Sur−, El "Ataque Frustado" y El Control Del Mar. Boletín del Centro Naval Nº 832. Buenos Aires, Enero/Abril 2012. p. 50. (Recent use of the place name Estrecho La Roche.)
  16. ^ a b GSGSSI. (2024). South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazetteer. London: UK Antarctic Place-names Committee.
  17. ^ Fitte, Ernesto J. (1968). La disputa con Gran Bretaña por las islas del Atlántico Sur. Buenos Aires: Emecé. p. 47.
  18. ^ Destéfani, Laurio H. (1982). The Malvinas, the South Georgias and the South Sandwich Islands: the conflict with Britain. Buenos Aires: Edipress S.A. p. 111.
  19. ^ Peterson, Mark. (2005). Naming the Pacific: how Magellan’s relief came to stick, and what it stuck to. Commonplace: The Journal of Early American Life. Ed. Joshua Greenberg. Accessed 26 January 2024. (Explains the origins of the early place name North Sea in the Americas.)
  20. ^ Teixeira, Pedro & Diego Ramirez de Arellano. (1621). Reconocimiento de los Estrechos de Magallanes y San Vicente. Madrid. (A Spanish map marking by Mar del Norte the waters off the east entrance to the Strait of Magellan; Estrecho de San Vicente being another name for Le Maire Strait.)
  21. ^ Headland, Robert Keith. (2009). A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration. London: Bernard Quaritch. 716 pp. / Extract
  22. ^ Wace, Nigel Morritt. (1969). The discovery, exploitation and settlement of the Tristan da Cunha Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (South Australian Branch) 10: 11–40.
  23. ^ Royal Observatory. Marine timekeeper K1. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. Accessed 2014.
  24. ^ a b Vancouver, George. (1798). A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and Round the World. Vol. III. London: G.G. and J. Robinson & J. Edwards. 505 pp.
  25. ^ a b Colnett, James. (1798). A Voyage to the South Atlantic and round Cape Horn into the Pacific Ocean . London: W. Bennett. pp. 13–14.
  26. ^ a b Беллингсгаузен, Фадей Ф. Двукратные изыскания в Южном Ледовитом Океане, и плавание вокруг света, в продолжение 1819, 1820 и 1821 годов. Две части. С атласом в 64 л. Санкт-Петербург. В типографии Глазунова, 1831. Ч. I 397 с., ч. II 326 с. / English version
  27. ^ Latzina, Francisco. (1899). Camarones. Diccionario geográfico argentino: Con ampliaciones enciclopédicas rioplatenses. 3a edición. Buenos Aires: Jacobo Peuser Editor. p. 83.
  28. ^ Gould, Rupert Thomas. (1928). Oddities: A Book of Unexplained Facts. New Hyde Park, NY: University Books. pp. 130–132.
  29. ^ Headland, Robert Keith. (1990). Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-521-30903-4
  30. ^ a b Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo de. (1865.) Amerígo Vespucci: Son caractère, ses écrits mème les moins authentiques), sa vie et ses navigations, avec une carte indiquant les routes. Lima: Mercurio. 111 p.
  31. ^ Duperrey, Louis-Isidore. (1829). Voyage autour du Monde, executé per ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette La Coquille de sa Majesté, pendant les annies 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825: Hydrographie. Paris: Arthus Bertrand. p. 101.
  32. ^ Vespucci, Amerigo. (1451-1512). The first four voyages of Amerigo Vespucci. 1885 translation by Michael Kerney. London: Bernard Quaritch. p. 40.
  33. ^ a b c Cook, James. (1777). A Voyage Towards the South Pole, and Round the World. Performed in His Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Adventure, In the Years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. In which is included, Captain Furneaux's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the Ships. Volume II. London: Printed for W. Strahan & T. Cadell. / Relevant fragment
  34. ^ Seixas y Lovera, Francisco de. (1690). Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego. Madrid. (Map insert in the 1692 Spanish edition of the 1630 Portuguese atlas Taboas Geraes de Toda a Navegação.)
  35. ^ a b McCarl, Clayton. (2020). Tosco e imperfecto, con mucho de fabulado: El mapa de Francisco de Seyxas y Lovera de la Región Austral Magallánica. Magallania. Vol. 48. No. especial Punta Arenas. (Analyzes the 1692 modification of the 1630 Portuguese atlas Taboas Geraes de Toda a Navegação by Seixas y Lovera.)
  36. ^ Humboldt, Allexandre de. (1839). Examen Critique de l’Histoire de la Géographie du Nouveau Continent. Tome V. Paris : Gide. p. 109.
  37. ^ Balch, Edwin Swift. (1902). Antarctica. Philadelphia: Allen, Lane & Scott.
  38. ^ Coleti, Giandomenico. (1771). Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale. Venezia: Stampedaria Coleti. p. 117.
  39. ^ Alcedo, Antonio de. (1788). Diccionario Geográfico-Histórico de las Indias Occidentales ó América. Tomo IV. Madrid: Manuel Gonzalez. p. 435.
  40. ^ USBGN. (1956). Geographic Names of Antarctica. Washington, D.C.: Office of Geography, Department of the Interior. pp. 9, 11, 287.
  41. ^ David, Andrew. (2012–21). Roché, Antonio de la. In: The Dictionary of Falklands Biography (including South Georgia). Ed. David Tatham.
  42. ^ A.G.M. (2021). Anthony de la Roché. Base Antártica Española Gabriel de Castilla: Exploradores Antárticos.
  43. ^ France Diplomacy. (2024). Antarctica. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
  44. ^ Elite Dangerous: Anthony de la Roche Gateway
  45. ^ Farer Watches Roché: Story.
  46. ^ Cook, James. (1777). A Voyage Towards the South Pole, and Round the World. Performed in His Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Adventure, In the Years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. In which is included, Captain Furneaux's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the Ships. Volume I. London: Printed for W. Strahan & T. Cadell. p. xv.
  47. ^ Cook, James. (1777). Chart of the Discoveries made in the South Atlantic Ocean, in His Majestys Ship Resolution, under the Command of Captain Cook, in January 1775. London: W. Strahan & T. Cadel. / Relevant fragment
  48. ^ Fleurieu, Charles Pierre Claret de. (1801). Observations on the Hydrographical Division of the Globe; and Changements proposed in the general and particular Nomenclature of Hydrography. From Marchand’s Voyage. The Naval Chronicle. Vol. VI. July–December 1801. London: Bunny & Gold. pp. 490–492.
  49. ^ Forster, George. A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years 1772, 3, 4 and 5 (2 vols.). Vol. II. London, 1777. p. 524.
  50. ^ Dalrymple, Alexander. (1769). Memoir of a chart of the Southern Ocean. London. 8 pp.
  51. ^ Becher, A.B. (ed.). (1835). Isle Grande, South Atlantic Ocean. The Nautical Magazine. London. p. 1–8. (Discusses La Roché's voyage.)
  52. ^ Purdy, John. Laurie’s Sailing Directory of the Ethiopic or Southern Atlantic Ocean; Including the Coasts of Brasil etc. to the Rio de la Plata, the Coast thence to Cape Horn, and the African Coast to the Cape of Good Hope etc; Including the Islands between the Two Coasts. 4th edition. London: Richard Laurie, 1855. 578 pp. / 1816 edition
  53. ^ Faustini, Arnaldo. (1906). Di una carta nautica inedita della Georgia Austral. Revista Geografica Italiana, Firenze, 13(6). pp. 343–351.
  54. ^ Bradley, Peter T. (1999). British maritime enterprise in the New World: From the late fifteenth to the mid-eighteenth century. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press. p. 443.
  55. ^ García-Verdugo, J. Carlos.(Marzo 1983). El valor estrategico de las Malvinas. Revista de Aeronautica y Astronautica. Num. 507. p. 250.
  56. ^ Seixas y Lovera, Francisco de. Théâtre Naval Hydrographique, des Flux et Reflux, des Courans Des Mers, Détroits, Archipels & Passages aquatiques du Monde, & des Variations du Compas Marin, & effets de la Lune; avec les Vents generaux & particuliers qui regnent aux quatre Regions Maritimes de l’Univers. Paris: Chez Pierre Gissey; Versailles: Chez Pierre le Monnier, 1704. p. 191.
  57. ^ Alberts, Fred G. (ed.). (1995). Roché Peak. Geographic Names of the Antarctic. Second edition. National Science Foundation. p. 625.
  58. ^ Roché Glacier. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
  59. ^ Stewart, John. (2011). Antarctica: An Encyclopedia. Jefferson, NC & London: McFarland. 1771 pp.
  60. ^ Antoine de la Roché: Discovery 1675: Two Pounds. South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, 2000.
  61. ^ Tucker, Terry. (ed.). (1973). Bermuda Historical Quarterly. Volumes 30-31. Hamilton, Bermuda.
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