Jump to content

User:Apcbg/sandbox: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 62°35′43.5″S 61°08′31″W / 62.595417°S 61.14194°W / -62.595417; -61.14194
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Tag: Reverted
←Replaced content with ' Chart https://24carat.co.uk/frame.php?url=southgeorgiasouthsandwichislands.html https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces34335.html https://colnect.com/en/coins/coin/91238-2_Pounds_Antoine_de_la_Roche_Discovery_1675-1971~Today_-_Pounds_-_Numismatic_Products-South_Georgia_and_The_...'
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|17th-century English maritime explorer and merchant, discoverer of the Antarctic}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{distinguish|text = [[Anthony, bastard of Burgundy|Anthony, Count de la Roche]], called the Bastard of Burgundy}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anthony de la Roché
| image = Roche-Route.PNG
| caption = Route of La Roché's voyage<br>from Chile to [[South Georgia]]<br>and on to Brazil<br>in 1675
| birth_date = Mid-17th century
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]
| nationality = English
| occupation = Maritime explorer and merchant
}}
[[File:Expeditions in Antarctica before 1897.svg|thumb|right|Early voyages in the [[Southern Ocean|Southern or Antarctic Ocean]]]]
[[File:Playa_Cole_Cole.jpg|thumb|[[Chiloé Island]]]]
[[File:Isla-de-los-Estados.png|thumb|Nautical chart of [[Le Maire Strait]] and [[Isla de los Estados]] area (fragment); caution notes warn of local "very strong currents," "dangerous and heavy tide race" and "heavy race and foul tide"]]
[[File:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_A_Flute_(State_2).jpg|thumb|17th-century [[merchantman]]]]
[[File:Delisle-Map-1703-fragment.png|thumb|1703 map of southern South America by [[Guillaume Delisle]] featuring ''Roché Island'', ''Strait de la Roché'', ''Unknown Land'' and ''Isle Grande'', along with the ship tracks of [[Gonçalo Coelho|Coelho]] / [[Amerigo Vespucci|Vespucci]], [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan]], [[Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa|Sarmiento de Gamboa]], La Roché, [[Bartholomew Sharp|Sharp]] and [[Edmund Halley|Halley]]]]
[[File:Drygalski-Fjord.jpg|thumb|right|[[Drygalski Fjord]], a possible place of La&nbsp;Roché's stay in South Georgia]]
[[File:Drygalski-Fjord-Map.png|thumb|right|222px|Location of [[Drygalski Fjord]] and [[Doubtful Bay]]]]
[[File:Drygalski-Fjord-Area.png|thumb|Satellite image of the southeast end of [[South Georgia]]]]
[[File:Cook-1777.PNG|thumb|Fragment of a 1777 South-Up chart by Capt. [[James Cook]], according to which La Roché's strait running between [[Cooper Island]], [[South Georgia]] and [[Clerke Rocks]] is 36 minutes of latitude or 67&nbsp;km wide]]
[[File:Gough island top view.png|thumb|right|[[Gough Island|Gonçalo Álvares (Gough) Island]]]]
[[File:Gough Island EVS Precision Map 1 52000-sepia.png|thumb|right|Map of [[Gough Island]], [[Tristan da Cunha]] group]]
[[File:La-Perouse-1785.png|thumb|Capt. [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse|Jean-François de Galaup de Lapérouse]]'s detour in 1785 to search for Isle Grande in an area situated due north of [[South Georgia]] and west-southwest of [[Gough Island]], the latter shown on the map as ''Diego Alvarez'']]
[[File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|Fragment of Seale's 1744 map featuring ''Roche Island'', ''Straits de la Roche'' and ''Unknown Land'']]
[[File:Pendleton-1802.PNG|thumb|1802 Map of [[South Georgia]] and [[Clerke Rocks]] by Capt. [[Isaac Pendleton]]]]
[[File:Early Tordesillas lines.jpg|right|thumb|Various reckonings of the [[Treaty of Tordesillas|Tordesillas line]], all of them running west of [[South Georgia]] and [[Gough Island]] hence potentially leaving the islands to Portugal]]
'''Anthony de la Roché''' (spelled also ''Antoine de la Roché'', ''Antonio de la Roché'' or ''Antonio de la Roca'' in some sources) was a 17th-century English maritime explorer and merchant, born in London to a French [[Huguenot]] father and an [[Kingdom of England|English]] mother, who took part in a joint venture established by English and Dutch shipowners in the Spanish port city of [[Cádiz]] in order to engage in the lucrative [[New World]] trade. During a commercial voyage between Europe and South America he was [[blown off course]] in [[Drake Passage]] and visited the island of [[South Georgia]] in 1675, making the first discovery of land in the [[Antarctic]].<ref name=Headland>Headland, Robert Keith. (1984). [https://books.google.bg/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Island of South Georgia'']. Cambridge University Press. 293&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-521-25274-1}} (Shows on p.&nbsp;24 the track of La Roché's in South Georgia waters.) / [https://web.archive.org/web/20240128132141/https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/524383/1/Headland_1982_South%20Georgia.pdf 1982 concise account]</ref><ref name=Ferrer/><ref name=ICJ>ICJ. (1955). [https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/26/026-19550504-APP-1-00-EN.pdf Origins of the British Titles, Historic Discoveries and Acts of Annexation by British Nationals in the Period 1675-1843.] Application instituting proceedings: Antarctica cases (United Kingdom v. Argentina; United Kingdom v. Chile). The Hague: International Court of Justice, 4 May 1955.</ref> In doing so he crossed the [[Antarctic Convergence]], a natural boundary of the Antarctic region that would be described a quarter of a century later by the English scientist [[Edmund Halley]].


==1675 voyage==
===Discovery of Roché Island / South Georgia===
Having acquired a 350-ton ship and a [[bilander]] of 50 tons in [[Hamburg]], with 56 men in the two vessels, La Roché obtained permission by the Spanish authorities to trade in [[Spanish America]]. He called at the [[Canary Islands]] in May 1674, and in October that year arrived in the port of [[Callao]] in the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] by way of [[Le Maire Strait]] and [[Cape Horn]]. On his return voyage, the vessels were [[careen]]ed on the coast of [[Chiloé Island]], Chile and sailed for [[Baía de Todos os Santos]] ([[Salvador, Brazil|Salvador]]), Brazil.<ref name=Dalrymple/><ref name=Burney/>


In April 1675 La Roché rounded Cape Horn and was overwhelmed by tempestuous conditions in the tricky waters off [[Isla de los Estados|Staten Island (Isla de los Estados)]]. He failed to make Le Maire Strait as desired, nor could he round the eastern tip of Staten Island "to sail into the No. Sea by Brouwer’s Strait" (a mythical passage present on the old maps since the 1643 Dutch expedition of Admiral [[Hendrik Brouwer]]), with "the Winds and Currents having carried them so far to the Eastward."<ref name=Dalrymple/><ref name=Burney/>


[[:File:A chart of the southern hemisphere; shewing the tracks of some of the most distinguished navigators- by Captain James Cook, of His Majesty's navy. RMG F1972.tiff|Chart]]
Eventually, they found refuge in one of South Georgia's southern bays – possibly [[Drygalski Fjord]] or [[Doubtful Bay]], according to [[L. Harrison Matthews|Matthews]] and other authors<ref name=Matthews/><ref name=Headland/><ref name="Antarctic book"/> – where the battered ships anchored for a fortnight.


According to La Roché's account of the events reportedly published in French in London in 1678<ref name=Seixas>Capt. Seixas y Lovera, Francisco de. (1690). [https://books.google.com/books?id=l7PWN7_1wAoC&dq=Descripcion%20geographica%2C%20y%20derrotero%20de%20la%20region%20austral%20Magallanica&pg=PT96 ''Descripcion Geographica y Derrotero de la Region Austral Magallanica. Que se dirige al Rey nuestro señor, gran monarca de España, y sus dominios en Europa, Emperador del Nuevo Mundo Americano, y Rey de los reynos de la Filipinas y Malucas. Por mano del excelentissimo señor marques de los Velez, Gentilhombre de la Camara de su Magestad, de sus Consejos de Estado, y Guerra, y Presidente del Real, y Supremo Consejo de Indias, y de las Reales Iuntas de la Superintendencia de las Real Hazieda, y de Armadas, y Presidios'']. Madrid: Antonio de Zafra. Capítulo IIII: Título XIX. (Sailing Directions for the Magellanic Region, narrate the discovery of South Georgia by the Englishman Anthony de la Roché in April 1675.) / [[wikisource:Anthony de la Roché and Roché Island (South Georgia) in 1675|Relevant fragment]]</ref> and its surviving 1690 Spanish summary by the mariner, [[cosmographer]] and writer Capt. Francisco de Seixas y Lovera<ref name=Vicente>Vicente Maroto, Isabel. (2018). [https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/8003/francisco-de-seijas-y-lobera Francisco de Seijas y Lobera]. Real Academia de la Historia. Accessed 2024.</ref><ref>Díaz-Fierros Viqueira, Francisco. (2012). [https://culturagalega.gal/albumdaciencia/detalle.php?id=257 Francisco de Seijas y Lobera: A navigator across the world's seas]. ''Álbum da Ciencia. Culturagalega.org. Consello da Cultura Galega''. Accessed 2024.</ref><ref>Lage-Seara, Antonio. (2022.) [https://web.archive.org/web/20240103123021/https://www.mundiario.com/articulo/eurorregion/francisco-seyxas-corsario-cientifico-aventurero/20220817212531249214.html Francisco de Seyxas: corsario, científico y aventurero.] ''Mundiario'', August 2023.</ref> (translated into English by [[Alexander Dalrymple]], the first [[Hydrographer of the Navy|Hydrographer]] of the [[British Admiralty]]), "they found a Bay, in which they anchored close to a Point or Cape which stretches out to the Southeast with 28. 30. and 40. [[fathom]]s sand and rock."<ref name=Seixas/><ref name=Dalrymple/><ref name=Laperouse>Lapérouse, Jean-François de Galaup de. (1807). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VqdCAQAAMAAJ ''A Voyage Round the World, Performed in the Years 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, by the ''Boussole'' and ''Astrolabe'': Under the Command of J.-F.G. de la Pérouse''.] Ed. F.A.M. de la Rúa. Volume 1. London: Lackington, Allen, and Company. pp.&nbsp;71–81. / [https://mediatheque-polynesie.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/voyagedelaprouse01lapr.pdf French version]</ref> The surrounding [[glacier|glaciated]], mountainous terrain was described as "some Snow Mountains near the Coast, with much bad Weather."


Once the weather cleared up, they set sail and while rounding the southeast extremity of South Georgia sighted on their starboard [[Clerke Rocks]] (Seixas y Lovera's "Southern land"<ref name=Seixas/>), a group of conspicuous rocky islets<ref>Gionco, Daniel G. (2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240313101145/http://www.aposmalvinas.com.ar/mapclerk.htm Mapa de los islotes o rocas Clerke (Georgias del Sur)]. El Apostadero Naval Malvinas en Internet. Accessed 2024.</ref> extending 11&nbsp;km in east–west direction and rising to 244&nbsp;m ([[James Cook]]'s "Sugar-Loaf Peak"<ref name=Cook-II/>) some 60&nbsp;km to the east-southeast.<ref name=Headland/><ref name=Discoveries/><ref>GSGSSI. (2020). [https://sggis.gov.gs// South Georgia GIS.] British Antarctic Survey. Accessed 2024.</ref>


===Fleurieu, Burney, Fitte and Destéfani variant routes===
French naval officer, explorer and hydrographer [[Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu]] opined that La Roché's strait was actually [[Stewart Strait]] running between [[Willis Islands]] and [[Bird Island, South Georgia|Bird Island]] off the northwestern tip of South Georgia, traversed and mapped by Capt. James Cook in 1775,<ref name=Burney/> which however is 3.6&nbsp;km (less than one league) wide, with no point or cape stretching out to the southeast.


https://24carat.co.uk/frame.php?url=southgeorgiasouthsandwichislands.html
For quite some time in the 20th century, the even narrower neighbouring passage (550&nbsp;m wide) separating Bird Island from mainland South Georgia appeared as ''La Roché Strait'', ''La-Roche-Straße'' or ''Estrecho La Roche'' on [[Admiralty chart]]s and in other publications. This version was eventually discarded due to its discord with the existing historical description, and the passage got renamed to [[Bird Sound]].<ref>Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig. (1930). [https://books.google.bg/books?id=KgE2AAAAMAAJ ''An den Toren der Antarktis''.] Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder. 300&nbsp;pp.</ref><ref>Pierrou, Enrique Jorge. (1970). ''Toponimia del Sector Antártico Argentino''. Buenos Aires: Armada Nacional. 746&nbsp;p.</ref><ref name=Comando>Comando de Operaciones Navales. (n.d.). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240116174930/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/ar_iaadehn_coophmlv_44.pdf Islas Georgias: Topografía, Fojas No.&nbsp;3-4; Relación de cartas agregadas: Islas Willis y Pájaro.] ''Historial 44''. (Describes in detail ''Estrecho La Roche'' and mentions some possible early sightings of South Georgia; inserted chart of Willis and Bird Islands featuring La Roche Strait)</ref><ref>Alfonso, Carlos L. (2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240118164906/https://www.centronaval.org.ar/boletin/BCN832/832-ALFONSO.pdf La Corbeta ARA Guerrico y El Conflicto Austral Grytviken −Georgias Del Sur−, El "Ataque Frustado" y El Control Del Mar.] ''Boletín del Centro Naval'' Nº&nbsp;832. Buenos Aires, Enero/Abril 2012. p.&nbsp;50. (Recent use of the place name ''Estrecho La Roche''.)</ref><ref name=APC>GSGSSI. (2024). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230624083529/https://apip.data.bas.ac.uk/geoserver/wfs?request=getfeature&typename=apip:apip_sgssi_gazetteer&outputformat=csv ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazetteer'']. London: UK Antarctic Place-names Committee.</ref>
https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces34335.html
https://colnect.com/en/coins/coin/91238-2_Pounds_Antoine_de_la_Roche_Discovery_1675-1971~Today_-_Pounds_-_Numismatic_Products-South_Georgia_and_The_South_Sandwich_Islands
https://www.cointrust.co.uk/2000-first-explorer-crowns-from-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands-750-p.asp


British naval officer and author [[James Burney]] conjectured that La Roché might have visited not South Georgia but the [[Falkland Islands]] instead (known at that time as ''John Davis's South Land'' or ''Sebald Islands'', not yet Malouines, Falklands or Malvinas), possibly anchored in the [[Bay of Harbours]] or [[Eagle Passage]] area, and upon his departure sailed east with the flat, boggy [[Lafonia Peninsula]] on his port and [[Beauchene Island]] on his starboard.<ref name=Burney/>


In a variant version, Argentine historian Ernesto Fitte identified La Roché Strait with the [[Falkland Sound]] separating the two main islands of the Falklands archipelago.<ref>Fitte, Ernesto J. (1968). ''La disputa con Gran Bretaña por las islas del Atlántico Sur''. Buenos Aires: Emecé. p.&nbsp;47.</ref> That passage, however, is some 90&nbsp;km long – no way of disemboguing through it "in 3 [[Marine sandglass|Glasses]]" – and narrowing to less than 5&nbsp;km rather than "10&nbsp;[[league (unit)|leagues]] little more or less."


Argentine naval officer and historian Laurio Destéfani referred to the possibility of Roché Island actually being Beauchene Island itself.<ref>Destéfani, Laurio H. (1982). ''The Malvinas, the South Georgias and the South Sandwich Islands: the conflict with Britain''. Buenos Aires: Edipress S.A. p.&nbsp;111.</ref> Yet there is no land to the southeast of Beauchene, whether within visibility range or further beyond, hence no "said Passage." Furthermore, with its elevation of 70&nbsp;m that island could hardly be one of the two "high lands" in Seixas y Lovera’s summary.


[[File:Perunika Glacier terminus.jpg|thumb|Terminus of Perunika Glacier on Livingston Island, Antarctica]]
One common drawback of Burney's conjecture and its varieties is that the Falkland Islands are not known for their "snow mountains near the coast."


{{coord|63.028724|S|62.5228892|W|display=inline}}
Another drawback would stem from La Roché's approaching his island from the west ("the Land which they now began to see toward the East"). Indeed, in such a westerly location with respect to the Falklands he would have already been in the "North Sea," even before his two-week anchorage and before sailing his strait – something refuted by the report narrating that, on departure, "steering ENE they found themselves in the No. Sea."<ref name=Seixas/> (According to American historian Mark Peterson, "maps from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries commonly referred to the entire [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] as the North Sea … even the southernmost regions of the Atlantic, the waters to the east of Argentina and [[Tierra del Fuego]] …"<ref>Peterson, Mark. (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240126140653/https://commonplace.online/article/naming-the-pacific/ Naming the Pacific: how Magellan’s relief came to stick, and what it stuck to.] ''Commonplace: The Journal of Early American Life''. Ed. Joshua Greenberg. Accessed 2024. (Explains the origins of the early place name ''North Sea'' in the Americas.)</ref><ref>Teixeira, Pedro & Diego Ramirez de Arellano. (1621). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240128114338/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/53864/reconocimiento-de-los-estrechos-de-magallanes-y-san-vicente-teixeira-ramirez-de-arellano ''Reconocimiento de los Estrechos de Magallanes y San Vicente''.] Madrid. (A Spanish map marking as ''Mar del Norte'' i.e. ''North Sea'' the waters off the east entrance to the Strait of Magellan; ''Estrecho de San Vicente'' being another name for Le Maire Strait.)</ref><ref>Hondius, Hendrik. (1633). [[:File:Freti_Magellanici_ac_novi_freti_vulgo_le_Maire.jpg|''Freti Magellanici ac novi freti vulgo le Maire'']]. Amsterdam. (A Dutch map marking as ''Mar del Norte'' the waters off the east entrance to the Strait of Magellan.)</ref>)
-63.028724 -62.5228892


{{coord|62.770073|S|61.238309|W|display=inline}}
That a sailing ship in Drake Passage could be blown off course and find itself near South Georgia was demonstrated by the Spanish merchant ship ''León'' captained by Gregorio Jerez on a voyage in service of the French company Sieur Duclos of [[Saint-Malo]], which ship made the second sighting of the island in June 1756.<ref name=Headland/><ref name=Dalrymple/> On that particular occasion, the Board of Expert Pilots in Cádiz examined the ship pilot Henri Cormer’s report and concluded that the island was probably that sighted by Antoine de la Roche in 1675.<ref>Headland, Robert Keith. (2009). ''A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration''. London: Bernard Quaritch. 716&nbsp;pp. / [https://web.archive.org/web/20230320085732/https://southgeorgiaassociation.org/south-georgia-chronology-2/ Extract]</ref>
-62.770073 -61.238309


===Gough Island landing and Cook's mapping error===
Several days after his departure from South Georgia, La Roché came across another uninhabited island, "where they found water, wood and fish" and spent six days "without seeing any human being", thus making what some historians believe was the first landing on the [[Atlantic_Ocean#South_Atlantic|South Atlantic]] island that had been discovered by the Portuguese navigator [[Gonçalo Álvares]] in 1505, called Gonçalo Álvares Island (sometimes erringly Diego Álvarez Island), and better known as [[Gough Island]] since 1732.<ref name=Seixas/><ref name=Laperouse/><ref>Wace, Nigel Morritt. (1969). The discovery, exploitation and settlement of the Tristan da Cunha Islands. ''Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (South Australian Branch)'' 10: 11–40.</ref>


Following the 1675 voyage, a sizeable island named ''Isle Grande'', ''Isla Grande'' or ''Isle Grand'' was placed on the map mostly northeast of Roché Island (like on the 1703 map by [[Guillaume Delisle]], 1710 map by [[Nicolaes Visscher II|Nicolaes Visscher]] or 1715 map by [[Herman Moll]] referred to below) and west-southwest of Gough Island, with near five degree difference in latitude with respect to the latter.
However, when Roché Island was relocated on the map eastwards to its precise longitude ascertained by James Cook in 1775 (using a [[Larcum Kendall|Kendall]] copy of [[John Harrison|Harrison's]] [[marine chronometer]]<ref>Royal Observatory. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240220100421/https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-79143 Marine timekeeper K1]. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. Accessed 2014.</ref>), the cartographers would seem to have overlooked the necessity to adjust the location of Isle Grande accordingly.<ref name="Antarctic book">Ivanov, Lyubomir & Nusha Ivanova. Roché Island / South Georgia. In: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364087925_The_World_of_Antarctica ''The World of Antarctica''.] Generis Publishing, 2022. pp.&nbsp;68–70. {{ISBN|979-8-88676-403-1}}</ref> Apparently, the original error of placing Isle Grande due north rather than northeast of South Georgia was committed by Cook himself in his 1777 chart of the southern hemisphere referred to below, and widely upheld by others because of his impeccable cartographic authority.


69°04'22.1" ю.ш., 70°45'41.1" з.д
As a result of that [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse|Lapérouse]],<ref name=Laperouse/> [[George Vancouver|Vancouver]],<ref name=Vancouver/> [[James Colnett|Colnett]],<ref name=Colnett/> [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen|von Bellingshausen]]<ref name=Bellingshausen/> and other mariners sought in vain to find Isle Grande as mapped north of South Georgia (like on the 1790 map by [[:de:Johann Walch (Verleger)|de:Johann Walch]], 1796 map by [[Mathew Carey]] or 1804 map by [[Jedidiah Morse]] referred to below) instead of northeast of it. For instance, on his way to the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] via Le Maire Strait and Cape Horn, Capt. Lapérouse made in November-December 1785 a forty-day detour from the Brazilian island of [[Santa Catarina Island|Santa Catarina]] to an area north of South Georgia in fruitless search of Isle Grande.


{{coord|69|04|22.1|S|70|45|41.1|W|display=inline}}
In his attempted reconstruction of the events Burney found a possible place of landing as far west as the coast of [[Patagonia]], at the projecting headlands of either Cabo Dos Bahías or Punta Santa Elena (south and north entrance to Camarones Bay respectively<ref>Latzina, Francisco. (1899). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220817160424/http://www.bibliotecadigital.gob.ar/files/original/13/1264/latzina-francisco_diccionario-geografico-argentino_1899.1.pdf Camarones.] ''Diccionario geográfico argentino: Con ampliaciones enciclopédicas rioplatenses''. 3a edición. Buenos Aires: Jacobo Peuser Editor. p.&nbsp;83.</ref><ref>British Admiralty. (1902). [[:File:Admiralty Chart No 1324 S. America E. Coast Sheet 4 Rio de la Plata to Cape Dos Bahias, Published 1902 agdm 10742 full.jpg|''Nautical chart of the E. Coast of S. America from Rio de la Plata to Cape Dos Bahias. Compiled principally from surveys by Captain Robert Fitz Roy, H.M. Surveying Ship Beagle, 1833'']]. (Chart featuring Cabo Dos Bahías, Camarones Bay and Punta Santa Elena.)</ref>). Each of these, it was said, "afar off appears like an island."<ref name=Burney/> However, for La Roché and his companions it was no afar off appearance as they approached, landed, and spent time ashore.


{{coord|62|38|01.5|S|60|20|05.8|W|display=inline}}
British naval officer and prolific author [[Rupert Gould]] endorsed Burney’s Patagonian conjecture but not his Falklands one, and regarded La Roché as either discoverer or rediscoverer of South Georgia.<ref>Gould, Rupert Thomas. (1928). [https://archive.org/details/B-001-015-438/page/n19/mode/2up?q=roche ''Oddities: A Book of Unexplained Facts''.] New Hyde Park, NY: University Books. pp.&nbsp;130–132.</ref>


69° 11' 38.0" S 70° 42' 07.0" W
La Roché successfully reached the Brazilian port of Salvador, and eventually arrived in [[La Rochelle]], France on 29 September 1675.<ref name=Seixas/><ref name=Dalrymple>Dalrymple, Alexander. (1775). [https://books.google.bg/books?id=sGxbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP11&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false ''A Collection of Voyages Chiefly in The Southern Atlantick Ocean''.] London. (Includes a chapter on La Roché, and an extract (in French) from the logbook of French merchant and mariner Nicolas Pierre Duclos-Guyot onboard the Spanish ship ''León'' that sighted Roché Island in 1756.)</ref><ref name=Matthews>Matthews, L. Harrison. (1931). ''South Georgia: The British Empire's Sub-Antarctic Outpost''. Bristol: John Wright; and London: Simpkin Marshall.</ref><ref>Headland, Robert Keith. (1990). [https://books.google.bg/books?redir_esc=y&id=Sg49AAAAIAAJ&q=antoine+de+la+roche#v=snippet&q=antoine%20de%20la%20roche&f=false ''Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events''.] Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;65. {{ISBN|0-521-30903-4}}</ref><ref name=Ferrer>Capt. Ferrer Fougá, Hernán. (2003). [https://revistamarina.cl/revistas/2003/6/ferrer.pdf El hito austral del confín de América: El cabo de Hornos. (Siglos XVI–XVII–XVIII). (Primera parte)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810115231/http://www.revistamarina.cl/revismar/revistas/2003/6/ferrer.pdf |date=10 August 2011 }}. ''Revista de Marina, Valparaíso'', N°&nbsp;6.</ref>
{{coord|69|11|38|S|70|42|07|W|display=inline}}


===Varnhagen-Duperrey hypothesis===
Brazilian historian [[Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen]], following French naval officer and explorer [[Louis-Isidore Duperrey]], supposed that South Georgia might have been discovered as early as April 1502 by a Portuguese expedition led by [[Gonçalo Coelho]], finding evidence of this in an episode reported by Florentine [[Amerigo Vespucci]].<ref name=Varnhagen>Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo de. (1865.) [https://books.google.com.do/books?id=9L_O6NaQw_cC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Amerígo Vespucci: Son caractère, ses écrits mème les moins authentiques), sa vie et ses navigations, avec une carte indiquant les routes''.] Lima: Mercurio. 111&nbsp;p.</ref><ref>Duperrey, Louis-Isidore. (1829). [https://books.google.bg/books?id=jcBIAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101&dq=Vespuce&source=bl&ots=f7w3oXqqoc&sig=ACfU3U1d-4rhAUJ59nUaQ7hMJgmy_k_pFw&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjkmo_ngYuEAxVFRvEDHUNcADIQ6AF6BAgdEAM#v=onepage&q=vespuce&f=false ''Voyage autour du Monde, executé per ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette La Coquille de sa Majesté, pendant les annies 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825: Hydrographie''.] Paris: Arthus Bertrand. p.&nbsp;101.</ref> According to the latter’s account, from Brazil the expedition headed south and reached 52°S latitude, from where, after a four-day voyage in turbulent weather they encountered land and sailed "about 20 leagues" along a rocky coast in severe cold weather.<ref>Vespucci, Amerigo. (1451-1512). [[:File:The first four voyages of Amerigo Vespucci (IA cu31924020403584).pdf|''The first four voyages of Amerigo Vespucci'']]. 1885 translation by Michael Kerney. London: Bernard Quaritch. p.&nbsp;40.</ref>


{{coord|69.08477778|S|70.97158333|W|display=inline}}
Vespucci made no mention of snow/ice cover, something with which South Georgia invariably impresses seafarers. For instance, Cook described [[Possession Bay]], South Georgia like this: "The head of the bay, as well as two places on each side, was terminated by perpendicular ice-cliffs of considerable height. Pieces were continually breaking off, and floating out to sea; and a great fall happened while we were in the bay, which made a noise like cannon … and the valleys lay covered with everlasting snow."<ref name=Cook-II/> The island has been described like "the [[Alps]] in mid-ocean" or "the [[Himalayas]] seen from [[Simla]]."<ref name=Headland/>.


{{coord|69.07277778|S|70.76183333|W|display=inline}}
Vespucci wrote, however, that the night there was fifteen hours long,<ref name=Varnhagen/> which on the date in question (7 April, 17 April [[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style]]) was valid 2,000&nbsp;km south of 52°S – a location unattainable in four days. Indeed, the estimated top speed of a ship like Coelho’s [[caravel]] was 8 [[knot (unit)|knot]]s or 356 km per day.<ref name="Antarctic book"/><ref>Vaucher, Jean. (April 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221129150232/https://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~vaucher/History/Ships/Ships_Discovery/index.html#caravel History of Ships: Ships of Discovery]. Accessed 2024.</ref>


Coelho’s voyage was commissioned by King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] and duly documented in the Portuguese archives which, however, have no reports of venturing that far south, and indeed no information sourced to Vespucci.<ref name="Antarctic book"/>


-69.08477778 -70.97158333
In comparison, Seixas y Lovera’s work ''Descripcion Geographica y Derrotero de la Region Austral Magallanica'' (for which there is evidence of governmental aid for its printing costs<ref name=Vicente/>) was duly licensed, endorsed and officially reported to [[Charles II of Spain]] in his [[Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies]] in 1690,<ref name=Seixas/> its publication and translation into French<ref name=Vicente/> making the reported European and Spanish American developments related to La Roché's voyage open to wider scrutiny. The 1690 Spanish map of the Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego area<ref>Seixas y Lovera, Francisco de. (1690). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170204003228/https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200m.gct00052/?sp=31 ''Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego''.] Madrid. (Map insert in the 1692 Spanish edition of the 1630 Portuguese atlas ''Taboas Geraes de Toda a Navegação''.)</ref> was officially presented before the Council in 1692,<ref name=McCarl/> while Seixas y Lovera's 1688 book ''Theatro Naval Hydrographico'' extensively referring to ''Roché Passage''<ref name=Theatro/> had two Spanish editions and was translated into French.


69.07277778 -70.76183333
[[Alexander von Humboldt]] respectfully disagreed with Duperrey, and thought that Vespucci must have been driven back by a storm and seen part of the east Patagonian coast.<ref>Humboldt, Alexandre de. (1839). [https://books.google.bg/books?redir_esc=y&id=cGwDAAAAQAAJ&q=vespuce#v=snippet&q=vespuce&f=false ''Examen Critique de l’Histoire de la Géographie du Nouveau Continent''.] Tome V. Paris : Gide. p.&nbsp;109.</ref><ref name=Balch>Balch, Edwin Swift. (1902). [[:File:Antarctica_%28IA_antarctica00balc%29.pdf|''Antarctica'']]. Philadelphia: Allen, Lane & Scott.</ref> According to British historian Robert Headland, the analysis of historical evidence refutes the Varnhagen-Duperrey hypothesis.<ref name=Headland/>


{{coord|62.54|S|60.28|W|display=inline}}
==Legacy==
===Maritime navigation and exploration===
Following the 1675 voyage cartographers started to depict on their maps ''Roché Island'' or ''Land of la Roché'', ''Terre de la Roché'', with ''Strait(s) de la Roché'' separating it from an ''Unknown Land'', with these features situated somewhat to the eastward of Tierra del Fuego, and ''Isle Grande'' (seldom ''Ile de la Roché'', ''la Roche’s Island'' or ''Isla de la Roca'') – that "very great and nice island" in the middle of South Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="Antarctic book"/><ref name=McCarl>McCarl, Clayton. (2020). [https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-22442020000300145 Tosco e imperfecto, con mucho de fabulado: El mapa de Francisco de Seyxas y Lovera de la Región Austral Magallánica.] ''Magallania''. Vol.&nbsp;48. No.&nbsp;especial Punta Arenas. (Analyzes the 1692 modification of the 1630 Portuguese atlas ''Taboas Geraes de Toda a Navegação'' by Seixas y Lovera.)</ref>


{{coord|62.69|S|60.28|W|display=inline}}
Apart from mapping, both La Roché and his geographic discoveries were used in encyclopedic editions and dictionaries, scientific and popular publications, video gaming, commercial promotion etc.<ref>Coleti, Giandomenico. (1771). [https://books.google.bg/books?redir_esc=y&id=s-QTAAAAYAAJ&q=de+la+roche#v=onepage&q=de%20la%20roche&f=false ''Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale''.] Venezia: Stampedaria Coleti. p.&nbsp;117.</ref><ref>Alcedo, Antonio de. (1788). [https://www.google.bg/books/edition/Diccionario_Geogr%C3%A1fico_Hist%C3%B3rico_De_La/EkVAAAAAcAAJ?gbpv=1 ''Diccionario Geográfico-Histórico de las Indias Occidentales ó América''.] Tomo IV. Madrid: Manuel Gonzalez. p.&nbsp;435.</ref><ref>USBGN. (1956). [https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039165/report.pdf ''Geographic Names of Antarctica''.] Washington, D.C.: Office of Geography, Department of the Interior. pp.&nbsp;9, 11, 287.</ref><ref>David, Andrew. (2012–21). [https://www.falklandsbiographies.org/biographies/roche_antonio Roché, Antonio de la.] In: ''The Dictionary of Falklands Biography (including South Georgia)''. Ed. David Tatham.</ref><ref>A.G.M. (2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240119151249/https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/Galerias/Descarga_pdf/Unidades/Antartica/antartica/blog/111222Roche.pdf Anthony de la Roché.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240119141644/https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/unidades/Antartica/basegabrieldecastilla/Exploradores-antarticos/index.html Base Antártica Española Gabriel de Castilla: Exploradores Antárticos.]</ref><ref>France Diplomacy. (2024). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240129094325/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/antarctica/antarctica/ ''Antarctica''.] Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.</ref><ref>Campbell, David G. (2002). [https://books.google.bg/books?id=pnKSphgLuLUC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=%22Anthony+de+la+Roch%C3%A9%22&source=bl&ots=G0CoiAlWKf&sig=ACfU3U38Ls73E9OIIznAz-vX3SN-JaEj6g&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjcjuT2svOEAxWBcfEDHXbCDOg4HhDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=%22Anthony%20de%20la%20Roch%C3%A9%22&f=false ''The Crystal Desert: Summers in Antarctica'']. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin. p.&nbsp;154.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240216211711/https://www.elitedangerous.com/en-GB/explore Elite Dangerous]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240218124328/https://www.edsm.net/en/system/stations/id/5260/name/G+123-16/details/idS/4950/nameS/Anthony+de+la+Roche+Gateway Anthony de la Roche Gateway]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240216201346/https://farer.com/products/roche Farer Watches Roché: Story.]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240313190512/https://playgroundexpedition.com/product-page/anthony-de-la-roche/ Playground Expedition: Children playground constructions: Anthony de la Roche].</ref>


Well aware of La Roché's discovery, James Cook mentioned it in his ship's [[logbook (nautical)|logbook]] upon approaching South Georgia one hundred years later in January 1775,<ref name=Cook-II>Cook, James. (1777). [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15869/15869-8.txt ''A Voyage Towards the South Pole, and Round the World. Performed in His Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Adventure, In the Years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. In which is included, Captain Furneaux's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the Ships'']. Volume II. London: William Strahan & Thomas Cadell. / [[:wikisource:James Cook and South Georgia in 1775|Relevant fragment]]</ref> and later wrote in the general introduction to his 1777 book: "In April 1675, Anthony la Roche, an English merchant, in his return from the South Pacific Ocean, where he had been on a trading voyage, being carried, by the winds and currents, far to the East of Strait La Maire, fell in with a coast, which may possibly be the same with that which I visited during this voyage, and have called the Island of Georgia."<ref name=Cook-I>Cook, James. (1777). [https://open.library.ubc.ca/viewer/chungpub/1.0129127 ''A Voyage Towards the South Pole, and Round the World. Performed in His Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Adventure, In the Years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. In which is included, Captain Furneaux's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the Ships'']. Volume I. London: William Strahan & Thomas Cadell. p.&nbsp;xv.</ref>


Cook made the first recorded landing, surveyed and mapped Roché Island, and renamed and claimed it for King [[George III]] of Great Britain and Ireland.<ref name=Discoveries>Cook, James. (1777). [http://www.davidrumsey.com/maps870130-24116.html ''Chart of the Discoveries made in the South Atlantic Ocean, in His Majestys Ship Resolution, under the Command of Captain Cook, in January 1775'']. London: William Strahan & Thomas Cadell. / [[:File:Cook-1777.PNG|Relevant fragment]]</ref> (Fleurieu disapproved of the name change disrespecting early discovery, and recommended that the island "should not be called New Georgia."<ref> Fleurieu, Charles Pierre Claret de. (1801). [https://www.google.bg/books/edition/The_Naval_Chronicle_Containing_a_General/1wJdAAAAcAAJ?gbpv=1 Observations on the Hydrographical Division of the Globe; and Changements proposed in the general and particular Nomenclature of Hydrography. From Marchand’s Voyage.] ''The Naval Chronicle''. Vol.&nbsp;VI. July–December 1801. London: Bunny & Gold. pp.&nbsp;490–492.</ref> Cook was more considerate in the case of [[Kerguelen Island|Kerguelen]] though, island that he visited in 1776 and noted: "which, from its sterility, I should, with great propriety, call the Island of Desolation, but that I would not rob [[Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec|Monsieur de Kerguelen]] of the honour of its bearing his name."<ref>Cook, James. (1846). [https://www.google.bg/books/edition/The_Voyages_of_Captain_James_Cook/25hJAAAAYAAJ?gbpv=1 ''The Voyages of Captain James Cook'']. Vol. II. London: William Smith. p.&nbsp;34.</ref>)


[[File:Byers-Peninsula-location-map.png|thumb|Location of Byers Peninsula on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands.]]
German [[Natural history|naturalist]] [[Georg Forster]], scientist in Cook’s expedition, also knew of La Roché’s discovery.<ref>Forster, George. (1777). [https://books.google.bg/books?id=Ph1nAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA524&lpg=PA524&dq=%22A+Collection+of+Voyages+chiefly+in+the+Southern+Atlantic+Ocean%22&source=bl&ots=uOhhgzviSt&sig=ACfU3U3zN7O8f-RBY654fKAvPFoTLSlqXA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijnMXAj6qDAxUEcfEDHWSJDq8Q6AF6BAgfEAM#v=onepage&q=%22A%20Collection%20of%20Voyages%20chiefly%20in%20the%20Southern%20Atlantick%20Ocean%22&f=false ''A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years 1772, 3, 4 and 5 (2 vols.)''.] Vol.&nbsp;II. London: B. White. p.&nbsp;524.</ref> So did naval officer and explorer [[James Colnett]], a midshipman in the expedition who later wrote of "the land discovered by Monsieur La Roche, in Latitude 55° South, which I touched at with Captain Cook …"<ref name=Colnett>Colnett, James. (1798). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326084656/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=A756&viewtype=text ''A Voyage to the South Atlantic and round Cape Horn into the Pacific Ocean ''.] London: W. Bennett. pp.&nbsp;13-14.</ref>
[[File:ASPA-126-Byers-Peninsula.png|thumb|Topographic map of Byers Peninsula featuring Antarctic Specially Protected Area ''ASPA 126'' and its two restricted zones]]
[[File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010-15.png|thumb|Topographic map of Livingston Island and Smith Island.]]
'''Battenberg Hill''' ({{lang-bg|text=хълм Батенберг|italic=no}}, ‘Halm Battenberg’ \'h&lm 'ba-ten-berg\) is a rocky hill rising to 166 m in [[Dospey Heights]] on [[Byers Peninsula]] of [[Livingston Island]] in the [[South Shetland Islands]], [[Antarctica]]. Situated 1.8&nbsp;km east of [[Start Hill (Antarctica)|Start Hill]], 1.8&nbsp;km south of [[Voyteh Point]] and 2.19&nbsp;km northwest of [[Penca Hill]].


The feature is part of the [[Antarctic Specially Protected Area]] ''ASPA 126 Byers Peninsula'', situated in one of its restricted zones.<ref>[http://www.ats.aq/documents/recatt%5Catt591_e.pdf Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 126 Byers Peninsula.] Measure 4 (2016), ATCM XXXIX Final Report. Santiago, 2016</ref>
Comments on La Roché's discoveries could be found in the ship's journals of notable explorers such as Britain's James Cook<ref name=Cook-II/> and [[George Vancouver]],<ref name=Vancouver>Vancouver, George. (1798). [https://www.google.bg/books/edition/A_Voyage_of_Discovery_to_the_North_Pacif/6SXg61wa3UUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22george+vancouver%22+%22a+voyage+of+discovery%22+%22vol.+III%22&printsec=frontcover ''A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and Round the World''.] Vol.&nbsp;III. London: G.G. and J. Robinson & J. Edwards. 505&nbsp;pp.</ref> France's [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse|Lapérouse]]<ref name=Laperouse/> and Russia's [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen|von Bellingshausen]],<ref name=Bellingshausen>''Беллингсгаузен, Фадей Ф. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100309125340/http://www.kronstadt.ru/books/travels/bellinsgausen_3.htm#3_2 Двукратные изыскания в Южном Ледовитом Океане, и плавание вокруг света, в продолжение 1819, 1820 и 1821 годов.]'' Две части. С атласом в 64&nbsp;л. Санкт-Петербург. В типографии Глазунова, 1831. Ч.&nbsp;I 397&nbsp;с., ч.&nbsp;II 326&nbsp;с. / [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.96202/2015.96202.The-Voyage-Of-Captain-Bellingshausen-To-The-Antarctic-Seas1819-1821_djvu.txt English version]</ref> also in Dalrymple’s ''Memoir of a chart of the Southern Ocean'',<ref name=Memoir>Dalrymple, Alexander. (1769). [https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_memoir-of-a-chart-of-the_dalrymple-alexander_1769/mode/2up?q=lovera ''Memoir of a chart of the Southern Ocean''.] London. p.&nbsp;5.</ref> ''[[The Nautical Magazine]]'' for 1835<ref>Becher, A.B. (ed.). (1835). [https://www.google.bg/books/edition/Nautical_Magazine/vk9WAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22nautical+magazine%22+1835&printsec=frontcover Isle Grande, South Atlantic Ocean.] ''The Nautical Magazine''. London. p.&nbsp;1–8. (Discusses La Roché's voyage.)</ref> and multiple editions of the authoritative ''Laurie’s Sailing Directory'' by [[John Purdy (hydrographer)|John Purdy]] and by [[Alexander George Findlay|Alexander Findlay]].<ref name=Purdy>Purdy, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0WYDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA166 ''Laurie’s Sailing Directory of the Ethiopic or Southern Atlantic Ocean; Including the Coasts of Brasil etc. to the Rio de la Plata, the Coast thence to Cape Horn, and the African Coast to the Cape of Good Hope etc; Including the Islands between the Two Coasts''.] 4th edition. London: Richard Laurie, 1855. 578&nbsp;pp. / [https://www.google.bg/books/edition/Tables_of_the_positions_or_of_the_latitu/tk8OAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&&printsec=frontcover 1816 edition]</ref>


The hill is named after Prince [[Alexander, Prince of Bulgaria|Alexander Battenberg of Bulgaria]] (1857–1893).
The second-ever map of South Georgia and Clerke Rocks, made in 1802 by Capt. [[Isaac Pendleton]] of the American [[Seal hunting|sealing]] vessel ''Union'' and reproduced by the Italian polar cartographer [[Arnaldo Faustini]] in 1906, was entitled ''South Georgia: Discovered by the Frenchman La Roche in the year 1675''.<ref>Faustini, Arnaldo. (1906). Di una carta nautica inedita della Georgia Austral. ''Revista Geografica Italiana, Firenze'', 13(6). pp.&nbsp;343–351.</ref> While Pendleton probably erred regarding La Roché's nationality due to his French last name, British historian Peter Bradley noted that "(d)espite the suggestion that La Roché was English, the name and the return to La Rochelle … appear to indicate a French connection."<ref>Bradley, Peter T. (1999). [https://books.google.bg/books?redir_esc=y&id=hfL2AMHsJXEC&q=roche#v=snippet&q=roche&f=false ''British maritime enterprise in the New World: From the late fifteenth to the mid-eighteenth century''.] Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press. p.&nbsp;443.</ref>


==Location==
Some authors maintain that La Roché was a Spaniard ("… a century before, the Spaniard Antonio de la Roca had discovered Georgia …"<ref>García-Verdugo, J. Carlos. (Marzo 1983). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240124183823/https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/r/a/raa_507.pdf El valor estrategico de las Malvinas.] ''Revista de Aeronautica y Astronautica''. Num. 507. p.&nbsp;250.</ref>) yet provide no evidence.
Battenberg Hill is located at {{coord|62|35|43.5|S|61|08|31|W|display=inline,title}}. Spanish mapping in 1992 and Bulgarian in 2009 and 2010.


==Maps==
La Roché was quoted in relation to his [[compass variation]] data, too.<ref name=Theatro>Seyxas y Lovera, Francisco de. (1688). [[:File:Theatro naval hydrographico de los fluxos y refluxos y de las corrientes de los mares, estrechos, archipielagos y passages aquales del mundo y de las diferencias de las variaciones de la aguja de marear (IA A085039).pdf|''Theatro Naval Hydrographico, de los fluxos, y refluxos, y de las corrientes de los mares, estrechos, archipielagos, y passages aquales del mundo, y de las diferencias de las variaciones de la aguja de marear, y efectos de la luna, con los vientos generales, y particulares que reian en las quatro regiones maritimas del orbe'']]. Capitulos IX, XIII, XV y XI. Madrid: Antonio de Zafra. / [https://books.google.com.co/books?id=mCsPAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 1704 French edition]</ref><ref name=Burney>Burney, James. (1813). [https://www.google.bg/books/edition/A_Chronological_History_of_the_Discoveri/MxNFAAAAYAAJ?gbpv=1 ''A Chronological History of the Voyages and Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean: Part III: From the Year 1620, to the Year 1688''.] London: Luke Hansard & Sons. pp.&nbsp;395–403. (Discusses various aspects of La Roché's voyage.)</ref>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131109084308/http://hercules.cedex.es/Ecosistemas/ByersRadar.pdf#55#55 Península Byers, Isla Livingston.] Mapa topográfico a escala 1:25000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1992.
* L.L. Ivanov et al. [[:commons:Image:Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg|Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands]]. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
* L.L. Ivanov. [http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.] Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-6-4}}
* [http://www.add.scar.org Antarctic Digital Database (ADD).] Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
* L.L. Ivanov. [[:commons:File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010-15.png|Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island]]. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017. {{ISBN|978-619-90008-3-0}}


==Notes==
===Sovereignty implications===
{{reflist}}
Both the discovery of Roché Island (South Georgia) and the landing on Isle Grande (Gough Island) in 1675 had little if any sovereignty implications, as the islands were not even claimed on that occasion. A sort of antecedent in that respect might have been the 1454 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] concluded between Portugal and Spain, which potentially would have left the islands to the former.<ref>Harrisse, Henry. (1897). [https://archive.org/details/diplomatichist00harrrich/page/n9/mode/2up ''The Diplomatic History of America: Its First Chapter 1452–1493–1494'']. London: B.F. Stevens. pp.&nbsp;152–154.</ref> However, Portugal never claimed the islands. Neither did Spain, and major European powers like France, England and the Netherlands denied any validity to the Iberian treaty anyway. Claiming would have to wait until 1775 and 1938<ref>Hänel, Christine. (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240317180758/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000500005 Gough Island 500 years after its discovery: a bibliography of scientific and popular literature 1505 to 2005]. South African Journal of Science. Vol. 104 No. 9-10.</ref> respectively, in both cases by Britain.


==References==
===Maps and charts===
* [http://apcbg.org/gazet-bg.pdf Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer.] [[Antarctic Place-names Commission]]. (details in Bulgarian, [http://apcbg.org/gazet.pdf basic data] in English)
The following 17th, 18th and 19th-century maps and charts reflect the geographical knowledge gained from La Roché's 1674-75 voyage:
* [http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=136854 Battenberg Hill.] [[Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research|SCAR]] [[Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica]].


==External links==
* Albernaz, João Teixeira; Jeronimo de Attayde e Francisco de Seixas y Lovera. (1692). ''Mapas generales originales y universales des todo el orue con los puertos principales y fortalezas de Ambas Indias y una descripcion topographica de la region Austral Magallonica año de 1692''. (The 1630 Portuguese atlas [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200m.gct00052/?st=gallery ''Taboas Geraes de Toda a Navegação''] appended in 1692 by the 1690 Spanish map insert [https://web.archive.org/web/20170204003228/https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200m.gct00052/?sp=31 ''Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego''.])
* [https://copernix.io/#?where=-61.14300615476985,-62.59601945062313,16&?query=&?map_type=hybrid Battenberg Hill.] Copernix satellite image
* Godson, William. (1702). [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200.ct000805/?r=0.23,0.37,0.298,0.147,0 ''A new and correct map of the world''.] London: George Willdey.
* L'Isle (or Lisle), Guillaume de & Charles-Louis Simonneau. (1703). [[:File:Carte du Paraguay, du Chili, du détroit de Magellan, etc... - par Guillaume de l'Isle ; gravée par Liébaux, le fils - btv1b53093853g.jpg|''Carte du Paraguai, du Chili, du Detroit de Magellan'']]. Paris. (Shows the track of La Roché's; the Falkland Islands are called ''Isles de Sebald de Weert''.)
* L'Isle (or Lisle), Guillaume de; J. Covens & C. Mortier. (1705). [https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2922~300058:L-Amerique-Meridionale--Dressee-sur ''L'Amerique Meridionale'']. Paris.
* L'Isle (or Lisle), Guillaume de. (1708). [[:File:Map - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - OTM- HB-KZL 33.22.38.tif|''L'Amerique Meridionale Dressee sur les Observations de Mrs. de l'Academie Royale des Sciences''.]] Amsterdam: Peter Schenk. / [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g5200.ct003993/?r=0.074,0.296,0.486,0.345,0 Paris edition]
* Senex, John. (1710). [[:File:South America (4587179722).jpg|''South America corrected from the Observations communicated to the Royal Society's of London & Paris''.]] London. (Shows the track of La Roché's.)
* Visscher, Nicolaes. (1710). [[:File:Carte du Paraguay, du Chili, Detroit de Magellan and Terre de Feu dans l'Amerique Meridionale par la veuve de Nicholas Visscher RMG F0377.tiff|''Carte du Paraguay, du Chili, Detroit de Magellan & Terre de Feu dans l'Amerique Meridionale''.]] Amsterdam.
* Moll, Herman. (1711). [[:File:Moll_-_A_New_and_Exact_Map_of_the_Coast,_Countries_and_Islands_within_the_Limits_of_the_South_Sea_Company.png|''A New & Exact Map of the Coast, Countries and Islands within ye Limits of ye South Sea Company''.]] London. / [[:File:A new & exact map of the coast, countries and islands within the limits of ye South Sea Company.png|1726 edition]]
* Price, Charles. (ca. 1713). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240107212013/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/53375/south-america-corrected-from-the-observations-communicated-price ''South America corrected from the observations communicated to the Royal Society's of London and Paris'']. London. (Shows the track of La Roché's.)
* Price, Charles. (ca. 1713). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240314143041/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/46354/a-correct-map-of-the-world-with-several-usefull-theories-ext-price ''A Correct Map of the World with several useful Theories extracted from the Writings of the Greatest Mathematicians and Philosophers of the Age'']. London.
* Van der Aa, Pieter. (1714). [[:File:L%27Am%C3%A9rique_m%C3%A9ridionale..._-_btv1b8596392x.jpg|''L'Amérique méridionale''.]] Leiden.
* Chatelain, Henry. (1714). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240220143958/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/22408/Nouvelle_Carte_De_Geographie_De_La_Partie_Meridionale_De_LAmerique_Suivant/Chatelain.html ''Nouvelle Carte de Géographie de la Partie Méridionale de l'Amérique'']. Amsterdam.
* Moll, Herman. (1715). [[:File:To the right honourable Charles Earl of Sunderland and Beron Spencer of Wormleighton, one of her majesty's principal secretaries of state, etc. this map of South America according to the newest and most exact... - btv1b53052934w.jpg|''This map of South America, according to the newest and most exact observations''.]] London.
* Price, Charles. (1715). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240314135634/https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/charles-price-terrestrial-globe-1715-e9dacffb86784bd8b53acb72f1f78058 ''Terrestrial Globe'']. London. (Curiously, the globe features Isle Grande same like the 1702 map by William Godson does, situated at 35°S latitude and named "la Roche’s Island.")
* L'Isle (or Lisle), Guillaume de. (1717). [[:File:Carte du Paraguay, du Chili, du détroit de Magellan, etc - dressée... par Guillaume de l'Isle... - btv1b8446211h.jpg|''Carte du Paraguai, du Chili, du Detroit de Magellan'']]. Amsterdam. (Shows the track of La Roché's.)
* Chatelain, Henri. (1719). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240122204302/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/90365/carte-tres-curieuse-de-la-mer-du-sud-contenant-des-remarques-chatelain ''Carte tres curieuse de la Mer du Sud Contenant des remarques nouvelles et tres utiles non seulement sur les ports et isles de cette mer, Mais aussy sur les principaux Pays de l'Amerique tant Septentrionale que Meridionale, Avec les Noms & la Route des Voyageurs''.] Amsterdam.
* Moll, Herman. (1719). [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200.mf000001/?r=0.386,0.519,0.216,0.106,0 ''A new & correct map of the whole World''.] London.
* Fer, Nicolas de. (1720). [[:File:Partie la plus méridionale de l'Amérique - ou se trouve le Chili, le Paraguay et les terres magellaniques avec les fameux détroits de Magellan et de Le Maire dressé sur divers mémoires et relations des... - btv1b10678571g.jpg|''Partie la plus méridionale de l'Amérique, où se trouve le Chili, le Paraguay, et les Terres Magellaniques avec les Fameux Détroits de Magellan et de Le Maire''.]] Paris.
* Covens, J. & C. Mortier. (1730). [[:File:1730 Covens and Mortier Map of South America - Geographicus - SouthAmerica-covensmortier-1730.jpg|Carte du Paraguay, du Chili, du Detroit de Magellan &c.]] Amsterdam. (Shows the track of La Roché's.)
* Moll, Herman. (1732). [[:File:A map of Chili, Patagonia, La Plata and ye south part of Brasil.jpg|''A map of Chili, Patagonia, La Plata and ye south part of Brasil''.]] London.
* Techo, Nicolas. (1733). [[:File:Typus geographicus Chili Paraguay Freti Magellanici... - ex P.P. Alfonso d'Ovalle & Nicol. Techo nec non de Brouwer, Narbouroug, de Beauchesne etc a Guiliel. de l'Islio descript., in superque secundum recentiores du... - btv1b8596396k.jpg|''Typus Geographicus Chili a Paraguay Freti Magellanici &c.'']] Nuremberg.
* L'Isle (or Lisle), Guillaume de & Giambattista Albrizzi. (1740). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240108081620/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/31126/Carta_Geografica_Dell_America_Meridionale/Albrizzi.html ''Carta Geografica della America Meridionale'']. Venice.
* Seale, Richard W. (ca. 1744). [[:File:A map of South America with all the European settlements & whatever else is remarkable, from the latest & best observations (4586552189).jpg|''A Map of South America. With all the European Settlements & whatever else is remarkable from the latest & best observations''.]] London.
* Ottens, Reiner & Joshua. (1745). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240122210436/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/92717/tractus-australior-americae-meridionalis-a-rio-de-la-plata-p-ottens ''Tractus Australior Americae Meridionalis a Rio de la Plata per Fretum Magellanicum ad Toraltum''.] Amsterdam.
* Cowley, John. (ca. 1745). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240108083235/https://www.pinterest.com/pin/south-america-john-cowley-emanuel-bowen-scarce-original-etsy-uk--815573813967415217/ ''A Map of South America''.] London.
* Homann Heirs & Johann Haas. (1746). [[:File:Americae Mappa generalis, Homann Heirs & Johann Matthaus Haas (1746).jpg|''Americae Mappa generalis''.]] Nuremberg.
* Jefferys, Thomas & John Green (aka Bradock Mead). (1753). [[:File:A chart of North and South America - including the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, with the nearest coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia. NYPL1258749.jpg|''A chart of North and South America: including the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, with the nearest coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia'']]. London. / [https://web.archive.org/web/20240108133739/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/images2/southamerica1776map.jpg 1776 edition]
* Buache, Philippe. (1754). [[:File:Antarctica, Bouvet Island, discovery map 1739.jpg|''Carte des Terres Australes, Comprises entre le Tropique du Capricorne et le Pôle Antarctique'']]. Paris.
* Gendron, Pedro. (1754). [https://www.loc.gov/item/96686667/ ''La America: dispuesta segun el Sistema de Mr. Hasius Profesor de Mathematicas en la Vniversidad de Witembergo, añadidos los ultimos descubrimientos por M. de Lisle'']. Madrid.
* Fer, Nicolas de. (1754). [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200.ct007165/?r=0.061,0.023,0.707,0.348,0 ''Mappe-Monde ou Carte Générale de la Terre''.] Paris.
* Jefferys, Thomas. (ca. 1754). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240108083834/https://www.wellandantiquemaps.co.uk/product/south-america-by-thomas-jefferys-c-1754/ ''South America''.] London.
* Le Rouge, Georges-Louis. (1756). [[:File:Atlas nouveau portatif a l'usage des militaires, colleges et du voyageur. Tome 1 1756 (106348387).jpg|''Amerique Meridionale''.]] Paris.
* Seutter, Matthäus. (1757). [[:File:Le Pays de Perou et Chili selon les observations nouvelles dessiné dessiné par Math. Seutter, geographe de l'Empereur d'Augspourg - btv1b53177601s (1 of 2).jpg|''Le Pays de Perou et Chili''.]] Augsbourg.
* Lotter, Tobias Conrad. (1757). [[:File:Atlas minor praecipua orbis terrarum imperia, regna et provincias, Germaniae potissimum 1757 (84184904).jpg|''America Meridionalis''.]] Augsburg.
* Euler, Leonhard. (1762). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240129101557/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/73226/hemisphere-meridional-dresse-en-1754-par-m-le-comte-de-rede-euler ''Hemisphere Meridional dressé en 1754 par M. le Comte de Redern Curateur de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et des belles Lettres''.] Berlin.
* Delarochette, Louis. (ca. 1763). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240220125639/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/94439/south-america-from-the-latest-discoveries-shewing-the-spani-delarochette ''South America From the latest Discoveries''.] London: John Bowles.
* Jefferys, Thomas & Alexander Dalrymple. (1768). [[:File:A chart of the Ocean between South America and Africa with the tracks of Dr. E. Halley and Mons. Bouvet - Jefferys - btv1b53177482s.jpg|''A chart of the ocean between South America and Africa with the tracks of Dr. Edmund Halley in 1700 and Monsr. Lozier Bouvet in 1738''.]] London: J. Nourse. (This chart is the subject of Dalrymple’s ''Memoir of a chart of the Southern Ocean''; a supposed track of La Roché's is shown as departing from the east entrance to an imaginary Gulf of St. Sebastian in [[Terra Australis]] (admittedly borrowed from a 1586 edition of [[Abraham Ortelius|Ortelius]]'s [[:File:OrteliusWorldMap1570.jpg|world map]]) that in January 1775 James Cook didn’t find and wrote: "I think I may venture to assert that the extensive coast, laid down in Mr. Dalrymple's chart of the ocean between Africa and America, and the Gulph of St. Sebastian, do not exist.")
* Phinn, Thomas. (1771). [http://cartweb.geography.ua.edu/lizardtech/iserv/calcrgn?cat=South%20America&item=/SouthAm1771a.sid&wid=500&hei=400&props=item(Name,Description),cat(Name,Description)&style=default/view.xsl&plugin=true ''South America''.] Edinburgh.
* Guthrie, William. (1771). [http://cartweb.geography.ua.edu/lizardtech/iserv/calcrgn?cat=South%20America&item=/SouthAm1771c.sid&wid=1000&hei=900&props=item(Name,Description),cat(Name,Description)&style=simple/view-dhtml.xsl ''South America''.] London.
* Bowen, Thomas. (1772). [http://cartweb.geography.ua.edu/lizardtech/iserv/calcrgn?cat=South%20America&item=/SouthAm1772a.sid&wid=500&hei=400&props=item(Name,Description),cat(Name,Description)&style=default/view.xsl&plugin=true ''South America from the best Authorities''.] London: G. Robinson.
* Sayer, Robert. (1772). [[:File:A General map of America divided into North and South, and West Indies - with the newest discoveries.jpg|''A General Map of America divided into North and South, and West Indies: with the Newest Discoveries''.]] London.
* Jefferys, Thomas. (1776). [https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~1927~120033:-Composite-of--A-Map-Of-South-Ameri ''South America'']. London.
* Cook, James. (1777). [[:File:A chart of the southern hemisphere; shewing the tracks of some of the most distinguished navigators- by Captain James Cook, of His Majesty's navy. RMG F1972.tiff|''A Chart of the Southern Hemisphere; shewing the Tracks of some of the most distinguished Navigators'']]. London: William Strahan & Thomas Cadell.
* Gibson, John. (1777). [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3290.ar305500/?r=0.544,0.818,0.115,0.06,0 ''A New Map of the Whole Continent of America, divided into North and South America and West Indies, with a Descriptive Account of the European Possessions, as Settled by the Definitive Treaty of Peace, Concluded at Paris, Feby. 10th, 1763, Compiled from Mr. D'Anville's Maps of that Continent, and Corrected in the Several Parts belonging to Great Britain, from the Original Materials of Governor Pownall, MP''.] London: Robert Sayer.
* Robert de Vaugondy, Didier. (1777). [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231614838/view ''Hemisphère Australe ou Antarctique'']. Paris.
* Seutter, Matthäus & Johann Michael Probst. (1784). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240126124807/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/39647/novus-orbis-sive-america-meridionalis-et-septentrionalis-seutter-probst ''Novus Orbis Sive America Meridionalis et Septentrionalis''.] Augsburg.
* Roberts, Henry. (1784). [[:File:A general chart - exhibiting the discoveries made by capt.n James Cook in this and his two preceedings voyages ; with the tracks of ships under this command - By lieut(enan)t Hen(r)y Roberts... ; W. Palmer sculp. - btv1b5970605q.jpg|''A General Chart: Exhibiting the Discoveries made by Captn. James Cook in this and his two preceeding Voyages; with the Tracks of Ships under his command'']]. London.
* Walch, Johann. (ca.1790). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240122213249/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/40365/lamerique-selon-letendue-de-ses-principales-parties-et-don-walch ''L'Amerique Selon L'Etendue de ses Principales Parties''.] Augsburg.
* Elwe, Ian Barend. (1792). [[:File:L'Amérique méridionale - btv1b8442380v.jpg|''L'Amérique Méridionale''.]] Amsterdam.
* Doolittle, Amos. (1793). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240205071252/https://mapsofantiquity.com/products/south-america-doolittle-sam224 ''South America''.] Boston: Thomas & Andrews.
* Dunn, Samuel. (1794). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240122214926/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/63961/south-america-as-divided-amongst-the-spaniards-and-the-portu-dunn ''South America as Divided amongst The Spaniards and The Portuguese, The French and The Dutch''.] London.
* Arrowsmith, Aaron. (1794). [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200.ct007074/ ''Map of the World on a Globular Projection, Exhibiting Particularly the Nautical Researches of Capn. James Cook, F.R.S. with all the Recent Discoveries to the Present Time'']. London.
* Russell, John. (1794). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231209120216/https://www.classicalimages.com/products/1794-john-russell-large-antique-map-of-south-america ''A General Map of South America Drawn from the Best Surveys'']. London. / [https://web.archive.org/web/20240227141539/https://www.classicalimages.com/products/1797-john-russell-old-antique-map-of-south-america 1797 edition]
* D'Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon. (1795). [[:File:1795 D'Anville Wall Map of South America - Geographicus - SouthAmerica-laruiewhittle-1794.jpg|''A Map of South America'']]. London: Laurie & Whittle.
* Carey, Mathew. (1796). [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g5200.ct010167/?r=-0.122,0.333,0.922,0.454,0 ''A map of South America: According to the best authorities''.] Philadelphia.
* Morse, Jedidiah. (1804). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240122215914/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/93813/south-america-from-the-best-authorities-morse ''South America from the best Authorities''.] Charleston, MA.
* Wilkinson, Robert. (1806). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240122221122/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/77407/south-america-reduced-from-the-sheet-map-1806-wilkinson ''South America''.] London.
* Poirson, Jean-Baptiste. (ca. 1810-20). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240227121521/https://www.abebooks.com/maps/South-America-continent-c.1810-20-Poirson-Thierry/30207655717/bd#&gid=1&pid=1 ''South America'']. Paris. (Features two ''Isle Grande'' islands, one "discovered by La Roché in 1675," and another, more westerly, "according to Mr. Dalrymple.")
* Tardieu, Ambroise. (1821). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240122222040/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/99383/carte-de-lamerique-meridionale-dressee-pour-lintelligence-tardieu ''Carte De L'Amerique Meridionale Dressee pour l'intelligence de l'histoire generale des Voyages de Laharpe''.] Paris.
* Johnson, Alvin Jewett & Ross Browning. (1861). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240123075624/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/80247/johnsons-south-america-johnson-browning ''Johnson’s South America''.] New York.


===Honours===
[[Roché Peak]], the summit of [[Bird Island, South Georgia]],<ref>Alberts, Fred G. (ed.). (1995). [https://books.google.bg/books?id=D-ADezHGpa4C&pg=PA625&lpg=PA625&dq=%22Roch%C3%A9+Peak%22&source=bl&ots=EYOKq7oL-b&sig=ACfU3U33qsls2yzBXYfT_q5a5qZxqG1-gQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0qYKBvMGDAxX1RvEDHUQDCVw4HhDoAXoECAQQAw#v=onepage&q=%22Roch%C3%A9%20Peak%22&f=false Roché Peak.] ''Geographic Names of the Antarctic''. Second edition. National Science Foundation. p.&nbsp;625.</ref><ref name=APC/> and [[Roché Glacier]] in [[Vinson Massif]], [[Antarctica]]<ref>[https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137073 Roché Glacier.] ''SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer''.</ref><ref>Stewart, John. (2011). [https://epdf.tips/antarctica-an-encyclopedia-2-volume-set-second-edition.html ''Antarctica: An Encyclopedia''.] Jefferson, NC & London: McFarland. 1771&nbsp;pp.</ref> are named for Anthony de la Roché.


{{Bulgarian-named Antarctic place}}
The [[Overseas Territory]] of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] issued in 2000 a [[two pound coin]] commemorating the 325th anniversary of the discovery of South Georgia by La Roché.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240101085445/https://falklandcollectibles.com/shop/commemorative-coins/antarctic-explorer-coins/antoine-de-la-roche-discovery-south-georgia-silver/ ''Antoine de la Roché: Discovery 1675: Two Pounds''.] South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, 2000.</ref>


[[:Category:Hills of Livingston Island]]
===Namesake===
[[:Category:Bulgaria and the Antarctic]]
A sea captain named Anthony de la Roche was reportedly in command of a merchant ship owned by the prominent [[Demographics of Bermuda|Bermudian]] Henry Corbusier in the late 1770s, having previously commanded the ship ''Saint James'' of [[Bordeaux]], France, which was wrecked.<ref>Tucker, Terry (ed.). (1973). [https://books.google.bg/books?redir_esc=y&id=p6VFAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Roche ''Bermuda Historical Quarterly''.] Volumes 30-31. Hamilton, Bermuda.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
14085-2 15 Cape Horn 1853 (cropped).jpg|Sketch of [[Cape Horn]]
Alexander Dalrymple by William Daniell, 1802, Royal Scottish Museum.jpg|[[Alexander Dalrymple]]
DétroitLeMaire.JPG|[[Le Maire Strait]]
James Cook, 'A voyage towards the South Pole, and round the world', London, Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1777, view 3 - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC03595-2.JPG|[[James Cook]]
Cooper Island (15956633628).jpg|[[Cooper Island]] at the southeast extremity of [[South Georgia]]
James Burney.png|[[James Burney]]
View of a seal rookery, Beauchene Island, Falkland Islands.jpg|View of [[Beauchene Island]], [[Falkland Islands]]
Presumed portrait of Charles-Pierre Claret - Versailles.png|[[Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu]]
Nordenskjold Glacier.jpg|[[Allardyce Range]], [[South Georgia]]
Louis Duperrey.jpg|[[Louis-Isidore Duperrey]]
Portrait_de_Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen_(1816-1878),_vicomte_de_Porto_Seguro,_diplomate_et_%C3%A9rudit_br%C3%A9silien.png|[[Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen]]
Blechnum and Phylica.png|[[Gough Island]] lowlands
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]
* [[Clerke Rocks]]
* [[Gough Island]]
* [[Roché Glacier]]
* [[Roché Peak]]

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://copernix.io/#?where=-55.171450805664065,-50.72955870751756,4&?query=&?map_type=hybrid Cape Horn to Tristan da Cunha group.] Copernix interactive satellite image


{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}


{{LivingstonIsland-geo-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:La Roche, Anthony De}}
[[Category:English explorers]]
[[Category:Sailors from London]]
[[Category:Explorers of Antarctica]]
[[Category:History of South Georgia]]
[[Category:17th-century English merchants]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:17th century in Antarctica]]

Revision as of 21:14, 17 March 2024


Chart



https://24carat.co.uk/frame.php?url=southgeorgiasouthsandwichislands.html https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces34335.html https://colnect.com/en/coins/coin/91238-2_Pounds_Antoine_de_la_Roche_Discovery_1675-1971~Today_-_Pounds_-_Numismatic_Products-South_Georgia_and_The_South_Sandwich_Islands https://www.cointrust.co.uk/2000-first-explorer-crowns-from-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands-750-p.asp



Terminus of Perunika Glacier on Livingston Island, Antarctica

63°01′43″S 62°31′22″W / 63.028724°S 62.5228892°W / -63.028724; -62.5228892 -63.028724 -62.5228892

62°46′12″S 61°14′18″W / 62.770073°S 61.238309°W / -62.770073; -61.238309 -62.770073 -61.238309


69°04'22.1" ю.ш., 70°45'41.1" з.д

69°04′22.1″S 70°45′41.1″W / 69.072806°S 70.761417°W / -69.072806; -70.761417

62°38′01.5″S 60°20′05.8″W / 62.633750°S 60.334944°W / -62.633750; -60.334944

69° 11' 38.0" S 70° 42' 07.0" W 69°11′38″S 70°42′07″W / 69.19389°S 70.70194°W / -69.19389; -70.70194


69°05′05″S 70°58′18″W / 69.08477778°S 70.97158333°W / -69.08477778; -70.97158333

69°04′22″S 70°45′43″W / 69.07277778°S 70.76183333°W / -69.07277778; -70.76183333


-69.08477778 -70.97158333

69.07277778 -70.76183333

62°32′S 60°17′W / 62.54°S 60.28°W / -62.54; -60.28

62°41′S 60°17′W / 62.69°S 60.28°W / -62.69; -60.28


Location of Byers Peninsula on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands.
Topographic map of Byers Peninsula featuring Antarctic Specially Protected Area ASPA 126 and its two restricted zones
Topographic map of Livingston Island and Smith Island.

Battenberg Hill (Template:Lang-bg, ‘Halm Battenberg’ \'h&lm 'ba-ten-berg\) is a rocky hill rising to 166 m in Dospey Heights on Byers Peninsula of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Situated 1.8 km east of Start Hill, 1.8 km south of Voyteh Point and 2.19 km northwest of Penca Hill.

The feature is part of the Antarctic Specially Protected Area ASPA 126 Byers Peninsula, situated in one of its restricted zones.[1]

The hill is named after Prince Alexander Battenberg of Bulgaria (1857–1893).

Location

Battenberg Hill is located at 62°35′43.5″S 61°08′31″W / 62.595417°S 61.14194°W / -62.595417; -61.14194. Spanish mapping in 1992 and Bulgarian in 2009 and 2010.

Maps

  • Península Byers, Isla Livingston. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:25000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1992.
  • L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
  • L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4
  • Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
  • L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017. ISBN 978-619-90008-3-0

Notes

  1. ^ Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 126 Byers Peninsula. Measure 4 (2016), ATCM XXXIX Final Report. Santiago, 2016

References


This article includes information from the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission.

Category:Hills of Livingston Island Category:Bulgaria and the Antarctic


Stub icon

This Livingston Island location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Apcbg/sandbox&oldid=1214256018"