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{{Infobox bilateral relations|Mexico-Russia|Mexico|Russia}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Mexico-Russia|Mexico|Russia}}


The nations [[Mexico]] and [[Russia]] initially established diplomatic relations in 1890. In 1924, Mexico recognized and established diplomatic relations with the [[Soviet Union]]. After the dissolution of the union, Mexico once again established diplomatic relations with the current Russian Federation in 1992.<ref name=History>[https://sre.gob.mx/images/stories/docnormateca/manexte/embajadas/MOEMFedRusia.pdf History of diplomatic relations of Mexico and Russia (in Spanish)]</ref>
⚫
'''Mexico–Russia relations''' are the [[diplomatic relations]] between the [[Mexico|United Mexican States]] and the [[Russia|Russian Federation]]. Both nations are members of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]], [[G-20 major economies]] and the [[United Nations]].

Today the two countries share extensive partnerships in areas such as space, trade and military technologies as well as telecommunications.
⚫
Both nations are members of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]], [[G-20 major economies]] and the [[United Nations]].


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Vladimir Putin at APEC Summit in Chile 20-21 November 2004-8.jpg|thumb|right| Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] with Mexican President [[Vicente Fox]] at the [[APEC]] summit in [[Chile]]; November 2004.]]
[[File:Representatives of Mexico at the coronation of Nicholas II.jpg|thumb|right|Representatives of Mexico present at the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia; May 1896.]]
In 1806 the [[Russian Empire]] under Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]], began an ambitious plan{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} to expand its activities in [[Alaska]] (settled from the 1780s) and in [[California]] (then under control of the [[Spanish Empire]]). In 1806 the Russian diplomat and explorer [[Nikolai Rezanov]] arrived in California in order to secure food production for Russian [[fur trade|fur-trade]] colonies. In 1812 the [[Russian-American Company]] established [[Fort Ross, California|Fort Ross]] in present-day northern California.<ref name=Bilateral>[https://mexico.mid.ru/es/historia Historia de las relaciones bilaterales: Rusia-México (in Spanish)]</ref>
In 1806 the [[Russian Empire]] under Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]], began to expand its activities in [[Alaska]] (settled from the 1780s) and in [[California]] (then under control of the [[Spanish Empire]]). In 1806 the Russian diplomat and explorer [[Nikolai Rezanov]] arrived in California in order to secure food production for Russian [[fur trade|fur-trade]] colonies. In 1812 the [[Russian-American Company]] established [[Fort Ross, California|Fort Ross]] in present-day northern California.<ref name=Bilateral>[https://mexico.mid.ru/es/rusia_mexico/relaciones_bilaterales/historia_de_las_relaciones_bilaterales/ Historia de las relaciones bilaterales: Rusia-México (in Spanish)]</ref>


Mexico and Russia formally established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1890 in [[Mexico City]], with Baron [[Roman Rosen]] representing Emperor [[Alexander III of Russia]]. In 1891 the first Russian legation opened in the Mexican capital.<ref name=Bilateral/> During respective revolutions; 1910–1920 in Mexico and 1917 in Russia; diplomatic relations between the two countries were practically non-existent.
Mexico and Russia formally established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1890 in [[Mexico City]], with Baron [[Roman Rosen]] representing Emperor [[Alexander III of Russia]].<ref name=History /> In 1891 the first Russian legation opened in the Mexican capital.<ref name=Bilateral/> During respective revolutions; 1910–1920 in Mexico and 1917 in Russia; diplomatic relations between the two countries were practically non-existent.


===Soviet Union===
===Soviet Union===
Line 45: Line 46:


==High-level visits==
==High-level visits==
[[File:Vladimir Putin meets with Enrique Peña Nieto, G-20 Hamburg summit, July 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|right|Mexican President [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] meeting at the [[G-20]] Summit in [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]]; July 2017.]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin meets with Enrique Peña Nieto, G-20 Hamburg summit, July 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|right|Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto and Russian President Vladimir Putin meeting at the [[G-20]] Summit in [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]]; July 2017.]]
'''High-level visits from Mexico to the USSR / Russia'''<ref name=diplomatic/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/revistadigital/images/stories/numeros/n91/04martinez.pdf |title=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores &#124; Gobierno &#124; gob.mx |website=Sre.gob.mx |access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref>
'''High-level visits from Mexico to the USSR / Russia'''<ref name=diplomatic/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/revistadigital/images/stories/numeros/n91/04martinez.pdf |title=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores &#124; Gobierno &#124; gob.mx |website=Sre.gob.mx |access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref>
* President [[Luis Echeverría]] (1973)
* President [[Luis Echeverría]] (1973)
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* Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] (2010, 2020)
* Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] (2010, 2020)


==Gallery==
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==Bilateral agreements==
<gallery class="center" mode="packed">
⚫
Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as an Agreement in Cultural, Scientific and Economic Cooperation (1968); Agreement in Sports Cooperation (1968); Agreement in Foreign Policy Cooperation (1968); Agreement of Prohibition of Storing Nuclear Weapons in Mexico (and in [[Latin America]]) (1973); Agreement of Scientific and Technical Cooperation (1996); Agreement on Cooperation in the peaceful uses of Nuclear Energy (2013) and a Memorandum of Understanding between both nations Foreign Diplomatic Institutions (2017).<ref name=Bilateral /><ref>[https://www.gob.mx/amexcid/prensa/mexico-y-rusia-profundizan-su-relacion-bilateral-y-celebran-la-v-reunion-de-la-comision-mixta-de-cooperacion-cultural-educativa-y-deportiva?idiom=es México y Rusia profundizan su relación bilateral (in Spanish)]</ref>
File:Vladimir Putin at the Millennium Summit 6-8 September 2000-12.jpg|President Vladimir Putin and President Ernesto Zedillo in New York City; September 2000.
File:Vladimir Putin at APEC Summit in Chile 20-21 November 2004-8.jpg|President Vladimir Putin and President Vicente Fox at the [[APEC]] summit in [[Santiago]], [[Chile]]; November 2004.
File:32nd G8 Summit-2.jpg|President Vladimir Putin and President Vicente Fox attending the G8 Summit in Saint Petersburg, Russia; July 2006.
File:Cumbre del G20 en Los Cabos, México.jpg|President Felipe Calderón and President Vladimir Putin attending the G20 conference in Los Cabos, Mexico; June 2012.
</gallery>


⚫
==Bilateral agreements==
==Tourism and transportation==
⚫
Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as an Agreement of Prohibition of Storing Nuclear Weapons in Mexico (and in [[Latin America]]) (1967); Trade Agreement and Protocol on Supplies of Machinery and Equipment (1973); Air Transportation Agreement (1976); Agreement on Economic and Technological Cooperation (1976); Consular Agreement (1978); Agreement on Maritime Transport (1978); Agreement of Scientific and Technical Cooperation (1996); Agreement of Cooperation in Combating Drug Trafficking and Drug Dependence (1996); Agreement of Cooperation in the areas of Culture, Education and Sports (1996); Touristic Cooperation (1997); Agreement on Cooperation and Mutual Customs Assistance (2003); Agreement to Avoid Double Taxation with respect to Income Taxes (2004); Treaty on the Transfer of Prisoners for the Execution of Criminal Sentences Depriving of Liberty (2004); Treaty on Reciprocal Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (2005); Agreement on Cooperation in the peaceful uses of Nuclear Energy (2013) and a Memorandum of Understanding between both nations Foreign Diplomatic Institutions (2017).<ref name=Bilateral /><ref>[https://www.gob.mx/amexcid/prensa/mexico-y-rusia-profundizan-su-relacion-bilateral-y-celebran-la-v-reunion-de-la-comision-mixta-de-cooperacion-cultural-educativa-y-deportiva?idiom=es México y Rusia profundizan su relación bilateral (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[https://cja.sre.gob.mx/tratadosmexico/buscador?keywords=&category_id=&theme_id=&country_id=127&organization_id= Bilateral agreements between Mexico and Russia (in Spanish)]</ref>
In the first half of 2018, over 31,000 Russian citizens visited Mexico for tourism.<ref>[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cartera/se-duplica-entrada-de-rusos-mexico Se duplica entrada de rusos a México (in Spanish)]</ref> In return, over 13,000 Mexican citizens visited Russia to attend the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/destinos/mexico-es-el-segundo-pais-que-mas-viajara-rusia México es el Segundo País que más Viajara a Rusia (in Spanish)]</ref> There are direct flights between [[Cancun]] and [[Moscow]] with [[Nordwind Airlines]].


==Trade==
==Trade==

Revision as of 04:38, 19 March 2024

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Visitas_oficiales_al_exterior_de_los_Presidentes_de_México https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/User_talk_namespace

https://www.polishnews.com/the-polish-contribution-to-the-haitian-war-of-independence https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/polands-venice-pavilion-explores-haitian-polish-connection-4028/ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/haiti-virtual-jewish-history-tour https://www.webometrics.info/es/Latin_America_es?page=1

https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/729189/CELAC-30may22-rev_compressed.pdf

https://brasiliainfoco.com/boniface-vignon-e-o-novo-embaixador-do-benin-no-brasil/

Mexico-Russia relations
Map indicating locations of Mexico and Russia

Mexico
Russia

The nations Mexico and Russia initially established diplomatic relations in 1890. In 1924, Mexico recognized and established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the union, Mexico once again established diplomatic relations with the current Russian Federation in 1992.[1]

Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, G-20 major economies and the United Nations.

History

Representatives of Mexico present at the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia; May 1896.

In 1806 the Russian Empire under Emperor Alexander I, began to expand its activities in Alaska (settled from the 1780s) and in California (then under control of the Spanish Empire). In 1806 the Russian diplomat and explorer Nikolai Rezanov arrived in California in order to secure food production for Russian fur-trade colonies. In 1812 the Russian-American Company established Fort Ross in present-day northern California.[2]

Mexico and Russia formally established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1890 in Mexico City, with Baron Roman Rosen representing Emperor Alexander III of Russia.[1] In 1891 the first Russian legation opened in the Mexican capital.[2] During respective revolutions; 1910–1920 in Mexico and 1917 in Russia; diplomatic relations between the two countries were practically non-existent.

Soviet Union

In 1922, Russia became part of the Soviet Union. In August 1924, Mexico became the first country in the Americas to establish relations with the Soviet Union.[3] In 1926, the Soviets appointed Alexandra Kollontai, the first female ambassador in the world, as their ambassador to Mexico.[3]

On 26 January 1930, the two nations severed diplomatic relations because of "ideological differences". In 1936 the former Soviet politician Leon Trotsky and his wife, Natalia Sedova, moved to Mexico from Norway during their exile. Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas welcomed Trotsky warmly and even arranged for a special train to bring him to Mexico City from the port of Tampico. In Mexico, Trotsky once lived at the home of painters Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo. In August 1940, an NKVD agent, Ramón Mercader, assassinated Trotsky in his study.[4]

In May 1942, Mexico entered World War II by declaring war on the Axis Powers and so became an ally of the Soviet Union. Diplomatic relations between the nations resumed in November 1942. In 1973, Mexican President Luis Echeverría became the first Mexican and the first non-communist Latin American head of state to visit the Soviet Union. In 1978, during an official visit by Mexican President José López Portillo to the Soviet Union, Mexico, on the behalf of Latin America and the Soviet Union, signed the Treaty of Tlatelolco which prohibits "testing, use, manufacture, production or acquisition by any means whatsoever of any nuclear weapons" in Latin America and the Caribbean.[2]

Yuri Knorozov, a Soviet linguist,[5] epigrapher and ethnographer, played an extremely important role in the decipherment of the Maya script, the writing system used by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica.[6] Yuri was awarded the Orden del Águila Azteca (Order of the Aztec Eagle) in 1994, the highest decoration awarded by Mexico to non-citizens, which was presented to him at a ceremony at the Mexican Embassy in Moscow.[7]

Russian Federation

After the end of the Soviet Union in December 1991, Mexico continued to maintain diplomatic relations with the new Russian Federation as its successor state.[2] Since then, bilateral relations between the two nations have steadily increased.[8] Mexico has purchased various military equipment from Russia. The Mexican Navy has received BTR-60s Ural-4320, Mi-17/8s and 9K38 Igla anti-aircraft missiles.[8] In 2001 and 2013, Russia launched Mexican communication satellites into space from the town of Baikonur, Kazakhstan, which is administered by Russia for space launch programs.[8] In 2009, a joint Mexican-Russian Tatiana-2 mission was launched into space. Another joint satellite (Mijailo Lomonósov) between both nations will launch in the near future.[9] In 2015, both nations celebrated 125 years of diplomatic relations.[10]

In February 2020, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov paid a visit to Mexico and met with his counterpart Marcelo Ebrard. Both foreign ministers discussed current relations between both nations and the celebration of 130 years of diplomatic relations between both nations.[11] In April 2021, Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard paid a visit to Russia with the objective of promoting bilateral cooperation and establishing priority lines of action in the short and long term and to discuss joint cooperation against COVID-19.[12]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Mexico condemned Russia's action and requested the respect for Ukraine's territorial integrity. Mexico also condemned Russia's action at the United Nations Security Council as a non-Permanent Member.[13]

On 1 March, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced that Mexico would not be participating in any economic sanctions against Russia and criticised the overseas censorship of Russian state media.[14]

High-level visits

Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto and Russian President Vladimir Putin meeting at the G-20 Summit in Hamburg, Germany; July 2017.

High-level visits from Mexico to the USSR / Russia[3][15]

High-level visits from Russia to Mexico

  • President Vladimir Putin and President Ernesto Zedillo in New York City; September 2000.
    President Vladimir Putin and President Ernesto Zedillo in New York City; September 2000.
  • President Vladimir Putin and President Vicente Fox at the APEC summit in Santiago, Chile; November 2004.
    President Vladimir Putin and President Vicente Fox at the APEC summit in Santiago, Chile; November 2004.
  • President Vladimir Putin and President Vicente Fox attending the G8 Summit in Saint Petersburg, Russia; July 2006.
    President Vladimir Putin and President Vicente Fox attending the G8 Summit in Saint Petersburg, Russia; July 2006.
  • President Felipe Calderón and President Vladimir Putin attending the G20 conference in Los Cabos, Mexico; June 2012.
    President Felipe Calderón and President Vladimir Putin attending the G20 conference in Los Cabos, Mexico; June 2012.

Bilateral agreements

Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as an Agreement of Prohibition of Storing Nuclear Weapons in Mexico (and in Latin America) (1967); Trade Agreement and Protocol on Supplies of Machinery and Equipment (1973); Air Transportation Agreement (1976); Agreement on Economic and Technological Cooperation (1976); Consular Agreement (1978); Agreement on Maritime Transport (1978); Agreement of Scientific and Technical Cooperation (1996); Agreement of Cooperation in Combating Drug Trafficking and Drug Dependence (1996); Agreement of Cooperation in the areas of Culture, Education and Sports (1996); Touristic Cooperation (1997); Agreement on Cooperation and Mutual Customs Assistance (2003); Agreement to Avoid Double Taxation with respect to Income Taxes (2004); Treaty on the Transfer of Prisoners for the Execution of Criminal Sentences Depriving of Liberty (2004); Treaty on Reciprocal Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (2005); Agreement on Cooperation in the peaceful uses of Nuclear Energy (2013) and a Memorandum of Understanding between both nations Foreign Diplomatic Institutions (2017).[2][16][17]

Trade

In 2023, two-way trade between both nations totaled US$2.4 billion.[18] Mexico's main exports to Russia include: parts and accessories of motor vehicles, telephones and mobile phones, medical instruments and alcohol. Russian exports to Mexico include: products of iron or non-alloy steel, unwrought aluminum, minerals and wheat.[18]

Mexican multinational companies such as Binbit, Cemex, Gruma, Grupo Omnilife, KidZania and Mabe (among others) operate in Russia. Due to the Russo-Ukrainian War, companies such as Grupo Bimbo and Nemak have suspended operations in Russia for the time being.[19] Russian multinational companies such as Gazprom, Kaspersky Lab, Lukoil and Power Machines (among others) operate in Mexico.[20]

Resident diplomatic missions

  • Embassy of Mexico in Moscow
    Embassy of Mexico in Moscow
  • Embassy of Russia in Mexico City
    Embassy of Russia in Mexico City

See also

References

  1. ^ a b History of diplomatic relations of Mexico and Russia (in Spanish)
  2. ^ a b c d e Historia de las relaciones bilaterales: Rusia-México (in Spanish)
  3. ^ a b c "Inicio". Embamex.sre.gob.mx. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  4. ^ Jo Tuckman. "Trotsky's murder remembered by grandson, 72 years on | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  5. ^ See Charles Phillips, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Aztec and Maya (2009).
  6. ^ "Yury Valentinovich Knorozov | Russian linguist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  7. ^ Sack, Harald (19 November 2016). "Yuri Knorozov and the Decipherment of the Mayan Language". SciHi Blog.
  8. ^ a b c México y Rusia cooperan en la creación del microsatélite Cóndor UNAM-MAI (in Spanish)
  9. ^ Joint Cooperation in Science and Technology between Russia and Mexico (in Spanish)
  10. ^ México y Rusia Celebran 125 Años de Relaciones Diplomáticas (in Spanish)
  11. ^ Se reúne el canciller Marcelo Ebrard con el ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de la Federación de Rusia, Serguéi Lavrov (in Spanish)
  12. ^ Concluye la visita de trabajo del canciller Ebrard a Rusia (in Spanish)
  13. ^ México eleva el tono y condena la invasión de Rusia a Ucrania (in Spanish)
  14. ^ "Mexico's president says he will not impose sanctions on Russia". CNN. 1 March 2022.
  15. ^ "Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores | Gobierno | gob.mx" (PDF). Sre.gob.mx. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  16. ^ México y Rusia profundizan su relación bilateral (in Spanish)
  17. ^ Bilateral agreements between Mexico and Russia (in Spanish)
  18. ^ a b Data México: Russia
  19. ^ Qué ha pasado con las 5 grandes empresas mexicanas que tenían inversiones en Rusia cuando comenzó la guerra en Ucrania (in Spanish)
  20. ^ Rusia y Ucrania: estas son algunas empresas rusas en México (in Spanish)
  21. ^ Embassy of Mexico in Moscow
  22. ^ Embassy of Russia in Mexico City

[1]

https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1980/eirv07n22-19800610/eirv07n22-19800610_029-lopez_portillos_trip_against_a_d.pdf

[2]

  1. ^ Bilateral agreements between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)
  2. ^ Data México: Canada
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