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|species = repens
|species = repens
|authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
|authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite POWO |id=31531-2 |title=''Berberis repens'' Lindl. |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite POWO |id=31531-2 |title=''Berberis repens'' Lindl. |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
|synonyms = {{Species list
|synonyms = {{Species list
| Berberis aquifolium subsp. repens |(Lindl.) Brayshaw
| Berberis aquifolium subsp. repens |(Lindl.) Brayshaw
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==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
''Berberis repens'' was scientifically described by [[John Lindley]] in 1828. Two years later [[George Don]] published a descriptoin of it classifying it as ''Mahonia repens''.<ref name="POWO" /> The correct classification of this and the other species into a separate ''[[Mahonia]]'' genus or with the rest of the barberries in ''[[Berberis]]'' has been controversial since that time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marroquín |first1=Jorge S. |last2=Laferrière |first2=Joseph E. |title=Transfer of Specific and Infraspecific Taxa from Mahonia to Berberis |journal=Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science |date=1997 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=53–55 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40022442 |access-date=22 March 2024 |issn=0193-8509}}</ref>
''Berberis repens'' was scientifically described by [[John Lindley]] in 1828. Two years later [[George Don]] published a descriptoin of it classifying it as ''Mahonia repens''.<ref name="POWO" /> The correct classification of this and the other species into a separate ''[[Mahonia]]'' genus or with the rest of the barberries in ''[[Berberis]]'' has been controversial since that time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marroquín |first1=Jorge S. |last2=Laferrière |first2=Joseph E. |title=Transfer of Specific and Infraspecific Taxa from Mahonia to Berberis |journal=Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science |date=1997 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=53–55 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40022442 |access-date=22 March 2024 |issn=0193-8509}}</ref> In 1997 a widely cited paper by [[Joseph Edward Laferrière]] summarized the arguments in favor of ''Berberis'' as the correct classification.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laferrière |first1=Joseph Edward |title=Transfer of Specific and Infraspecific Taxa from ''Mahonia'' to ''Berberis'' (Berberidaceae) |journal=Botanicheskii Zhurnal |date=1997 |volume=82 |issue=9 |pages=95–98}}</ref> Though genetic work since that time has argued for the revival of at least part of the genus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Xiao-Hong|last2=Xiang|first2=Kun-Li|last3=Lian|first3=Lian|last4=Peng|first4=Huan-Wen|last5=Erst|first5=Andrey S.|last6=Xiang|first6=Xiao-Guo|last7=Chen|first7=Zhi-Duan|last8=Wang|first8=Wei|date=2020-10-01|title=Biogeographic diversification of Mahonia (Berberidaceae): Implications for the origin and evolution of East Asian subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790320301822|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=151|pages=106910|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106910|pmid=32702526 |s2cid=220731200 |issn=1055-7903}}</ref>


Some botanists place ''Berberis repens'', and a significant portion of the barberry genus ''[[Berberis]]'', in the genus ''[[Mahonia]]''.<ref name="USDA">{{cite usda plants|symbol=MARE11 |title=Mahonia repens |date=4 November 2023}}</ref> However, as of 2023 most botanical sources agree that it is properly placed in ''Berberis''.<ref name="efloras">[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500222 Flora of North America vol 3.]</ref><ref>Loconte, H., & J. R. Estes. 1989. Phylogenetic systematics of Berberidaceae and Ranunculales (Magnoliidae). Systematic Botany 14:565-579.</ref><ref>Marroquín, Jorge S., & Joseph E. Laferrière. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 30(1):53-55.</ref><ref>Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Bot. Zhurn. 82(9):96-99.</ref> In this case, the scientific name may be given as ''Berberis repens''. Additionally, some botanists treat the plant as a subspecies of [[Oregon-grape holly]] (''Berberis aquifolium''), in which case the scientific name ''Berberis aquifolium'' var. ''repens'' is applied.<ref name="jepstreatment"/>
Some botanical sources, such as the USDA [[Natural Resources Conservation Service]] PLANTS database (PLANTS), continue to list the species as ''Mahonia repens''.<ref name="USDA">{{cite usda plants|symbol=MARE11 |title=Mahonia repens |date=22 March 2024}}</ref> However, as of 2024 [[Plants of the World Online]],<ref name="POWO" /> [[World Flora Online]],<ref>{{Cite WFO |title=''Berberis repens'' Lindl. |id=0000563761 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> and [[NatureServe]]<ref name="NatureServe" /> agree that it is properly placed in ''Berberis''. Additionally, some botanists treat the plant as a subspecies of [[Oregon-grape holly]] (''Berberis aquifolium''), in which case the scientific name ''Berberis aquifolium'' var. ''repens'' is applied.<ref name="jepstreatment"/>


===Names===
===Names===

Revision as of 18:43, 22 March 2024

Creeping Oregon grape
Berberis repens

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Berberidaceae
Genus: Berberis
Species:
B. repens
Binomial name
Berberis repens
Synonyms[2]
  • Berberis aquifolium subsp. repens (Lindl.) Brayshaw
  • Berberis aquifolium var. repens (Lindl.) Scoggan
  • Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G.Don
  • Mahonia repens var. typica C.K.Schneid.
  • Odostemon repens (Lindl.) Cockerell

Berberis repens commonly known as creeping mahonia, creeping Oregon grape, or creeping barberry, is a species of Berberis native to most of the western United States and two western provinces of Canada. It has found use as a xeric ornamental plant and has escaped from cultivation in areas beyond its native range.

Description

Berberis repens is an extremely short shrub, usually just 2–20 centimeters tall, very occasionally reaching 60 centimeters. The bark on stems becomes gray-purple or gray in color and are not hairy.[3] The plants spread by modified underground stems (rhizomes).[4]

The leaves are compound with an odd number of leaflets attached to the main vein. Usually leaves have five or seven leaflets, but may have just three. The length of a complete leaf structure will be 10–30 centimeters. The upper surfaces of the leaflets are smooth and dark green while the undersides are lighter green and covered in fine, downy hairs.[5] The edges of the leaflets have between six and twenty-four teeth tipped with spines.[3]

Raceme of early spring flowers near Morrison, Colorado

The flowers grow in a densely packed inflorescence without branches called a raceme. Each one will have between ten and fifty flowers and be 4–10 centimeters long.[5][3] The yellow flowers bloom early in the spring and are quite fragrant.[4] Local condition determine the exact timing of the bloom which may be as early as April or as late as June.[3]

Although it is evergreen, in fall the leaves turn bronze. The plant is found at elevations from 300 metres (980 ft) to 2,740 metres (8,990 ft).[6] Berberis repens has conspicuous matte blue berries.[6]

Taxonomy

Berberis repens was scientifically described by John Lindley in 1828. Two years later George Don published a descriptoin of it classifying it as Mahonia repens.[2] The correct classification of this and the other species into a separate Mahonia genus or with the rest of the barberries in Berberis has been controversial since that time.[7] In 1997 a widely cited paper by Joseph Edward Laferrière summarized the arguments in favor of Berberis as the correct classification.[8] Though genetic work since that time has argued for the revival of at least part of the genus.[9]

Some botanical sources, such as the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database (PLANTS), continue to list the species as Mahonia repens.[10] However, as of 2024 Plants of the World Online,[2] World Flora Online,[11] and NatureServe[1] agree that it is properly placed in Berberis. Additionally, some botanists treat the plant as a subspecies of Oregon-grape holly (Berberis aquifolium), in which case the scientific name Berberis aquifolium var. repens is applied.[6]

Names

The species name, repens, is Latin for "creeping".[12] Berberis repens is commonly known as "creeping mahonia",[13] "creeping barberry",[14] and "creeping Oregon grape".[15]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to the botanical continent of Northern America. In Canada its range is the southern parts of the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia.[16][17][18] In the United States it is found throughout the west from Washington (state) to California and eastwards to Montana to New Mexico including all the states between. East of the Rocky Mountains it is also found in the US states of Texas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Minnesota.[10][2]

It has also been found as an introduced species in Ontario in Canada and Hungary in the European Union.[16][2]

It is widespread, and found at low to mid elevation on dry plateaus, in forests and on foothills.[15]

Uses

The berries are edible but are considered bitter,[15] and used to make jellies.[13][15]

The Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California used the roots for a blood and cough tonic. The Hopi, Paiute, Navajo, Shoshoni, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Mendocino, and other tribes also used the plant for medicinal, food, and ceremonial needs.[19] Native Americans also used the wood of the stem to produce yellow dyes[13] to stain woven baskets.[15]

Cultivation

Berberis repens—A cultivar of creeping Oregon grape in bloom.

Creeping mahonia is cultivated as an ornamental plant for use in natural landscaping, and in water conserving, drought tolerant, traditional residential, native plant habitat, and wildlife gardens.[13] It is a low water-needing ground cover for shade and brighter habitats, and in gardens under oaks to reduce or eliminate irrigation that can threaten mature Quercus trees. Berries and foliage are resistant to browsing by deer.[citation needed]

It is a year-round attractive, hardy plant, tolerant of drought, frost, and heat, so it is popular with landscape designers and gardeners. It can provide good ground cover in a cold situation. In garden conditions, and where their ranges overlap in nature, this species hybridizes readily with Oregon-grape (Mahonia aquifolium), and the hybrids are less prostrate in their habit than the pure stock.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ a b NatureServe (2024). "Berberis repens". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Berberis repens Lindl". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d Whittemore, Alan T. (5 November 2020). "Berberis repens - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  4. ^ a b Carter, Jack L.; Carter, Martha A.; Stevens, Donna J. (2003). Common Southwestern Native Plants : An Identification Guide. Silver City, New Mexico: Mimbres Publishing. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-9619945-1-8. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  5. ^ a b Heil, Kenneth D.; O’Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. pp. 317–318. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  6. ^ a b c "Jepson Manual treatment for BERBERIS aquifolium var. repens". Jepson Flora Project. University of California. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  7. ^ Marroquín, Jorge S.; Laferrière, Joseph E. (1997). "Transfer of Specific and Infraspecific Taxa from Mahonia to Berberis". Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 30 (1): 53–55. ISSN 0193-8509. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  8. ^ Laferrière, Joseph Edward (1997). "Transfer of Specific and Infraspecific Taxa from Mahonia to Berberis (Berberidaceae)". Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 82 (9): 95–98.
  9. ^ Chen, Xiao-Hong; Xiang, Kun-Li; Lian, Lian; Peng, Huan-Wen; Erst, Andrey S.; Xiang, Xiao-Guo; Chen, Zhi-Duan; Wang, Wei (2020-10-01). "Biogeographic diversification of Mahonia (Berberidaceae): Implications for the origin and evolution of East Asian subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 151: 106910. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106910. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 32702526. S2CID 220731200.
  10. ^ a b Mahonia repens, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile, 22 March 2024
  11. ^ "Berberis repens Lindl". World Flora Online. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  12. ^ Holloway, Joel Ellis (2005). Neill, Amanda (ed.). A Dictionary of Common Wildflowers of Texas & the Southern Great Plains. Fort Worth, Texas: TCU Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-87565-309-9. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d "Mahonia repens". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden-Kemper Center for Home Gardening. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  14. ^ Ackerfield, Jennifer (2015). Flora of Colorado (1st ed.). Fort Worth: BRIT press. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-889878-45-4.
  15. ^ a b c d e Neil L. Jennings Central Beauty: Wildflowers and Flowering Shrubs of the Southern Interior of British Columbia, p. 2, at Google Books
  16. ^ a b "Mahonia repens (Lindley) G. Don". Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Canadensys. 14 September 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  17. ^ Registry-Migration.Gbif.Org (2023). "Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G.Don in GBIF Secretariat". GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  18. ^ "Taxon: Berberis repens Lindl". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  19. ^ Moerman, Dan. "Mahonia repens". Native American Ethnobotany. University of Michigan-Dearborn. Retrieved 1 January 2013.

Other sources

  • Beetle, A. A. Recommended plant names. Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. J. 31. 1970 (Names Beetle)
  • Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. 1970 (F Tex)
  • Erhardt, W. et al. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage. 2002 (Zander ed17)
  • FNA Editorial Committee Flora of North America. 1993- (F NAmer)
  • Hickman, J. C., ed. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. 1993 (F CalifJep)
  • Hitchcock, C. L. et al. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. 1955-1969 (F Pacif NW)
  • Kearney, T. H. & R. H. Peebles Arizona flora, ed. 2. 1969 (F Ariz)
  • Martin, W. C. & C. R. Hutchins A flora of New Mexico. 1980 (F New Mex)
  • McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. 2000 (Herbs Commerce ed2)
  • Welsh, S. L. et al. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Mem. 9. 1987 (F Utah)
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