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{{Campaignbox Reconquista}}
The following 115 pages are in this category, out of 115 total. [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why might a category list not be up to date?|This list may not reflect recent changes]].


=== A ===
== 13th century ==


=== Prior events ===
* [[Battle of Alarcos]]
* [[Battle of Albelda (851)]]
* [[Battle of Albesa]]
* [[Siege of Alcácer do Sal]]
* [[Battle of Alcoraz]]
* [[Battle of Algeciras (1278)]]
* [[Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)]]
* [[Siege of Algeciras (1309–1310)]]
* [[Siege of Algeciras (1342–1344)]]
* [[Siege of Algeciras (1369)]]
* [[Battle of Alhandic]]
* [[Siege of Almería (1309)]]
* [[Siege of Almería (1147)]]
* [[Battle of Los Alporchones]]
* [[Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)]]
* [[Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr]]
* [[Battle of Atapuerca]]


* 24 October 1260. [[Baybars|Baibars]] becomes Mamluk sultan.<ref name=":24">Wiet, G., "[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/baybars-i-SIM_1304?s.num=550&s.start=540 Baybars I]", in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition'', Ed. P. Bearman, et al.</ref>
=== B ===
* 15 August 1261. [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] begins the [[Palaiologos|Palaiologan dynasty]] to rule the Byzantine Empire until 1453.<ref name=":10">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Michael (emperors)|Michael VIII Palaiologos]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''18''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 359–360.</ref>
* 8 February 1265. [[Abaqa Khan|Abaqa]] becomes second to rule the Mongol [[Ilkhanate]], after the death of his father [[Hulagu Khan]].<ref>Peter Jackson (2011) "[https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abaqa Abaqa]," ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', Vol. I, Fasc. 1, pgs. 61-63.</ref>
* 5 January 1266. [[Charles I of Anjou]] and [[Beatrice of Provence]] crowned king and queen of Sicily.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=4|loc=Charles and Beatrice crowned in Rome}}
* 24 September 1269. [[Hugh III of Cyprus]] elected and crowned king of Jerusalem. The claim of [[Maria of Antioch (pretender)|Maria of Antioch]]<nowiki/>to the throne is rejected.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=329–330|loc=Hugh's Coronation}}


=== 1270 ===
* [[Battle of Bairén]]
* [[Battle of Badajoz (1134)]]
* [[Battle of Valencia (1130)]]
* [[Battle of the Burbia River]]
* [[Siege of Burriana]]


* 17 August. [[Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre|Philip of Montfort]] killed by [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]] on the orders of Baibars.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=332–333|loc=Murder of Philip of Montfort}}
=== C ===
* 25 August. [[Louis IX of France]] dies while on the [[Eighth Crusade]] and succeeded by his son [[Philip III of France]].<ref name=":11">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Philip III., king of France|Philip III, king of France]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''21''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 381.</ref>
* 21 October. [[Hethum I of Armenia]] abdicates and is succeeded by his son [[Leo II, King of Armenia|Leo II]].<ref>Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hayton|Hayton]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''13''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 114–115.</ref>


'''1271'''
* [[Battle of Cabra]]
* [[Battle of Calatañazor]]
* [[Battle of Candespina]]
* [[Capture of Santarém (1111)]]
* [[First Battle of Cellorigo]]
* [[Second Battle of Cellorigo]]
* [[Battle of Cervera]]
* [[Battle of Clavijo]]
* [[Battle of Collejares]]
* [[Battle of Consuegra]]
* [[Siege of Córdoba (1236)]]
* [[Siege of Coria (1142)]]
* [[Siege of Coria (1138)]]
* [[Battle of Covadonga]]
* [[Crusade of Barbastro]]
* [[Battle of Cutanda]]


* Spring. Baibars besieges [[Safita]] in February, then takes [[Krak des Chevaliers]], [[Gibelacar]], [[Siege of Tripoli (1271)|Tripoli]].{{sfn|Richard|1999|pp=442–443|loc=The End of the Frankish Holy Land}}
=== D ===
* Late May. Baibars offers [[Bohemond VI of Antioch]] a ten-year truce after the [[Siege of Tripoli (1271)|Siege of Tripoli]].{{sfn|Runciman|1954|p=334|loc=Bohemond VI}}
* 1 September. [[Pope Gregory X|Gregory X]] elected pope, preaches new crusade in coordination with the Mongols.<ref>Johann Peter Kirsch (1909). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Gregory X|Pope Gregory X]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia.'' '''6.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>


'''1272'''
* [[Siege of al-Dāmūs]]
* [[Day of Zamora]]


* 21 February. [[Charles I of Anjou]] proclaimed king of [[Kingdom of Albania (medieval)|Albania]].{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=91|loc=Kingdom of Albania}}
=== E ===
* 12 May. [[Lord Edward's crusade|Lord Edward's Crusade]], the last major crusade to the Holy Land, ends inconclusively with a ten-year truce with Baibars. Edward attacked by an Assassin the next month.<ref name=":1222">Henry Summerson (2005). [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-94804 "Lord Edward's Crusade"]. ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''.</ref>
* 20 November. [[Edward I of England]] becomes king after the death of his father [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] three days earlier.<ref>William Hunt. [[wikisource:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edward I|Edward I]]. In: ''Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900,'' Volume 17, pgs. 14–38.</ref>


'''1273'''
* [[Battle of Écija (1275)]]
* [[Battle of Estepona]]
* [[Battle of Estercuel]]


* 22 January. [[Muhammad II of Granada]] becomes the [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid]] ruler of the [[Emirate of Granada]].<ref name=":20">Latham, J.D. and Fernández-Puertas, A., "[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-COM_0855 Naṣrids]", in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition'', Ed. P. Bearman, et al.</ref>
=== F ===
* 11 March. Gregory X issues papal bull ''Dudum super generalis'' asking for information on Islamic threats to Christendom.{{sfn|Throop|1940|p=115|loc=Dudum super generalis}}
* Early. [[Haymo Létrange]] puts [[Beirut#Middle Ages|Beirut]] and their ruler [[Isabella, Lady of Beirut|Isabella of Beirut]] under the protection of Baibars.<ref>J. F. A. Mason (2005). [https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-16510 <nowiki>Lestrange [Le Strange], John (</nowiki>''c.'' 1194–1269)]. ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''.</ref>
* July. [[Al-Kahf Castle|Al-Kahf]], the last [[Order of Assassins|Assassin]] stronghold in Syria, falls to Mamluks.<ref>Griffithes Wheeler Thatcher (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Assassin|Assassins]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''2''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 774–775.</ref>
* 1 October. [[Rudolf I of Germany]] elected king, ending the [[Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)|Great Interregnum]].<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rudolph I.|Rudolph I]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''23''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 816.</ref>
* October. [[Philip I, Latin Emperor|Philip of Courtenay]] becomes Latin Emperor upon the death of [[Baldwin II, Latin Emperor|Baldwin II]].<ref>Wolff, Robert Lee. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2853868 Mortgage and Redemption of an Emperor's Son: Castile and the Latin Empire of Constantinople]." ''Speculum'', vol. 29, no. 1, 1954, pgs. 45–84.</ref>
* (Date unknown). [[William of Tripoli]] publishes ''De statu Saracenorum'' in response to the papal bull serving as a handbook for the Christian missionary on the history, law and beliefs of Islam''.''<ref>Burman, Thomas E. (2023). "[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/christian-muslim-relations-i/william-of-tripoli-COM_24692 William of Tripoli]", in: ''Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500'', David Thomas, Ed.</ref>


'''1274'''
* [[Battle of Fraga]]


* Early. Gregory X receives reports on the failure of the crusades including [[Gilbert of Tournai|Gilbert of Tournai's]] ''Collectio de scandalis ecclesiae,'' [[Bruno of Olomouc|Bruno of Olomouc's]] ''Relatio de statu ecclesiae in regno alemaniae,'' and the ''Opus tripartitum''of [[Humbert of Romans]].{{sfn|Leopold|2000|pp=16–18|loc=Reports on the Failure of the Crusades}}
=== G ===
* 7 May – 17 July. [[Second Council of Lyon]] discusses reconquest of the Holy Land.<ref name=":22">Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges Goyau (1910). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Second Council of Lyons (1274)|Second Council of Lyons (1274)]]". In ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''4'''. New York.</ref> Representatives of the [[Ilkhanate]] attend and [[East–West Schism#Second Council of Lyon (1272)|Union of churches]] approved.{{sfn|Setton|1976a|pp=106–122|loc=The Papal Interregnum, Gregory X, and the Council of Lyon (1268–1274)}}
* (Date unknown). [[Geoffrey of Beaulieu]] writes his biography of [[Louis IX of France]], ''The Life of Saint Louis,'' as directed by the pope.<ref>Anja Rathmann-Lutz (2016). [https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-abstract/30/1/139/2939703?login=false The Sanctity of Louis IX. Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres], ''French History'', Volume 30, Issue 1, March, pgs. 139–140</ref>


'''1275'''
* [[First siege of Gibraltar]]
* [[Second siege of Gibraltar]]
* [[Fourth siege of Gibraltar]]
* [[Fifth siege of Gibraltar]]
* [[Seventh siege of Gibraltar]]
* [[Battle of Golpejera]]
* [[Granada campaign (1125–1126)]]
* [[Granada War]]
* [[Battle of Graus]]
* [[Battle of Guadalacete]]
* [[Battle of Guadix]]


* March. Baibars continues his campaign against Armenia and demands the return of the Christian half of [[Latakia#Crusader, Ayyubid, and Mamlouk rule|Latakia]].{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=343–344|loc=The Regency at Tripoli}}
=== I ===
* 13 May. [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid]] forces led by [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq|Abu Yusuf Yaqub]] begin their [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq#First Expedition to Spain|first Invasion of Spain]].{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2011|pp=65–69|loc=Marinid Invasion of Spain}}
* 4 June. Hugh III negotiates a truce with Baibars that protects Latakia in exchange for an annual tribute.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=343–344|loc=The Regency at Tripoli}}
* Spring. [[Marco Polo]] arrives at the court of [[Kublai Khan]].<ref>Henry Yule and Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Polo, Marco|Polo, Marco]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''22''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 7–11.</ref>
* (Date unknown). Philip III of France and Rudolf I of Germany take the cross without corresponding action.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|p=342|loc=Royals take the Cross}}


'''1276'''
* [[Battle of Iznalloz]]


* 10 January. Gregory X dies. [[Pope Innocent V|Innocent V]] elected pope on 21 January, dies on 22 June.<ref>Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1910). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Bl. Innocent V|Pope Bl. Innocent V]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia.'' '''8.'''New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>
=== J ===
* 19 January. Abu Yusuf Yaqub ends his invasion of Spain, and, with [[Muhammad II of Granada]], agrees to a truce with [[Alfonso X of Castile]] for two years.{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2011|pp=65–69|loc=Marinid Invasion of Spain}}
* 11 July. [[Pope Adrian V|Adrian V]] elected pope under the influence of Charles I of Anjou, dies five weeks later.<ref>James Francis Loughlin (1907). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Adrian V|Pope Adrian V]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia.'' '''1.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company. pg. 159.</ref>
* 27 August. [[James I of Aragon]] dies,<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/James I. of Aragon|James I of Aragon]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''15''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 141–142.</ref> and is succeeded by his son [[Peter III of Aragon]].<ref>David McDowall Hannay (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peter (Spanish kings)|Peter III of Aragon]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''21''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 292.</ref>
* 8 September. [[Pope John XXI|John XXI]] elected pope, dies after just eight months.<ref>Johann Peter Kirsch (1910). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope John XXI (XX)|Pope John XXI]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia.'' '''8.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>
* October. Templars purchase La Fauconnerie ([[La Fève|La Féve]]), omitting to secure Hugh's consent.<ref>Maranzani, Barbara (2019). [https://www.history.com/news/knights-templar-hot-spots-in-the-holy-land "Knights Templar Hot Spots in the Holy Land"]. ''History''.</ref>
* October. Hugh III relocates from Acre to Cyprus.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=345–346|loc=King Hugh retires to Cyprus}}


'''1277'''
* [[Siege of Jaén (1225)]]
* [[Siege of Jaén (1230)]]
* [[Siege of Jaén (1245–1246)]]
* [[Battle of Jerez]]
* [[Siege of Jerez (1261)]]


* January/March. [[Philip of Sicily]] dies and title to [[Principality of Achaea]] reverts to his father [[Charles I of Anjou]].{{sfn|Miller|1908|pp=161–162|loc=The Angevins in Greece (1278–1307)}}
=== L ===
* 18 March. [[Charles I of Anjou]] secures the disputed title of king by purchasing [[Maria of Antioch (pretender)|Maria of Antioch's]] claim to the throne of Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abulafia |first1=David |date=2000 |title=Charles of Anjou reassessed |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0304-4181%2899%2900012-3?journalCode=rmed20 |journal=Journal of Medieval History |volume=26 |pages=93–114 |doi=}}</ref>
* 15 April. Mamluk force defeats Mongol occupying force at the [[Battle of Elbistan]].{{sfn|Amitai-Preiss|1995|pp=174-176|loc=Battle of Elbistan}}
* 1 July. Baibars dies, succeeded by sons [[Al-Said Barakah|Barakah]] and then [[Solamish]].<ref name=":24" />
* August. Abu Yusuf Yaqub begins his [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq#Second Expedition to Spain|second Invasion of Spain]], ravaging the districts of [[Jerez de la Frontera]], [[Seville]] and [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]].{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2011|p=77|loc=Second Marinid Expedition to Spain}}
* 25 November. [[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]] elected pope after the death of John XXI on 20 May 1277.<ref>Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Nicholas III|Pope Nicholas III]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia.'' '''11.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>


'''1278'''
* [[Battle of La Higueruela]]
* [[Battle of Las Babias]]
* [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]] (done)
* [[Battle of Linuesa]]
* [[Siege of Lisbon (1142)]]
* [[Siege of Lisbon]]
* [[Battle of Llantada]]
* [[Battle of Lucena]]
* [[Battle of Lutos]]


* January. [[Charles I of Anjou]] crowned king of Jerusalem at Acre and is recognized by the kingdom's barons. He appoints [[Roger of San Severino]] as his representative.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|p=346|loc=Charles' Coronation}}
=== M ===
* 1 May. [[William of Villehardouin]] dies and his lands in Achaea revert to Charles I of Anjou.{{sfn|Setton|1976a|p=127|loc=William of Villehardouin}}
* 24 May. Charles I of Anjou swears fealty to Nicholas III and promises not to invade the Byzantine Empire.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=186|loc=Charles swears fealty}}
* 25 July. Castile defeated by the Marinids at the naval [[Battle of Algeciras (1278)|Battle off Algeciras]].{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2011|pp=75–76|loc=Siege of Algeciras}}
* 5 August. [[Alfonso X of Castile]] launches the unsuccessful first [[Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)|Siege of Algeciras]].{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2011|pp=75–76|loc=Siege of Algeciras}}


'''1279'''
* [[Conquest of Majorca]]
* [[Siege of Málaga (1487)]]
* [[Battle of Martos]]
* [[Battle of Moclín (1280)]]
* [[Battle of Monte Laturce]]
* [[Battle of Montiel (1143)]]
* [[Battle of the Morcuera]]
* [[Battle of Morella]]
* [[Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266]]
* [[Conquest of Murcia (1265–66)]]


* 16 February. [[Afonso III of Portugal|Alfonso III of Portugal]] dies and is succeeded by his son [[Denis of Portugal]].<ref>Kingsley Garland Jayne and Edgar Prestage (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Portugal|Portugal. Diniz, 1279–1325]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''2''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 141.</ref>
=== O ===
* 5 March. Teutonic Knights defeated by [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] at the [[Battle of Aizkraukle]].{{sfn|Urban|1975|pp=283–286|loc=Battle of Aizkraukle}}
* November. [[Qalawun]] becomes Mamluk sultan after deposing Solamish.{{sfn|Northrup|1998|pp=84–126|loc=The Qalāwūn Sultanate}}


=== 1280 ===
* [[Siege of Oreja]]
* [[Battle of Ourique]]


* April–June. [[Sunqur al-Ashqar]], Mamluk governor of Damascus, revolts against Cairo. He flees after Qalawun invades the city.{{sfn|Northrup|1998|pp=101–102|loc=Sunqur al-Ashqar}}
=== P ===
* 23 June. Granada defeats Castile and León at the [[Battle of Moclín (1280)|Battle of Moclín]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fancy |first=Hussein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HqbCwAAQBAJ&q=1280+Battle+of+Mocl%C3%ADn&pg=PA121 |title=The Mercenary Mediterranean: Sovereignty, Religion, and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2016 |isbn= |page=121}}</ref>
* 22 August. Nicholas III dies suddenly, [[1280–1281 papal election]] beings 22 September.<ref>Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nicholas (popes)|Pope Nicholas III]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''19''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 650.</ref>
* 29 October. Mongols sack Aleppo.{{sfn|Richard|1999|pp=452–453|loc=The Efforts of the Mongols}}


'''1281'''
* [[Battle of Pancorbo (816)]]
* [[Battle of Paterna]]
* [[Battle of Piedra Pisada]]
* [[Battle of Polvoraria]]
* [[Battle of Portopí]]
* [[Battle of the Puig]]


* 22 February. [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]] elected pope.<ref>Michael Ott (1909). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia.'' '''9.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>
=== R ===
* 10 April. Michael VIII Palaiologos<ref name=":10" /> excommunicated by Martin IV who renounces union of churches approved at Lyon in 1274.{{sfn|Geanakoplos|1975a|p=41|loc=Michael VIII Palaiologos}}
* 3 May. Qalawun renews truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem for another ten years.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|p=391|loc=Qalawun's Truce}}
* 16 July. [[Bohemond VII of Antioch|Bohemond VII of Tripoli]] agrees to Qalawun's truce for the [[County of Tripoli]].{{sfn|Runciman|1954|p=391|loc=Qalawun's Truce}}
* 29 October. Mamluks defeat a coalition of Mongols, Armenians and Hospitallers at the second [[Second Battle of Homs|Battle of Homs]].{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=391–392|loc=Battle of Homs}}


'''1282'''
* [[Battle of Río Salado]]
* [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass]]
* [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824)]]
* [[Battle of Rueda]]


* January. Bohemond VII kills [[Guido II Embriaco|Guy II Embriaco]], alienating the Genoese.{{sfn|Richard|1985|pp=216–217|loc=Revolt of the Embriaco Brothers}}
=== S ===
* 30 March. The [[War of the Sicilian Vespers]] begins with European powers and the papacy vying for control of Sicily.<ref name=":0">Amari, M., Ellesmere, F. Egerton. (1850). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000381432/Home History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers]''.'' London: R. Bentley.</ref>
* 28 April. Charles I of Anjou's fleet at Messina sunk, [[Mategriffon]] castle forced to surrender.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schneidman |first1=J. Lee |date=1969 |title=Ending the War of the Sicilian Vespers |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002234336900600404 |journal=Journal of Peace Research |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=335–347 |doi=}}</ref>
* 1 May. [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]] fight at the [[Battle of Fortín|Battle of Forti]], with the Guelph army defeated.<ref name=":25">Edmund Garratt Gardner (1910). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelphs and Ghibellines]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''7.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>
* 6 May. [[Tekuder]] becomes ruler of the Ilkhanate after the death of his brother Abaqa on 1 April, and soon converts to Islam taking the name Ahmad.<ref>Peter Jackson (2011) "[https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-takudar-third-il-khan-of-iran-r Ahmad Takūdār]." ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', Vol. I, Fasc. 6, pp. 661-662.</ref>
* 25 August. Tekuder sends embassy to Qalawun seeking alliance.<ref>Allouche, A. (1990). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/teguders-ultimatum-to-qalawun/75233CE0347D1C285BD96997118579A5 Tegüder's Ultimatum to Qalawun]. ''International Journal of Middle East Studies,'' ''22''(4), 437-446</ref>
* 30 August. [[Peter III of Aragon]] lands in Sicily, claims crown four days later and is excommunicated by Martin IV.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=109|loc=Peter III of Aragon}}
* September/October. Hungary defeats the [[Cumans]] at the [[Battle of Lake Hód]].<ref>Kovács, Szilvia, "[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/kumans-COM_35723?s.num=28&s.start=20 Kumans]", in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three'', Ed.: Kate Fleet, et al.</ref>
* 11 December. [[Andronikos II Palaiologos]] becomes Byzantine emperor, succeeding Michael VIII Palaiologos.<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Andronicus II|Andronicus II]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''1''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 976.</ref>
* (Date unknown). [[Roger of Lauria]] named commander of the Aragonese fleet.<ref name=":28">David McDowall Hannay (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lauria, Roger de|Roger de Lauria]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''16''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 285–286.</ref>
* (Date unknown). [[George Akropolites]] publishes ''Annales (Chronike Syngraphe)'', the main Greek source for the period 1203–1261.<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Acropolita, George|Acropolita, George]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''1''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 156.</ref>


'''1283'''
* [[Sack of Barcelona (985)]]
* [[Battle of Sagrajas]] (done)
* [[Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (917)]]
* [[Conquest of Santarém]]
* [[Siege of Seville]]
* [[Siege of Badajoz (1169)]]
* [[Siege of Coimbra (1064)]]
* [[Siege of Coimbra (1117)]]
* [[Siege of Faro (1249)]]
* [[Siege of Santarém (1184)]]
* [[Siege of Toledo (930–932)]]
* [[Siege of Silves (1189)]]
* [[Battle of Simancas]]*


* 13 January. Martin IV declares the [[Aragonese Crusade]] against Peter III of Aragon.{{sfn|Housley|1982|p=20|loc=Crusade against the Sicilians}}
=== T ===
* Before 5 March. [[Ata-Malik Juvayni]] writes wrote [[Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini|''Tarīkh-i Jahān-gushā'']] (History of the World Conqueror), an account of the Mongol Empire.<ref>George Lane (2012). "[https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jovayni-ala-al-din 'Alā-al-Din Jovayni]". ''Encyclopædia Iranica.'' Vol. XV, Fasc. 1, pp. 63–68.</ref>
* 8 July 1283, [[Roger of Lauria]] defeats the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevins]] at the [[Battle of Malta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-01 |title=The Battle of Malta |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2023/august/battle-malta-naval-genius-emerges |website=U.S. Naval Institute |language=en}}</ref>
* Late July. [[Hugh III of Cyprus]] sails for Acre, arriving in August to lukewarm receiption.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=393–394|loc=Collapse of Charles of Anjou's Power}}
* Summer. [[Prussian Crusade#Later campaigns|Prussian rebellion]] against [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]] collapses.''<ref>Barker, Ernest (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Teutonic Order, The|The Teutonic Order]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''26''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 676–679.</ref>''
* (Date unknown). [[Burchard of Mount Sion]] writes ''Descriptio Terrae Sanctae'' (Description of the Holy Land) of his travels in Syria, Egypt and Armenia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bartlett |first1=John R. |date=2013 |title=Burchard's "Descriptio Terrae Sanctae": The Early Revision |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/0031032812Z.00000000033?journalCode=ypeq20 |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume=145 |pages=61–71 |doi=}}</ref>


'''1284'''
* [[Battle of Tamarón]]
* [[Battle of Teba]]
* [[Battle of Torà]]
* [[Battle of Torrevicente]]
* [[Siege of Tortosa (1148)]]
* [[Siege of Tudela]]


* 4 March. Hugh III dies in Tyre, his son [[John I of Cyprus]] crowned king of Jerusalem two months later. John is recognized as king only in Beirut and Tyre.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=394–395|loc=John I's Coronation}}
=== U ===
* 4 April. [[Alfonso X of Castile]] dies and is succeeded by his son [[Sancho IV of Castile]].<ref>David McDowall Hannay (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alphonso|Alphonso X, ''El Sabio'']]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''1''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 735.</ref>
* 5 June. Roger of Lauria defeats the Neapolitan fleet at the [[Battle of the Gulf of Naples]], capturing the commander [[Charles II of Naples]].{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=246|loc=Battle of the Gulf of Naples}}
* 5–6 August. [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] is ruined after loss to [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] at the naval [[Battle of Meloria (1284)|Battle of Meloria]].<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Meloria|Meloria]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''18''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 98.</ref>
* 11 August. [[Arghun]] becomes the fourth ruler of the Ilkhanate after the murder of his uncle Tekuder.<ref>Peter Jackson (2011). [https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/argun-khan-fourth-il-khan-of-iran-r683-90-1284-91 Arḡūn Khan]. ''Encyclopædia Iranica,'' Vol. II, Fasc. 4, pp. 402-404.</ref> He relies on advice from the patriarch [[Yahballaha III]].<ref name=":26">Borbone, Pier Giorgio. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24233558 A 13th-Century Journey from China to Europe. 'The Story of Mar Yahballaha and Rabban Sauna']" ''Egitto e Vicino Oriente'', vol. 31, 2008, pgs. 221–242.</ref>


'''1285'''
* [[Battle of Uclés (1108)]]


* 7 January. [[Charles I of Anjou]] dies and is succeeded by his son [[Charles II of Naples]], who also claims the crown of Jerusalem.<ref>[[Norman Housley|Housley, Norman]] (1984). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44170904 Charles II of Naples and the Kingdom of Jerusalem]". ''Byzantion''. '''54''' (2): 527–535</ref>
=== V ===
* 28 March. [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]] dies, [[Pope Honorius IV|Honorius IV]] elected pope on 2 April.<ref>Michael Ott (1910). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Honorius IV|Pope Honorius IV]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia.'' '''7'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>
* 25 April – 24 May. Mamluks capture of the Hospitaller castle at [[Margat|Marqab]].<ref>Milwright, Marcus, "[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-marqab-COM_36238?s.num=137&s.start=120 al-Marqab]", in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three'', Ed. Kate Fleet, et al.</ref>
* 20 May. [[John I of Cyprus]] dies, his brother [[Henry II of Cyprus]] crowned king of Cyprus.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=394–395|loc=Henry II becomes king}}
* 26 June. [[Philip III of France|Philip III]] invades Aragon in response to call to crusade of 1282.<ref name=":11" />
* 4 September. Argonese fleet commanded by [[Roger of Lauria]] defeats a French and Genoese at the [[Battle of Les Formigues]].<ref name=":33">Strayer, J. R. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847183 "The Crusade against Aragon"]. ''Speculum'', Vol. 28, No. 1, 1953, pp. 102–113.</ref>
* 1 October. Aragonese defeat the French at the [[Battle of the Col de Panissars]].<ref name=":13">Blumberg, Arnold. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578549 The Crusade against Aragon: An Unjust and Unnecessary Enterprise]." ''Medieval Warfare'', vol. 6, no. 2, 2016, pgs. 13–15.</ref>
* 5 October. [[Philip IV of France]] becomes king upon the death of his father Philip III.<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Philip IV., king of France|Philip IV, king of France]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''21''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 381–382.</ref>
* Winter. Teutonic Knights launch the [[Lithuanian Crusade]].<ref>Murray, Alan V. (2010). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43212983 The Saracens of the Baltic: Pagan and Christian Lithuanians in the Perception of English and French Crusades to Late Medieval Prussia]." ''Journal of Baltic Studies'', vol. 41, no. 4, pgs. 413–29.</ref>
* (Date unknown). Arghun writes to Honorius IV proposing a military alliance against the Muslims.{{sfn|Grousset|1934|p=700|loc=Arghun and the Pope}}


'''1286'''
* [[Battle of Valdejunquera]]

* [[Battle of Vega de Pagana]]
* March. [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr]] becomes [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid sultan]] of Morocco upon the death of his father.{{sfn|Bosworth|2004|pp=41–42|loc=The Marinades}}
* [[Battle of the Vega of Granada]]
* 24 June. Henry II returns to Acre.{{sfn|Edbury|1991|pp=74–100|loc=The Defence of Latin Syria}}
* 29 July. Angevin ''[[Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem#Bailiffs|bailli]]'' [[Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem#Seneschals|Odo Poilechien]], loyal to Charles II, hands the citadel over to Henry II at the insistence of the three military orders.{{sfn|Nicolle|2005|p=15|loc=Odo Poilechien}}
* 15 August. Henry II crowned king of Jerusalem at Tyre. A few weeks later, he returns to Cyprus after appointing [[Philip of Ibelin (died 1304)|Philip of Ibelin]] as regent.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=394–395|loc=Henry II becomes king}}

'''1287'''

* 22 March. Major earthquake strikes Syria causing serious damage to the walls of [[Latakia]].<ref>M. Sbeinati, et al. (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150409165026/http://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/viewFile/3206/3251 "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D."] ''Annals of Geophysics,'' Vol. 48, p. 374</ref>
* 3 April. [[Pope Honorius IV|Honorius IV]] dies, Rome enters into lengthy [[1287–1288 papal election]].<ref name=":27">Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Nicholas IV|Pope Nicholas IV]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''11.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>
* Easter. Arghun's ambassador to the West [[Rabban Bar Sauma]] enters Constantinople.<ref name=":26" />
* 20 April. Qalawun takes Latakia, claiming it is not covered by the truce of 1281.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=402–404|loc=The fall of Lattakieh}}
* 31 May. Genoese fleet defeats Pisan, Venetian fleet at Acre, begins blockade.{{sfn|Venning|2015|p=399|loc=Blockade of Acre}}
* 18 June. Rabban Bar Sauma records the eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]].<ref>[https://www.wondersofsicily.com/mount-etna.htm Mount Etna]. Wonder of Sicily.</ref>
* 23 June. Aragon defeats Naples at the naval [[Battle of the Counts]].{{sfn|Chaytor|1933|pp=97–108|loc=Pedro III}}
* 19 October. [[Bohemond VII of Antioch|Bohemond VII of Tripoli]] dies, succeeded by his sister [[Lucia, Countess of Tripoli|Lucia of Tripoli]].{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=403–405|loc=Lucia, Countess of Tripoli}}
* 6 December. Third [[Third Mongol invasion of Poland|Mongol raid into Poland]] begins.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|pp=202–205|loc=Mongol Invasion of Poland}}

'''1288'''

* Early. Lucia and her husband [[Narjot de Toucy (died 1293)|Narjot de Toucy]] arrive in Acre.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=403–405|loc=Lucia, Countess of Tripoli}}
* February. Mongols repulsed by Poland.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|pp=202–205|loc=Mongol Invasion of Poland}}
* 22 February. [[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]] becomes pope, immediately supports a crusade to the Holy Land.<ref name=":27" />
* 8 August. Nicholas IV declares a crusade against [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary]].<ref>Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ladislaus IV.|Ladislaus IV]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''16''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 59–60.</ref>
* 28 October. Edward I enters into the [[Treaty of Canfranc]] with [[Alfonso III of Aragon]] to secure the release of [[Charles II of Naples]], captured four years before.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=246|loc=Battle of the Gulf of Naples}}
* (Date unknown). Nicholas IV sends envoy [[John of Montecorvino|Giovanni da Montecorvino]] to Persia and China.<ref>Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monte Corvino, Giovanni di|Monte Corvino, Giovanni di]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''18.''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 763–764.</ref>

'''1289'''

* 27 March – 26 April. Mamluk sultan Qalawan begins the [[Fall of Tripoli (1289)|Siege of Tripoli]], causing the fall of one of the last remnants of the kingdom in the Levant a month later.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=406–407|loc=The Fall of Tripoli}}
* Easter. Arghun sends [[Buscarello de Ghizolfi]] to Italy and France to announce that he intends to invade Syria in 1291.<ref>Jean Richard (1990) "[https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/buscarello-de-ghizolfi-genoese-merchant Buscarello de Ghizolfi]." ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', Vol. IV, Fasc. 6, pg. 569.</ref>
* May. [[Enfeh|Fort Nephin]] and [[Batroun|Le Boutron]] occupied by Qalawan. [[Peter Embriaco of Giblet|Peter Embriaco]] allowed to retain his estates in Tripoli.{{sfn|Runciman|1969|p=593|loc=Truce with Qalawun}}
* September. [[Jean I de Grailly|Jean de Grailly]] is sent to the West to appeal for help.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=408–409|loc=Jean de Grailly}}
* (Date unknown). [[Osman I]] forms what is to become the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name=":6">Fleifel, Bassel (2021). [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/5/58/Osman_I%2C_father_of_kings.pdf Osman I, Father of Kings]. ''WikiJournal of Humanities,'' 4(1):1</ref>
* (Date unknown). [[Leo II, King of Armenia|Leo II of Armenia]] dies and is succeeded by his son [[Hethum II of Armenia]].{{sfn|Stewart|2001|pp=65–183|loc=Het'um II (1289–1307)}}

=== 1290 ===

* 10 February. Nicholas IV calls for a crusade against the Mamluks.{{sfn|Richard|1999|pp=463–464|loc=The Crusade of Nicholas IV}}
* August. Venetian and Aragonese crusaders arrive at Acre, and instigate a massacre of Muslims in the city.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=651–652|loc=The Holy Land Reclaimed}}
* Fall. Egyptian army mobilizes towards Acre.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|p=410|loc=Qalawun mobilizes}}
* 4 November. Qalawun leaves Cairo for Syria, en route to Acre. He dies six days later.{{sfn|Northrup|1998|p=158|loc=The Death of Qalāwūn}}
* 10 November. Qalawun's son [[al-Ashraf Khalil]] becomes Mamluk sultan.{{sfn|Ziyādaẗ|1975|pp=753–754|loc=al-Ashraf Khalil}}

'''1291'''

* 12 March. Mongol Ieader [[Arghun]] dies, destablizing the Ilkhanate.<ref>Reuven Amitai (2012). "[https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-i-dynastic-history Il-Khanids i: Dynastic History]." ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', Vol. XII, Fasc. 6, pp. 645-654.</ref>
* 4 April – 18 May. Crusaders lose their last stronghold in the Holy Land when Mamluk sultan Khalil successfully executes the [[Siege of Acre (1291)|Siege of Acre]].{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=387–423|loc=The Fall of Acre}}{{sfn|Nicolle|2005|pp=1–91|loc=Acre 1291. Bloody Sunset to the Crusader States}}
* May–July. [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], [[Sidon]], [[Beirut#Middle Ages|Beirut]] surrender to Mamluks.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=420–422|loc=The Destruction of Acre}}
* 18 June. [[Alfonso III of Aragon]] dies and is succeeded by his brother [[James II of Aragon]].<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/James II. of Aragon|James II of Aragon]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''15''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 142.</ref>
* 15 July. [[Rudolf I of Germany]] dies,<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rudolph I.|Rudolph I]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''23''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 816.</ref> and is succeeded by his son [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]].<ref name=":31">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Albert I. (German king)|Albert I (German king)]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''1''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 496.</ref>
* 30 July. Mamluks occupy [[Haifa]].{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=422–423|loc=The Death of Outremer}}
* 3–14 August. Templar castles [[Tartus|Tortosa]] and [[Château Pèlerin]] evacuated, but retain their presence on the island fortress of [[Fall of Ruad|Ruad]].{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=422–423|loc=The Death of Outremer}}
* 6 August. Genoese-Sevillian fleet led by [[Benedetto I Zaccaria|Benedetto Zaccaria]] wins a victory over Marinid fleet at [[Ksar es-Seghir|Alcácer Seguir]].{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2011|p=96|loc=Naval Battle at Alcácer Seguir}}
* August. Nicholas IV issues encyclical ''Dirum amaritudinem calicem'' for the recovery of the Holy Land.{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=122|loc=Dirum amaritudinem calicem}}
* (Date unknown). [[Fidentius of Padua]] delivers ''Liber recuperations Terre Sancte'' to Nicholas IV.<ref>Paviot, Jacques, "[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/christian-muslim-relations-i/*-COM_24384 Fidentius of Padua]", in: ''Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500'', General Editor David Thomas.</ref>

'''1292'''

* 4 April. Nicholas IV dies, is succeeded by [[Pope Celestine V|Celestine V]] who resigns after five months following the [[1292–1294 papal election]].<ref>James Francis Loughlin (1908). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Celestine V|Pope St. Celestine V]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''3.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>
* Before 20 April. [[Jacques de Molay]] becomes 23rd and last Grand Master of the Knights Templar.<ref>Goyau, Georges (1911). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Jacques de Molai|Jacques de Molai]]" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''10.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>
* (Date unknown). [[Sancho IV of Castile|Sancho IV]] takes the Marinid city of [[Tarifa]]<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarifa|Tarifa]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' '''26''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 422.</ref> in the first engagement of the [[Battle of the Strait]], and [[Alonso Pérez de Guzmán|Guzmán ''el Bueno'']] appointed governor.<ref>Charlotte M. Yonge (1864). "[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/yonge/deeds/guzman.html Guzman El Bueno]." From: ''A Book of Golden Deeds'', London: Blackie & Son, Ltd.</ref>

'''1293'''

* December. [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] begins his first reign as Mamluk sultan following the assassination of his brother Khalil.<ref>[[William Muir|Muir, William]] (1896). ''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102814924?type%5B%5D=title&lookfor%5B%5D=The%20Mameluke&ft= The Mameluke].'' London: Smith, Elder & co.</ref>
* (Date unknown). [[Viborg Castle]] established in Finland as part of the [[Third Swedish Crusade]] led by [[Torkel Knutsson]].{{sfn|Housley|1992|pp=334–336|loc=Viborg Castle}}

'''1294'''

* 18 February. [[Kublai Khan]] dies.<ref>Henry Yule (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kublai Khan|Kublai Khan]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' '''15.''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 395–396.</ref>
* 22 May. Venetian fleet destroyed by Genoans eastern off the port of [[Laiazzo]] in [[Cilician Armenia]].{{sfn|Hazlitt|1900|pp=454|loc=Battle of Ayas}}
* 24 December. [[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]] elected pope.<ref>Thomas Oestreich (1907). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Boniface VIII|Pope Boniface VIII]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' '''2.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>

'''1295'''

* 22 July. [[War of Curzola]] between the [[Republic of Venice]] and the [[Republic of Genoa]] begins.{{sfn|Hazlitt|1900|pp=464–466|loc=Battle of Curzola}}
* 4 October. [[Ghazan]] assumes power of the Mongol Ilkhanate, converts to Islam.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|pp=165–195|loc=Ghazan}}
* Late. [[Kingdom of Castile]] defeated by the forces of [[Muhammad II of Granada]] at the [[Battle of Iznalloz]].<ref>O'Callaghan, Joseph (2011). ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Gibraltar_Crusade/NOiAzwEJgaYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=1295+Battle+of+Iznalloz&pg=PA113&printsec=frontcover The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait]''. University of Pennsylvania Press, pgs. 113–114</ref>

'''1296'''

* 25 March. [[Frederick III of Sicily]] crowned and immediately excommunicated.<ref>Linda Villari (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frederick III., King of Sicily|Frederick III, King of Sicily]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''11.''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 57–58.</ref>
* 3 April. [[Guillaume de Villaret]] becomes Grand Master of the [[Knights Hospitaller]].<ref>Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St John of Jerusalem, Knights of the Order of the Hospital of|St John of Jerusalem, Knights of the Order of the Hospital of]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''24''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 12–19.</ref>

'''1297'''

* (Date unknown). Boniface VIII organizes crusades against Frederick III of Sicily and the Colonna family.{{sfn|Housley|1982|pp=132–138|loc=The Crusades of Boniface VIII}}

'''1298'''

* 1 June. Forces of the [[Livonian Order]] are decisively defeated by the residents of [[Riga]], allied with the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] under [[Vytenis]] at the [[Battle of Turaida]].{{sfn|Wyatt|1876|pp=327–329|loc=Battle of Turaida}}
* 28 June. Livonians and the [[Teutonic Order]] defeat Riga and Lithuania near [[Ādaži|Neuermühlen]], capturing Riga.{{sfn|Wyatt|1876|pp=327–329|loc=Battle of Turaida}}
* 8 September. The [[Battle of Curzola]] fought between the navies of Venice and Genoa, a resounding defeat for the Venetians.{{sfn|Hazlitt|1900|pp=464–466|loc=Volume 1, Battle of Curzola}}
* October. Colonna family stronghold of [[Palestrina]] captured and destroyed by pontifical troops under Landolfo Colonna.{{sfn|Housley|1992|pp=242–243|loc=Rebellion of the Colonna Cardinals}}

'''1299'''

* 16 January. [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] begins his second reign as Mamluk sultan after the assassination of the usurper [[Lajin|Hosam ad-Din Lajin]].{{sfn|Mazor|2015|pp=107–143|loc=The Mansuriyya during an-Nasir Muhammad's Second Reign}}
* Early. Ghazan proposes a joint crusade Henry II of Cyprus and the three military orders. No action is taken by the West.<ref>Melville, C. (2009). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-turkey/anatolia-under-the-mongols/73C5FC788C55900D12455E170F5535C8 Anatolia under the Mongols]. In K. Fleet (Ed.), ''The Cambridge History of Turkey'' (Cambridge History of Turkey, pp. 51-101). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>
* Early. The Mongols under Ghazan invade Syria, capturing the city of [[Aleppo#Mamluk period|Aleppo]]. Ghazan is joined by his vassal [[Hethum II of Armenia]] and his forces.{{sfn|Jackson|2005|pp=165–195|loc=Ghazan}}
* 4 July. Aragonese-Angevin fleet led by [[Roger of Lauria]] defeats a Sicilian fleet at the [[Battle of Cape Orlando]].<ref name=":28" />
* 1 December. The [[Battle of Falconaria]], part of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, fought between the forces of [[Frederick III of Sicily|Frederick II of Sicily]] and [[Philip I of Taranto]]. It was a victory for Frederick and a disaster for Philip, who was captured.<ref name=":1">Housley, Norman (1984). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44170904 Charles II of Naples and the Kingdom of Jerusalem]". ''Byzantion''. '''54''' (2): 527–535</ref>
* 22–23 December. The Mongols defeat the Mamluks at the [[Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar]].<ref>[[Reuven Amitai|Amitai, R.]], "[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/wadi-l-khaznadar-SIM_7805?s.num=20&s.start=20 Wādī 'l-K̲h̲aznadār]", in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition'', Ed. P. Bearman, et al.</ref>
* December. The [[Mongol raids into Palestine#Mongol campaigns of 1299–1300|Mongols invade Syria]] under General [[Mulay]], chasing the Mamluks to Gaza.<ref>Amitai, Reuven. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25212151 Mongol Raids into Palestine (A.D. 1260 and 1300).] ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'', no. 2, 1987, pgs. 236–55.</ref>
* (Date unknown). Treaty ending the [[War of Curzola]] signed.{{sfn|Hazlitt|1900|pp=464–466|loc=Volume 1, Battle of Curzola}}

== 14th century ==

=== 1300 ===

* 6 January. After a short siege, the Mongols occupy the [[Citadel of Damascus]].{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=438–439|loc=The Mongols Again Invade Syria}}
* Feb. Boniface VIII announces first [[Pope Boniface VIII#First Jubilee Year|Jubilee Year]] in Rome, promotes a crusade.<ref>Herbert Thurston (1910). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Holy Year of Jubilee|Holy Year of Jubilee]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' '''8.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>
* May. Mongols withdraw across the Euphrates.{{sfn|Sinor|1975|pp=535–536|loc=The Mongols in Syria}} Mamluks then return to Syria from Egypt.<ref>Sylvia Schein (1979). [https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article-abstract/XCIV/CCCLXXIII/805/391756 ''Gesta Dei'' ''per Mongolos 1300''. The genesis of a non‐event]. ''The English Historical Review'', Volume XCIV, Issue CCCLXXIII, October, pgs. 805–819</ref>
* 20 September. Italian diplomat [[Isol the Pisan]] appointed by Boniface VIII to be the laison between the [[Crusader states]] and the Mongol Empire.<ref>Richard, Jean (1970). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926872 Isol le Pisan: Un aventurier franc gouverneur d'une province mongole?]" ''Central Asiatic Journal'', '''14''': 186–194.</ref>
* 28 October. After learning of an impending Mongol invasion of Syria, [[al-Nasir Muhammad]] leads an army to confront the invaders.{{sfn|Mazor|2015|pp=113–127|loc=Military Confrontations with the Mongols}}
* 30 December. Ghazan invades Syria, turning back less than five weeks later due to cold weather that kills almost all of his cavalry's 12,000 horses.{{sfn|Mazor|2015|pp=113–127|loc=Military Confrontations with the Mongols}}
* (Date unknown). Swedes under [[Tyrgils Knutsson]] lead an attack against the [[Novgorod|Novgorodians]] and establish an outpost at [[Nyenschantz#The fortress Landskrona|Landskrona]].{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=123|loc=Chronology: 1300}}
* (Date approximate). ''[[Via ad Terram Sanctam]],'' an anonymous [[Old French]] treatise on the [[recovery of the Holy Land]]<nowiki/>written.{{sfn|Leopold|2000|pp=17–19|loc=''Via ad Terram Sanctam''}}

'''1301'''

* November. The island of [[Ruad Island|Ruad]], the staging area for incursions into Syria, granted to Templars under Marshall [[Barthélemy de Quincy]].{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=422–423|loc=The Death of Outremer}}

'''1302'''

* 8 April. [[Muhammad III of Granada]] becomes ruler of the Emirate of Granada after the death of his father Muhammad II.<ref name=":20" />
* 27 July. Ottomans defeat Byzantines at the [[Battle of Bapheus]], beginning the [[Byzantine–Ottoman wars|Byzantine-Ottoman Wars]].{{sfn|İnalcık|1989|pp=222–228|loc=The Rise of the Ottomans}}
* 31 August. [[Peace of Caltabellotta]] signed, ending the [[War of the Sicilian Vespers]].<ref name=":0" />
* 26 September. The [[Fall of Ruad]] to the Mamluks ends the presence of the Crusaders in the mainland of the Levant.{{sfn|Demurger|2009|pp=95–110|loc=The Isle of Ruad}}
* (Date unknown). Mercenaries form the [[Catalan Company]] under [[Roger de Flor]] to support Byzantine Empire fight the [[Anatolian beyliks]].<ref name=":30">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Flor, Roger di|Roger di Flor]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''10''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 527.</ref>

'''1303'''

* 20–22 April. Mamluks defeat the Mongols and Armenians at the [[Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)|Battle of Marj al-Saffar]] bringing an end to the [[Mongol invasions of the Levant]].{{sfn|Mazor|2015|pp=107–143|loc=The Mansuriyya during an-Nasir Muhammad's Second Reign}}
* 22 October. [[Pope Benedict XI|Benedict XI]] elected pope.<ref name=":29">Martin Augustine Waldron (1907). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Benedict XI|Pope Benedict XI]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''2.''' New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>
* October. Catalan Company defeats the Ottomans at the [[Battle of the Cyzicus]].<ref name=":2">Burns, R. Ignatius (1954). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847099 The Catalan Company and the European Powers, 1305-1311]." ''Speculum'' 29, no. 4, pgs. 751–771.</ref>
* (Date unknown). [[Hethum II of Armenia]] abdicates in favor of his nephew [[Leo III, King of Armenia|Leo III of Armenia]].{{sfn|Mutafian|Otten-Froux|1993|p=73|loc=Le royaume arménien de Cilicie, XIVe siècle}}
* (Date unknown). Byzantines defeated by the Ottomans at the [[Battle of Dimbos|Battle of Dinboz]].<ref>Halil İnalcık (2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120319203144/http://www.inalcik.com/images/pdfs/18732736THESTRUGGLEBETWEENOSMANGAZiANDBYZANTiNES.pdf The Struggle Between Osman Gazi and The Byzantines For Nicaea]", In: Isıl Akbaygil, Halil İnalcık, Oktay Aslanapa (ed.), ''İznik: Throughout History'',</ref>

Revision as of 23:35, 14 April 2024

13th century

Prior events

1270

1271

1272

1273

1274

1275

  • March. Baibars continues his campaign against Armenia and demands the return of the Christian half of Latakia.[26]
  • 13 May. Marinid forces led by Abu Yusuf Yaqub begin their first Invasion of Spain.[27]
  • 4 June. Hugh III negotiates a truce with Baibars that protects Latakia in exchange for an annual tribute.[26]
  • Spring. Marco Polo arrives at the court of Kublai Khan.[28]
  • (Date unknown). Philip III of France and Rudolf I of Germany take the cross without corresponding action.[29]

1276

1277

1278

1279

1280

1281

  • 22 February. Martin IV elected pope.[53]
  • 10 April. Michael VIII Palaiologos[2] excommunicated by Martin IV who renounces union of churches approved at Lyon in 1274.[54]
  • 3 May. Qalawun renews truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem for another ten years.[55]
  • 16 July. Bohemond VII of Tripoli agrees to Qalawun's truce for the County of Tripoli.[55]
  • 29 October. Mamluks defeat a coalition of Mongols, Armenians and Hospitallers at the second Battle of Homs.[56]

1282

1283

1284

1285

1286

1287

1288

1289

1290

  • 10 February. Nicholas IV calls for a crusade against the Mamluks.[108]
  • August. Venetian and Aragonese crusaders arrive at Acre, and instigate a massacre of Muslims in the city.[109]
  • Fall. Egyptian army mobilizes towards Acre.[110]
  • 4 November. Qalawun leaves Cairo for Syria, en route to Acre. He dies six days later.[111]
  • 10 November. Qalawun's son al-Ashraf Khalil becomes Mamluk sultan.[112]

1291

1292

1293

1294

1295

1296

1297

  • (Date unknown). Boniface VIII organizes crusades against Frederick III of Sicily and the Colonna family.[138]

1298

1299

14th century

1300

1301

1302

1303

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