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Lee & Kuang:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Joo-Yup |last2=Kuang |first2=Shuntu |date=2017-10-18 |title=A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/inas/19/2/article-p197_197.xml |journal=Inner Asia |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=197–239 |doi=10.1163/22105018-12340089 |issn=2210-5018}}</ref>
Lee & Kuang:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Joo-Yup |last2=Kuang |first2=Shuntu |date=2017-10-18 |title=A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/inas/19/2/article-p197_197.xml |journal=Inner Asia |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=197–239 |doi=10.1163/22105018-12340089 |issn=2210-5018}}</ref>


"The geneticists who analysed the dna of the Xiongnu specimens from the Egyin Gol necropolis and that of modern Mongolians suggest that ‘the impact of the succession of Turkic and Mongolian confederations on the territory of the current Mongolia was a cultural or linguistic process rather than a migratory and/or genetic one’ (Keyser-Tracqui ''et al''. 2006: 279). Similarly, a comparative study of the autosomal dna of the Mongols and the Tsaatan, a Turkic people residing in northern Mongolia, also concludes that the two, along with the Sakhas, form the same cluster and are genetically distinct from other world populations (Brissenden ''et al''. 2015: 82). Finally, an extensive study of the genetic legacy of the Turkic nomads across Eurasia based on autosomal dna analysis reveals that the source populations for the Turkic nomads who spread ‘Asian genes’ to non-Turkic peoples were (the ancestors of modern-day) Tuvinians, Mongols and Buryats, despite the fact that the latter two are Mongolic (Yunusbayev ''et al''. 2015).81 In sum, one should note that the early eastern Turkic peoples were in all likelihood genetically closer to their neighbouring Mongolic peoples than to various later Turkic peoles of central and western Eurasia. ... The analysis of genetic survey data on the Turkic peoples also allows us to speculate on the Turkic ''Urheimat''. We suggest that it was a geographical region where the carriers of haplogroups C2, N, Q and R1a1 could intermix, since these haplogroups are carried by various past and modern-day Turkic peoples in eastern Inner Asia and the Xiongnu. It has been suggested that the early Turkic peoples probably had contact with Indo-European, Uralic, Yeniseian, and Mongolic groups in their formative period (Golden 2006: 139). As non-linguists, we are unqualified to discuss the origin of the Turkic languages. However, drawing on the findings of dna studies, we are inclined to think that certain similarities that exist between the Turkic languages and the Mongolic, Tungusic and Uralic languages are at least partly associated with haplogroups C2 and N, among others. More specifically, we conjecture that the Turkic languages came into existence as a result of the fusion of Uralic groups (characterized by a high frequency of haplogroup N subclades) and Proto-Mongolic groups (characterized by a high frequency of haplogroup C2) who also merged with other linguistic groups, including Yeniseian speakers (characterized by a high frequency of haplogroup Q like the Kets) and Indo-European speakers (characterized by a high frequency of haplogroups R1a1). ... Finally, we suggest that the Turkicisation of central and western Eurasia was the product of multiple processes of language diffusion85 that involved not only originally Turkic-speaking groups, but also Turkicised (Indo-European) groups. That is, the earliest Turkic groups first Turkicised some non-Turkic groups residing in Mongolia and beyond. Then both Turkic and ‘Turkicised’ groups Turkicised non-Turkic tribes (who were mostly carriers of haplogroups R1a1) residing in the Kazakh steppes and beyond. Through multiple processes, including the Mongol conquest, the members of the extended Turkic entity spread the Turkic languages across Eurasia."
"The geneticists who analysed the dna of the Xiongnu specimens from the Egyin Gol necropolis and that of modern Mongolians suggest that ‘the impact of the succession of Turkic and Mongolian confederations on the territory of the current Mongolia was a cultural or linguistic process rather than a migratory and/or genetic one’ (Keyser-Tracqui ''et al''. 2006: 279). Similarly, a comparative study of the autosomal dna of the Mongols and the Tsaatan, a Turkic people residing in northern Mongolia, also concludes that the two, along with the Sakhas, form the same cluster and are genetically distinct from other world populations (Brissenden ''et al''. 2015: 82). Finally, an extensive study of the genetic legacy of the Turkic nomads across Eurasia based on autosomal dna analysis reveals that the source populations for the Turkic nomads who spread ‘Asian genes’ to non-Turkic peoples were (the ancestors of modern-day) Tuvinians, Mongols and Buryats, despite the fact that the latter two are Mongolic (Yunusbayev ''et al''. 2015).81 In sum, one should note that the early eastern Turkic peoples were in all likelihood genetically closer to their neighbouring Mongolic peoples than to various later Turkic peoles of central and western Eurasia.
... The analysis of genetic survey data on the Turkic peoples also allows us to speculate on the Turkic ''Urheimat''. We suggest that it was a geographical region where the carriers of haplogroups C2, N, Q and R1a1 could intermix, since these haplogroups are carried by various past and modern-day Turkic peoples in eastern Inner Asia and the Xiongnu. It has been suggested that the early Turkic peoples probably had contact with Indo-European, Uralic, Yeniseian, and Mongolic groups in their formative period (Golden 2006: 139). As non-linguists, we are unqualified to discuss the origin of the Turkic languages. However, drawing on the findings of dna studies, we are inclined to think that certain similarities that exist between the Turkic languages and the Mongolic, Tungusic and Uralic languages are at least partly associated with haplogroups C2 and N, among others. More specifically, we conjecture that the Turkic languages came into existence as a result of the fusion of Uralic groups (characterized by a high frequency of haplogroup N subclades) and Proto-Mongolic groups (characterized by a high frequency of haplogroup C2) who also merged with other linguistic groups, including Yeniseian speakers (characterized by a high frequency of haplogroup Q like the Kets) and Indo-European speakers (characterized by a high frequency of haplogroups R1a1).
... Finally, we suggest that the Turkicisation of central and western Eurasia was the product of multiple processes of language diffusion85 that involved not only originally Turkic-speaking groups, but also Turkicised (Indo-European) groups. That is, the earliest Turkic groups first Turkicised some non-Turkic groups residing in Mongolia and beyond. Then both Turkic and ‘Turkicised’ groups Turkicised non-Turkic tribes (who were mostly carriers of haplogroups R1a1) residing in the Kazakh steppes and beyond. Through multiple processes, including the Mongol conquest, the members of the extended Turkic entity spread the Turkic languages across Eurasia."


=== Ancient Siberian mythology - Deer Goddess ===
=== Ancient Siberian mythology - Deer Goddess ===
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==Other==
==Other==
Pre-prints:<ref>https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.11.08.566335</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Lazaridis |first=Iosif |title=The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans |date=2024-04-18 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589597v1 |access-date=2024-04-22 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2024.04.17.589597 |last2=Patterson |first2=Nick |last3=Anthony |first3=David |last4=Vyazov |first4=Leonid |last5=Fournier |first5=Romain |last6=Ringbauer |first6=Harald |last7=Olalde |first7=Iñigo |last8=Khokhlov |first8=Alexander A. |last9=Kitov |first9=Egor P.}}</ref>
Pre-prints:<ref>https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.11.08.566335</ref>


May be relevant:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Hie Lim |last2=Li |first2=Tanghua |last3=Kalsi |first3=Namrata |last4=Nguyen |first4=Hung Tran The |last5=Shaw |first5=Timothy A. |last6=Ang |first6=Khai C. |last7=Cheng |first7=Keith C. |last8=Ratan |first8=Aakrosh |last9=Peltier |first9=W. Richard |last10=Samanta |first10=Dhrubajyoti |last11=Pratapneni |first11=Mahesh |last12=Schuster |first12=Stephan C. |last13=Horton |first13=Benjamin P. |date=2023-02-04 |title=Prehistoric human migration between Sundaland and South Asia was driven by sea-level rise |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-023-04510-0 |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04510-0 |issn=2399-3642}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kerdoncuff |first=Elise |title=50,000 years of Evolutionary History of India: Insights from ∼2,700 Whole Genome Sequences |date=2024-02-20 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580575v2 |access-date=2024-02-23 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2024.02.15.580575 |last2=Skov |first2=Laurits |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Zhao |first4=Wei |last5=Lueng |first5=Yuk Yee |last6=Schellenberg |first6=Gerard D. |last7=Smith |first7=Jennifer A. |last8=Dey |first8=Sharmistha |last9=Ganna |first9=Andrea}}</ref>
May be relevant:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Hie Lim |last2=Li |first2=Tanghua |last3=Kalsi |first3=Namrata |last4=Nguyen |first4=Hung Tran The |last5=Shaw |first5=Timothy A. |last6=Ang |first6=Khai C. |last7=Cheng |first7=Keith C. |last8=Ratan |first8=Aakrosh |last9=Peltier |first9=W. Richard |last10=Samanta |first10=Dhrubajyoti |last11=Pratapneni |first11=Mahesh |last12=Schuster |first12=Stephan C. |last13=Horton |first13=Benjamin P. |date=2023-02-04 |title=Prehistoric human migration between Sundaland and South Asia was driven by sea-level rise |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-023-04510-0 |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04510-0 |issn=2399-3642}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kerdoncuff |first=Elise |title=50,000 years of Evolutionary History of India: Insights from ∼2,700 Whole Genome Sequences |date=2024-02-20 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580575v2 |access-date=2024-02-23 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2024.02.15.580575 |last2=Skov |first2=Laurits |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Zhao |first4=Wei |last5=Lueng |first5=Yuk Yee |last6=Schellenberg |first6=Gerard D. |last7=Smith |first7=Jennifer A. |last8=Dey |first8=Sharmistha |last9=Ganna |first9=Andrea}}</ref>

Revision as of 05:56, 22 April 2024

West Liao River (Bronze Age)

Geographic location and dates of ancient individuals in Northern East Asia.
Proto-Macro-Koreanic arrived after Proto-Japanic from Liaodong and the Changbaishan region with the introduction of bronze daggers around 300 BC[1]

The Bronze Age West Liao River farmers (WLR_BA) display long-term genetic continuity with modern Koreans. Modern Koreans can be modelled to be derived primarily from Bronze Age farmers from the West Liao River.[2] West Liao River farmers of the Bronze Age themself can be modelled to be derived from the combination of two Ancient Northern East Asian lineages, namely "Neolithic Yellow River farmers" and Ancient Northeast Asians (Amur hunter-gatherers) during the Neolithic period. The spread of Proto-Koreanic can be linked to the expansion of Bronze Age West Liao River farmers. It is also suggested that this type of ancestry was introduced into the Japanese gene pool by early Koreanic-speakers, during the Kofun period.[3] WLR_BA ancestry is also associated with the Upper Xiajiadian culture, which in turn can be used as source proxy for Bronze Age and modern Koreans.[4][5]

Archaeologic evidence point to a connection between the pottery-making style of the Late Neolithic to Bronze Age cultures in the West Liao River basin and the Korean peninsula.[6]

Yayoi-Mumun

The Yayoi people are generally associated with the Proto-Japonic-speakers and the introduction of Japonic languages into Japan during the Yayoi period from the southern Korean peninsula. They are suggested to have been closely related to the pre-Koreanic Mumun pottery period populations of the southern Korean penisular, which are linked to the presence of Peninsular Japonic.[7][8] Genetic analyses on ancient remains from southern Korea revealed elevated Jōmon ancestry at c. 37%, while Yayoi remains in Japan were found carry nearly equal amounts of Jōmon ancestry (35–60%) and Ancient Northeast Asian-like ancestry (40–65%). These results suggest the presence of a Jōmon-like population on the Korean peninsula and their significant contribution to the formation of early Japonic-speakers. As such, the "agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan involved the process of assimilation, rather than replacement, with almost equal genetic contributions from the indigenous Jomon" and mainland Asian migrants of the Mumun/Yayoi period.[9][10][11][12]

Subsequent migration waves into Japan during the Kofun period, associated with the expansion of Proto-Koreanic-speakers and Han Chinese, and the introduction of Chinese characters, saw a decline of Jōmon ancestry among modern Japanese populations to 13%–15%. A similar decline of Jōmon-like ancestry among ancient southern Korean specimens from c. 37% to nearly 0% among modern Koreans may be linked to the replacement of Peninsular Japonic speakers by early Koreanic-speakers during the Three Kingdoms period of Korea.[9][10]

Diverse archaeogenetic topics

Cisbaikal_LNBA

Possible Cisbaikal_LNBA affinity for Eastern Saka groups (Yeniseian layer?):[13] (supplementary)

The two ancient outliers from the Late Bronze Age Minusinsk Basin from the period of the Karasuk culture that ADMIXTURE and F4-statistics suggest have high levels of ancestry from Cisbaikal_LNBA also require such ancestry in qpAdm; interestingly, the population that succeeds the Karasuk and Lugavskaya cultures in the region, the Tagar culture (Russia_Tagar.SG), also requires ancestry from Cisbaikal_LNBA in qpAdm for all passing models. In addition, Mongolic-speaking Kalmyks and Kazakhstan_CentralKazakhSteppe_Saka also require such ancestry for passing models in this qpAdm setup, but no other populations from their ethnolinguistic or cultural categories behave similarly. All qpAdm models in this section are listed in SI Data 6, Table 4.

Fig. S80 (qpadm; supplementary); Glazkovo; Baikal EBA.

Slab Grave (etc.)

From:[14]

In contrast to other contemporaneous Eastern Steppe populations, we find that individuals associated with these burial types show a clear northeastern-Eurasian (ANA-related) genetic profile lacking both ANE and WSH admixture (Fig. 2; Fig. 3c; Fig. S7). Both groups were ruminant pastoralists, and the EIA Slab Grave culture also milked horses (Wilkin et al., 2019). The genetic profiles of Ulaanzuukh and Slab Grave individuals are genetically indistinguishable (Fig. 2 and Table S16), consistent with the archaeological hypothesis that the Slab Grave tradition emerged out of the LBA Ulaanzuukh (Honeychurch, 2015; Khatanbaatar, 2019). Both groups are also indistinguishable from the earlier eastMongolia_preBA individual dating to ca. 4600 BCE, suggesting a long-term (>4,000 year) stability of this prehistoric eastern Mongolian gene pool (Table S16).

Derived from? Mongolia_North_N? Amur_N? WLR_BAo? Amur_EN? YR_N? - Average G25: 17,6% YR_N, 59,4% MNG_North_N, 22,1% Argun_River_Meso ... meaning?? Relevance of Yumin_N vs Amur_N?? Inconclusive per Copper Axe... too few samples, substructure, close but different pop further East,... compare Yamnaya/CWC case...

The predominant Y-DNA haplogroup in Slab-grave males has been identified as Q (5/8 Q-M120 and 1/8 Q-L330), with a minority belonging to N-M231 (2/8).[15] The Q-M120 clade is mostly confined to Sino-Tibetan speaking groups, and associated with Han-like geneflow during the Neolithic period, while other clades of Q are commonly found among Yeniseian-speaking peoples and Indigenous peoples of the Americas. The subclades of haplogroup N1a expanded from western Northeast China during the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age periods, with N1a2a-F1101 being confined to Sino-Tibetan speaking groups. Q-M120 and N1a2a1-F1101 are suggested to have had an in-situ origin among the early Huaxia confederation.[16][17]

Yumin_N

The Yumin archaeological site is located in Huade County, Ulanqab city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Yumin culture is the earliest Neolithic culture found in Inner Mongolia thus far. Radiocarbon analysis of charcoal samples associated with the remains of a house were dated to ~8,400 cal BP (62). We sequenced a single individual (M1) from this site, identified to be female, and she was directly radiocarbon dated to 8,415-8,335 cal BP.

Yumin: 8,500-year-old newly sampled individual from Inner Mongolia belonging to the inland nEastAsia_EN group. = distinct ANEA branch; not identical to Amur_N. Cite:[18] supplementary information

38-40% Tianyuan ancestry for Yana in supplementary models, 32% in main article (Fig. 2).

Xiongnu/Turkic/Uyghur period

Lee et al. 2024; relevant:[19]

"Among the six GD individuals, one is from the Xiongnu-Xianbei period (GD1-4), two from the Turkic period (GD1-1 and GD2-4), one from the Uyghur Khaganate period (GD1-3), one from the Zubu period (GD2-2), ... Among the two GD males, the Uyghur period one (GD1-3) is assigned to Y haplogroup J2a, belonging to the western Eurasian Y haplogroups, and the Turkic period one (GD2-4) is assigned to D-M174. ... GD1-1 and GD1-4, in fact can be modeled as 100% AR_Xianbei_IA with no contribution from the western Eurasian source (qpWave p-value = 0.067 to 0.254; Table S6). The remaining two require 17–27% (±2–3%) (GD1-3; Uyghur period) and 14–20% (±2–3%) (GD2-2; Zubu period) western Eurasian ancestry, respectively (Table S6). ... The Turkic period individual GD2-4 shows a substantial downward displacement along PC2 suggesting a genetic affinity toward East Asian populations who lived further to the south of Mongolia (Figure 2). Adding Han_2000BP, two Han period individuals from a mass grave site in the Omnogobi Aimag who were probably garrison soldiers of the Han Empire [3,5], as the third source, we obtain fitting models to GD2−4 with all three western Eurasian sources (qpAdm p=0.616−648; 48−50 ± 8% from AR_Xianbei_IA, 3−5 ± 2% from western Eurasian, 47 ± 8−9% from Han_2000BP; Table S6). ... Among the nine newly reported individuals, the Xiongnu-Xianbei period individual (GD1-4), a Turkic-period one (GD1-1), and all four Mongol period TK individuals are cladal with AR_Xianbei_IA (Table S6). The other Turkic period individual (GD2-4) is also modeled without a western Eurasian ancestry component. Even the remaining two individuals, one Uyghur and one Zubu period, have a western Eurasian ancestry component ranging 14–27%. The limited genetic heterogeneity of the Medieval GD individuals are in sharp contrast to previously reported Medieval individuals from central Mongolia [3], providing a new piece of information on this understudied period."

Lee & Kuang:[20]

"The geneticists who analysed the dna of the Xiongnu specimens from the Egyin Gol necropolis and that of modern Mongolians suggest that ‘the impact of the succession of Turkic and Mongolian confederations on the territory of the current Mongolia was a cultural or linguistic process rather than a migratory and/or genetic one’ (Keyser-Tracqui et al. 2006: 279). Similarly, a comparative study of the autosomal dna of the Mongols and the Tsaatan, a Turkic people residing in northern Mongolia, also concludes that the two, along with the Sakhas, form the same cluster and are genetically distinct from other world populations (Brissenden et al. 2015: 82). Finally, an extensive study of the genetic legacy of the Turkic nomads across Eurasia based on autosomal dna analysis reveals that the source populations for the Turkic nomads who spread ‘Asian genes’ to non-Turkic peoples were (the ancestors of modern-day) Tuvinians, Mongols and Buryats, despite the fact that the latter two are Mongolic (Yunusbayev et al. 2015).81 In sum, one should note that the early eastern Turkic peoples were in all likelihood genetically closer to their neighbouring Mongolic peoples than to various later Turkic peoles of central and western Eurasia.

... The analysis of genetic survey data on the Turkic peoples also allows us to speculate on the Turkic Urheimat. We suggest that it was a geographical region where the carriers of haplogroups C2, N, Q and R1a1 could intermix, since these haplogroups are carried by various past and modern-day Turkic peoples in eastern Inner Asia and the Xiongnu. It has been suggested that the early Turkic peoples probably had contact with Indo-European, Uralic, Yeniseian, and Mongolic groups in their formative period (Golden 2006: 139). As non-linguists, we are unqualified to discuss the origin of the Turkic languages. However, drawing on the findings of dna studies, we are inclined to think that certain similarities that exist between the Turkic languages and the Mongolic, Tungusic and Uralic languages are at least partly associated with haplogroups C2 and N, among others. More specifically, we conjecture that the Turkic languages came into existence as a result of the fusion of Uralic groups (characterized by a high frequency of haplogroup N subclades) and Proto-Mongolic groups (characterized by a high frequency of haplogroup C2) who also merged with other linguistic groups, including Yeniseian speakers (characterized by a high frequency of haplogroup Q like the Kets) and Indo-European speakers (characterized by a high frequency of haplogroups R1a1).

... Finally, we suggest that the Turkicisation of central and western Eurasia was the product of multiple processes of language diffusion85 that involved not only originally Turkic-speaking groups, but also Turkicised (Indo-European) groups. That is, the earliest Turkic groups first Turkicised some non-Turkic groups residing in Mongolia and beyond. Then both Turkic and ‘Turkicised’ groups Turkicised non-Turkic tribes (who were mostly carriers of haplogroups R1a1) residing in the Kazakh steppes and beyond. Through multiple processes, including the Mongol conquest, the members of the extended Turkic entity spread the Turkic languages across Eurasia."

Ancient Siberian mythology - Deer Goddess

Deer images, carvings, paintings, and monolithic stelae of South Siberia and northern Central Asia.[21]

Iranian hunter-gatherers

Not to be confused with Indo-Iranians or Iranian peoples.

The term Iranian hunter-gatherers or Neolithic Iranian, sometimes also "East Meta", is used to referr to a population genomics lineage representing the Mesolithic to early Neolithic population of the Iranian plateau, and to some extent regions of South-Central Asia and the Caucasus. The Ancient Iranian lineage is represented by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic herders and early farmers, such as remains excavated from the Hotu and Kamarband Caves and Ganj Dareh. An early branch of Ancient Iranians represented by remains from Shahr-i-Sokhta, formed one of the dominant ancestry components of the Indus Valley Civilisation, in tandem with an Ancient East Eurasian lineage (specifically South Asian hunter-gatherers/AASI) indigenous to South Asia. The Ancient Iranians also contributed significantly to the formation of the Central Asian gene pool, primarily via the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex. They displayed close genetic affinities to the Caucasus hunter-gatherers, who derive from a similar source population as Iranian hunter-gatherers, but differed from Paleolithic Caucasus populations, which a closer to Anatolian hunter-gatherers.

Origins

A possible admixture graph of deep Eurasian lineages in context of modern West Eurasians[22]
Relationship and legacy of the West and East Eurasian Core populations; WHG, Iran_N, and Levantines occupy the area below the bisector, compatible with an admixture between EEC and WEC, or below the blue axis, further complicated by the presence of Basal Eurasian or African components in these populations.
Principal Components Analysis of Ancient West Eurasians: Eigenvectors were inferred using present-day populations (gray points) and the ancient samples (colored shapes) were projected onto the plot.

While the exact origin of the Mesolithic and Neolithic Iranians remains unclear, they are often described as having formed as combination of two deep lineages, specifically a lineage represented by Basal Eurasians and a lineage closer to Ancient North Eurasians and or Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHG). In this scenario, the Mesolithic/Neolithic Iranian lineage derives significant amounts of their ancestry from Basal Eurasians (c. 48%; 45-66%), with their remainder ancestry being closer to Ancient North Eurasians (ANE). The related CHG displayed a higher ANE-like and Upper Paleolithic Caucasus component than the Neolithic Iranians do, suggesting contact with Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) to their North and Anatolian groups to their West. The geographically adjacent Natufians from the Levant were found to derive their ancestry primarily from the same Basal Eurasian lineage, but their remainder ancestry from a population closer to Western European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG).[23][24]

Vallini et al. 2024 presented a revised model, suggesting that Ancient Iranians (Iranian hunter-gatherers) formed from a deep Ancient West Eurasian lineage ('WEC2', at least 50%), and from varying degrees of Ancient East Eurasian and Basal Eurasian components. The Ancient West Eurasian component associated with Iranian hunter-gatherers ('WEC2') is inferred to have diverged from the West Eurasian Core lineage (represented by Kostenki-14; 'WEC'), with the WEC2 component staying in the region of the Iranian Plateau, while the proper WEC component expanded into Europe and contributed to the formation of later Western Hunter-Gatherer and Ancient North Eurasian lineages.[25][a]

While Ancient Iranians fall into the wider 'West Eurasian' cluster, and display close genetic affinities to the Mesolithic Caucasus hunter-gatherers, they are only distantly related to the geographical close Anatolian or Levantine lineages, taking up an "extreme position" within a PCA of ancient and modern West Eurasian populations.[26][27][28][29]

Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found among Neolithic Iranian specimens include haplogroup R2a, haplogroup CT (unknown subclade), haplogroup G2a, and haplogroup J. The oldest sample of haplogroup R2a to date was observed in one of the remains from Ganj Dareh in western Iran.[30][31][32]

Contributions to other populations

West Asia

The later Chalcolithic Iranians are modeled to have formed from a merger of Neolithic Iranians and a Levant and or Anatolian source population, and additional Caucasus hunter-gatherer-like geneflow.[33][34] During the Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic period they formed a cline stretching from Western Anatolia along the lowlands of the Southern Caucasus to the Zagros mountains, reaching as far as to Southern Central Asia, as well as southwards to the Southern Levant. This cline was primarily characterized by expansive Anatolian-like ancestry and secondarily by the spread of Neolithic Iranian and Levantine-like ancestries.[35]

A Neolithic Iranian-like contribution is needed in models for modern Middle Eastern and certain Eastern African populations. This geneflow may have happened primarily via a population from the Levant or Mesopotamia.[36]

South Asia

A divergent (>12kya) lineage (Eastern Iranian hunter-gatherers), sharing a recent common ancestor with Neolithic Iranians, but diverging from them prior to the development of agriculture, forms the one of the two main ancestry components of the Indus Valley Civilisation. The remaining ancestry is made up by a local South Asian hunter-gatherer population associated with the 'East Eurasian Core' lineage. The spread of Ancient Iranian-like ancestry may be related to the dispersal of early Dravidian languages, althought an indigenous origin and association with the 'ASI' component has been proposed as well.[37][38][31][39][40]

Central Asia

Neolithic Iranians, in tandem with Anatolian Farmers, also contributed to the formation of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, which subsequently contributed to other Central Asian populations, and possibly later Tarim mummies from Alwighul (700–1 BCE) and Krorän (200 CE).[41][42][43]

Europe

Neolithic Iranians, in contrast to the related Caucasus hunter-gatherers, did only made little contributions to the European gene pool.[44] Neolithic Iranians instead represent a better source of geneflow among most West Asian populations when compared against Caucasus hunter-gatherers, while the contrary is true for European populations.[45]

Relevant:[46]

Ancient West Eurasian

Ancient West Eurasian

The term Ancient West Eurasian, alternatively also known as West Eurasian or Western Eurasian, is used in population genomics to describe the genetic ancestry and phylogenetic relationship of diverse populations primarily living in the western and northern parts of Eurasia as well as parts of Northern and Northeastern Africa, deriving large amounts of their ancestry from the "West Eurasian Core" of human genetic diversity, and which can be associated with the Upper Paleolithic (UP) wave outgoing from Paleolithic Western Asia and Europe (eg. Kostenki-14-like WEC and WEC2), following the earlier Initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) wave associated with the "East Eurasian Core" populatios (EEC), and ultimately the Out of Africa migration (>60kya).

Repetitive expansions into Eurasia from a population Hub OoA. (A) Zlatý Kůň can be described as a putative early expansion from the population formed after the major expansion OoA and hybridization with Neanderthals, and could be linked with non-Mousterian and non-IUP cultures found in Europe 48–45 ka or with IUP. (B) Representative samples dated between 45 and 40 ka across Eurasia can be ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture consistent with an IUP affiliation and which can also explain Oase1 after allowing for additional Neanderthal contributions; modern Papuans may be genetically seen as an extreme extension of this movement. (C) Following local genetic differentiation, a subsequent population expansion could explain the genetic components found in ancient samples <38 ka which contain it in unadmixed form (Kostenki14, Sunghir) or admixed with preexisting IUP components (Goyet Q116-1, Yana1, Mal’ta).
Inferred phylogenetic structure of West Eurasian lineages, taking admixture events into account.

Modern humans of the Upper Paleolithic wave (UP) associated with the "West Eurasian Core", are suggested to have expanded from a population hub located in the Iranian Plateau (c. 38kya) after an earlier "Initial Upper Paleolithic" wave. This UP wave is are linked to the "West Eurasian" ancestry represented by the Kostenki-14 specimen, and broadly ancestral to historical and modern populations in the Middle East/Western Asia, Northern and Northeastern Africa, Europe, and partially Siberia, Central Asia, and Southern Asia. Unadmixed Early West Eurasians are currently represented by several Upper Paleolithic European remains such as Kostenki-14 and Sungir. Other early Western Eurasian lineages in Europe and elsewhere displayed varying degrees of contact/admixture with preceeding IUP Ancient East Eurasian and or Basal Eurasian lineages. The expansion of early West Eurasian ancestry can be associated with Upper Paleolithic material culture distinct from previous IUP material culture.

Ancient West Eurasians can be divided into two deep early branches, specifically 'WEC' (represented by Ice Age Europeans) and 'WEC2' (making up a significant amount of ancestry of ancient Iranian hunter-gatherers. In tandem with varying amounts of East and Basal Eurasian components, these two branches gave rise to historical and modern West Eurasian lineages/populations.

Primary sources:[22][47]

Secondary sources and reviews:[48][49]

Vallini et al. 2024:

"West Eurasians, North Western South Asians, and Levantines occupy the area below the bisector, compatible with an admixture between EEC and WEC, or below the blue axis, further complicated by the presence of Basal Eurasian or African components in these populations."

"We simulated two different West Eurasian populations: WEC and WEC2, with WEC2 staying in the Hub longer than WEC (and Kostenki14), and hence closer to it from a genetic point of view. We then have each of these populations acting as a source for admixture events with Basal Eurasians (BEA) and East Eurasians in different proportions (Supplementary Data 9)."

Other

Pre-prints:[50][51]

May be relevant:[52][53]

Secondary paper - peopling of Oceania:[54] - Glazkovo culture (Neolithic to EBA Baikal):[55]

Papuan archaic introgression:[56]

Usefull: [https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/samples.php] & [57]

IUP sites:[58]

Hub OOA:[59]

Jomon period/agriculture:[60][61]

Notes

  1. ^ Our results showed that the genetic component closest to the Hub population is represented in ancient and modern populations in the Persian Plateau. Such a component, after mixing with Basal and East Eurasian ancestries, resurfaced in the palaeogenetic record, previously referred to as the Iranian Neolithic, the Iranian Hunter Gatherer’ or the East Meta49.

Reference

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  25. ^ Vallini, Leonardo; Zampieri, Carlo; Shoaee, Mohamed Javad; Bortolini, Eugenio; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Pievani, Telmo; Benazzi, Stefano; Barausse, Alberto; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Petraglia, Michael D.; Pagani, Luca (2024-03-25). "The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 1882. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7. ISSN 2041-1723. We simulated two different West Eurasian populations: WEC and WEC2, with WEC2 staying in the Hub longer than WEC (and Kostenki14), and hence closer to it from a genetic point of view. We then have each of these populations acting as a source for admixture events with Basal Eurasians (BEA) and East Eurasians in different proportions (Supplementary Data 9). ... Using msprime45, we performed coalescent simulations to obtain the distinct WEC source populations under different demographic scenarios46,47 (Methods, Supplementary Code 1–2, Supplementary Fig. 4). In particular, we simulated WEC populations with different allele sharing with Kostenki14 (i.e., mimicking WEC populations with different distances from the Hub population) and mixed them with the EEC and Basal Eurasians (Supplementary Data 9). We found that our approach retrieves the correct ranking along the K coordinate in the majority of cases, and with an accuracy of >0.9 in all cases where the admixed populations are at least 50% WEC, and the mixing WEC sources have at least 3 ky of differential allele sharing with Kostenki14 (Supplementary Fig. 5A). ... We found that after accounting for East and Basal Eurasian confounders, the populations that harbour the WEC component closer to the Hub population (grayscale gradient of population points in Fig. 2A, Supplementary Data 11) are the ones whose West Eurasian ancestry is related to the hunter gatherers and early farmers from Iran48. ... Along the blue axis of genetic similarity to Kostenki14, these populations come before modern and ancient groups from the Levant and, in turn, before groups from Europe and other areas associated with the Anatolian Neolithic expansion49,51,52,53. The furthermost groups along this axis are post- and pre-LGM European hunter gatherers, which is expected owing to their genetic proximity to Kostenki14.
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