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{{Short description|Extinct prehistoric salmon}}
{{Short description|Extinct prehistoric salmon}}

== Overview ==
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Clarendonian]]-[[Hemphillian]],<ref name=sankey>{{cite journal|first=Julia |last=Sankey |first2=Jacob |last2=Biewer |first3=Janis |last3=Basuga |first4=Francisco |last4=Palacios |first5=Hugh |last5=Wagner |title=The giant, spike-toothed salmon, ''Oncorhynchus rastrosus'' and the "Proto-Tuolumne River" (early Pliocene) of Central California. |journal=PaleoBios |volume=33 |year=2016 |pages=1–16 | url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84g0595b}}</ref> {{fossilrange|12|5}}
| fossil_range = [[Clarendonian]]-[[Hemphillian]],<ref name=sankey>{{cite journal|first=Julia |last=Sankey |first2=Jacob |last2=Biewer |first3=Janis |last3=Basuga |first4=Francisco |last4=Palacios |first5=Hugh |last5=Wagner |title=The giant, spike-toothed salmon, ''Oncorhynchus rastrosus'' and the "Proto-Tuolumne River" (early Pliocene) of Central California. |journal=PaleoBios |volume=33 |year=2016 |pages=1–16 | url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84g0595b}}</ref> {{fossilrange|12|5}}
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}}
}}


'''''Oncorhynchus rastrosus''''' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Smilodonichthys rastrosus''<ref>Cavender, T., & Miller, R. R. (1972). ''Smilodonichthys rastrosus: A new Pliocene salmonid fish from Western United States''. Museum of Natural History, University of Oregon.</ref>'') ''formerly known as the '''saber-toothed salmon''',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Claeson |first=Kerin M. |last2=Sidlauskas |first2=Brian L. |last3=Troll |first3=Ray |last4=Prescott |first4=Zabrina M. |last5=Davis |first5=Edward B. |date=2024-04-24 |title=From sabers to spikes: A newfangled reconstruction of the ancient, giant, sexually dimorphic Pacific salmon, †Oncorhynchus rastrosus (SALMONINAE: SALMONINI) |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0300252 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=e0300252 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0300252 |issn=1932-6203}}</ref> or '''spike-toothed salmon'''<ref name="Black2016">{{cite magazine |magazine=Scientific American |title=Paleo Profile: The Spike-Toothed Salmon |first=Riley |last=Black |date=November 25, 2016 |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/paleo-profile-the-spike-toothed-salmon/ }}</ref> is an extinct species of [[salmon]] that lived along the [[Pacific]] coast of [[North America]] and [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Takakuwa |first=Yuji |date=2021 |title=The first fossil record of giant spike-toothed salmon, ''Oncorhynchus rastrosus'' from the Northwestern Pacific region |url=http://www.gmnh.pref.gunma.jp/wp-content/uploads/bulletin25_3.pdf |journal=Bull.Gunma Mus.Natu.Hist. |volume=25 |pages=41-48}}</ref> They first appeared in the late [[Miocene]] in [[California]], then died out some time during the Early [[Pliocene]].<ref name=sankey />
'''''Oncorhynchus rastrosus''''' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Smilodonichthys rastrosus''<ref>Cavender, T., & Miller, R. R. (1972). ''Smilodonichthys rastrosus: A new Pliocene salmonid fish from Western United States''. Museum of Natural History, University of Oregon.</ref>'') ''also known as the '''saber-toothed salmon''',<ref>{{Citation|url = http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/collections/web-galleries/saber-toothed-salmon|title = Saber-toothed Salmon|work = The Museum of Natural and Cultural History|publisher = University of Oregon|access-date = 2012-04-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160624055855/http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/collections/web-galleries/saber-toothed-salmon|archive-date = 2016-06-24|url-status = dead}}</ref> or '''spike-toothed salmon'''<ref name="Black2016">{{cite magazine |magazine=Scientific American |title=Paleo Profile: The Spike-Toothed Salmon |first=Riley |last=Black |date=November 25, 2016 |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/paleo-profile-the-spike-toothed-salmon/ }}</ref> is an extinct species of [[salmon]] that lived along the [[Pacific]] coast of [[North America]] and [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Takakuwa |first=Yuji |date=2021 |title=The first fossil record of giant spike-toothed salmon, ''Oncorhynchus rastrosus'' from the Northwestern Pacific region |url=http://www.gmnh.pref.gunma.jp/wp-content/uploads/bulletin25_3.pdf |journal=Bull.Gunma Mus.Natu.Hist. |volume=25 |pages=41-48}}</ref> They first appeared in the late [[Miocene]] in [[California]], then died out some time during the Early [[Pliocene]].<ref name=sankey />


''O. rastrosus'' was the largest member of the Pacific salmon [[genus]] ''[[Oncorhynchus]]'', varying from {{cvt|1.9|m}} and {{cvt|177|kg}}<ref name=sankey/> to {{cvt|2.4|m}} and {{cvt|200|kg}}.<ref>Stearley, R.F. and G.R. Smith. 2016. Salmonid fishes from Mio-Pliocene lake sediments in the Western Snake River Plain and
''O. rastrosus'' was the largest member of the Pacific salmon [[genus]] ''[[Oncorhynchus]]'', varying from {{cvt|1.9|m}} and {{cvt|177|kg}}<ref name=sankey/> to {{cvt|2.4|m}} and {{cvt|200|kg}}.<ref>Stearley, R.F. and G.R. Smith. 2016. Salmonid fishes from Mio-Pliocene lake sediments in the Western Snake River Plain and
the Great Basin. in [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/134040/MP%20204.pdf W.L. Fink and N. Carpenter (eds.). Fishes of the Mio-Pliocene Western Snake River Plain and Vicinity]. Misc. Pub. Museum Zoology, University of Michigan 204:1–45</ref><ref name=sankey/>
the Great Basin. in [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/134040/MP%20204.pdf W.L. Fink and N. Carpenter (eds.). Fishes of the Mio-Pliocene Western Snake River Plain and Vicinity]. Misc. Pub. Museum Zoology, University of Michigan 204:1–45</ref><ref name=sankey/>
⚫
{{Portal|Paleontology}} Members of this species had a pair of small "fangs" protruding from the tip of the snout, thus explaining the common name and synonym. Adults of ''O. rastrosus'' had larger [[gill rakers]] compared to their smaller, modern relatives, leading scientists to suggest that the adults ate [[plankton]]. These salmon are believed to have been [[anadromous]] like their living relatives.<ref>Thomas P. Eiting, Gerald R. Smith, Miocene salmon (Oncorhynchus) from Western North America: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.011 Gill Raker evolution correlated with plankton productivity in the Eastern Pacific], Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 249, Issues 3–4, 19 June 2007, Pages 412-424, ISSN 0031-0182</ref>

⚫
Members of this species had a pair of small "fangs" protruding from the tip of the snout, thus explaining the common name and synonym. Adults of ''O. rastrosus'' had larger [[gill rakers]] compared to their smaller, modern relatives, leading scientists to suggest that the adults ate [[plankton]]. These salmon are believed to have been [[anadromous]] like their living relatives.<ref>Thomas P. Eiting, Gerald R. Smith, Miocene salmon (Oncorhynchus) from Western North America: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.011 Gill Raker evolution correlated with plankton productivity in the Eastern Pacific], Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 249, Issues 3–4, 19 June 2007, Pages 412-424, ISSN 0031-0182</ref>
{{Portal|Paleontology}}

== Paleontological History ==
'''''Oncorhynchus rastrosus''''' was first described in 1972 from fossils found in Central Oregon by Ted M. Cavender and Robert Rush Miller<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cavender |first=Ted M. |last2=Miller |first2=Robert Rush |date=March 1, 1972 |title=Smilodonichthys rastrosus: a new Pliocene salmonid fish from western United States |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Natural History. |publisher=University of Oregon |publication-place=Eugene, Oregon |issue=18}}</ref>. Cavender and Miller supposed the teeth pointed straight down, like a [[saber-toothed cat]]'s teeth.

In 2014, additional fossil skull fragments were recovered from the Gateway Locality, where the holotype and paratype fossils were found. These fossils were better preserved than the holo- and para- type fossils and showed that the premaxillae teeth actually projected laterally from the side of the salmon's skull like tusks, rather than ventrally like fangs<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Claeson |first=Kerin M. |last2=Sidlauskas |first2=Brian L. |last3=Troll |first3=Ray |last4=Prescott |first4=Zabrina M. |last5=Davis |first5=Edward B. |date=2024-04-24 |title=From sabers to spikes: A newfangled reconstruction of the ancient, giant, sexually dimorphic Pacific salmon, †Oncorhynchus rastrosus (SALMONINAE: SALMONINI) |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0300252 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=e0300252 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0300252 |issn=1932-6203}}</ref>.


According to paleontologist Julia Sankey, the salmon did not possess spike teeth throughout its life; the fish developed the teeth as it transitioned from life in the ocean to fresh water {{citation needed|date=April 2024}}. The salmon bred in fresh water, as Pacific salmon [[Salmon run|do today]]. Tooth wear patterns suggest the salmon used its teeth to defend territory and mark nests during the breeding phase.<ref name="Black2016" />
Scientists once thought the teeth pointed straight down, like a [[saber-toothed cat]]'s teeth. Now it is believed the teeth stuck out sideways from the mouth. According to paleontologist Julia Sankey, the salmon did not possess spike teeth throughout its life; the fish developed the teeth as it transitioned from life in the ocean to fresh water. The salmon bred in fresh water, as Pacific salmon [[Salmon run|do today]]. Tooth wear patterns suggest the salmon used its teeth to defend territory and mark nests during the breeding phase.<ref name="Black2016" />


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 01:48, 25 April 2024

Oncorhynchus rastrosus
Temporal range: Clarendonian-Hemphillian,[1] 12–5 Ma
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Genus: Oncorhynchus
Species:
†O. rastrosus
Binomial name
†Oncorhynchus rastrosus
(Cavender & Miller, 1972)
Synonyms

Smilodonichthys rastrosus

Oncorhynchus rastrosus (synonym Smilodonichthys rastrosus[2]) also known as the saber-toothed salmon,[3] or spike-toothed salmon[4] is an extinct species of salmon that lived along the Pacific coast of North America and Japan.[5] They first appeared in the late Miocene in California, then died out some time during the Early Pliocene.[1]

O. rastrosus was the largest member of the Pacific salmon genus Oncorhynchus, varying from 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) and 177 kg (390 lb)[1] to 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) and 200 kg (440 lb).[6][1]

Members of this species had a pair of small "fangs" protruding from the tip of the snout, thus explaining the common name and synonym. Adults of O. rastrosus had larger gill rakers compared to their smaller, modern relatives, leading scientists to suggest that the adults ate plankton. These salmon are believed to have been anadromous like their living relatives.[7]

Scientists once thought the teeth pointed straight down, like a saber-toothed cat's teeth. Now it is believed the teeth stuck out sideways from the mouth. According to paleontologist Julia Sankey, the salmon did not possess spike teeth throughout its life; the fish developed the teeth as it transitioned from life in the ocean to fresh water. The salmon bred in fresh water, as Pacific salmon do today. Tooth wear patterns suggest the salmon used its teeth to defend territory and mark nests during the breeding phase.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Sankey, Julia; Biewer, Jacob; Basuga, Janis; Palacios, Francisco; Wagner, Hugh (2016). "The giant, spike-toothed salmon, Oncorhynchus rastrosus and the "Proto-Tuolumne River" (early Pliocene) of Central California". PaleoBios. 33: 1–16.
  2. ^ Cavender, T., & Miller, R. R. (1972). Smilodonichthys rastrosus: A new Pliocene salmonid fish from Western United States. Museum of Natural History, University of Oregon.
  3. ^ "Saber-toothed Salmon", The Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, archived from the original on 2016-06-24, retrieved 2012-04-27
  4. ^ a b Black, Riley (November 25, 2016). "Paleo Profile: The Spike-Toothed Salmon". Scientific American.
  5. ^ Takakuwa, Yuji (2021). "The first fossil record of giant spike-toothed salmon, Oncorhynchus rastrosus from the Northwestern Pacific region" (PDF). Bull.Gunma Mus.Natu.Hist. 25: 41–48.
  6. ^ Stearley, R.F. and G.R. Smith. 2016. Salmonid fishes from Mio-Pliocene lake sediments in the Western Snake River Plain and the Great Basin. in W.L. Fink and N. Carpenter (eds.). Fishes of the Mio-Pliocene Western Snake River Plain and Vicinity. Misc. Pub. Museum Zoology, University of Michigan 204:1–45
  7. ^ Thomas P. Eiting, Gerald R. Smith, Miocene salmon (Oncorhynchus) from Western North America: Gill Raker evolution correlated with plankton productivity in the Eastern Pacific, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 249, Issues 3–4, 19 June 2007, Pages 412-424, ISSN 0031-0182
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