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==History==
==History==
[[File:Titan III Transtage burn.jpg|thumb|Artist's conception of a Titan III Transtage burn]]
[[File:Titan III Transtage burn.jpg|thumb|Artist's conception of a Titan III Transtage burn]]
Transtage was developed in anticipation of a requirement to launch military payloads to [[geostationary orbit]]; a contract for development of the stage was issued on 20 August 1962.<ref>Foradori, Giacomoello and Pascolini 2017, pp.56-57</ref> Transtage used a [[Pressure-fed engine|pressure-fed]] two-chamber configuration, using [[Aerozine 50]] fuel and [[nitrogen tetroxide]] as [[oxidizer]]; the thrust chambers were [[Gimbaled thrust|gimbaled]] for steering and each produced {{convert|8000|lbf|kN|adj=on|abbr=on}} of thrust.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-28 |title=Titan Transtage |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228032217/http://astronautix.com/t/titantranstage.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> The design specification required up to three restarts during the first six hours of a mission.<ref>Hunley 2007, p. 168.</ref>
Transtage was developed in anticipation of a requirement to launch military payloads to [[geostationary orbit]]; a contract for development of the stage was issued on 20 August 1962.<ref>Foradori, Giacomoello and Pascolini 2017, pp.56-57</ref> Transtage used a [[Pressure-fed engine|pressure-fed]] two-chamber configuration, using [[Aerozine 50]] fuel and [[nitrogen tetroxide]] as [[oxidizer]]; the thrust chambers were [[Gimbaled thrust|gimbaled]] for steering and each produced {{convert|8000|lbf|kN|adj=on|abbr=on}} of thrust.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-28 |title=Titan Transtage |url=http://astronautix.com/t/titantranstage.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228032217/http://astronautix.com/t/titantranstage.html |archive-date=2016-12-28 }}</ref> The design specification required up to three restarts during the first six hours of a mission.<ref>Hunley 2007, p. 168.</ref>


Forty-seven Titan III launches are known to have used Transtage upper stages;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transtage |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_stage/transtage.htm |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=space.skyrocket.de}}</ref> of those, three are known to have suffered launch failures.<ref name="DS">Heyman 2003</ref> The first launch, boosted by a [[Titan IIIA]], occurred on 1 September 1964;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transtage 1, 2, 5 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/transtage125.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> the Transtage failed to pressurize, resulting in premature engine cutoff, and a failure to reach orbit.<ref name="DS" /> The second launch, on 10 December, was successful, and all ensuing launches used the [[Titan IIIC]] launch vehicle. The last launch of a Transtage was on 4 September 1989, boosted by a [[Titan 34D]] rocket.<ref name="DS" />
Forty-seven Titan III launches are known to have used Transtage upper stages;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transtage |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_stage/transtage.htm |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=space.skyrocket.de}}</ref> of those, three are known to have suffered launch failures.<ref name="DS">Heyman 2003</ref> The first launch, boosted by a [[Titan IIIA]], occurred on 1 September 1964;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transtage 1, 2, 5 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/transtage125.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> the Transtage failed to pressurize, resulting in premature engine cutoff, and a failure to reach orbit.<ref name="DS" /> The second launch, on 10 December, was successful, and all ensuing launches used the [[Titan IIIC]] launch vehicle. The last launch of a Transtage was on 4 September 1989, boosted by a [[Titan 34D]] rocket.<ref name="DS" />
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===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Foradori|first=Paolo|author2=Giampiero Giacomello|author3=Alessandro Pascolini|title=Arms Control and Disarmament: 50 Years of Experience in Nuclear Education|year=2017|publisher=Palgrage Macmillan|location=London|ISBN=978-3-319-62258-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Foradori|first=Paolo|author2=Giampiero Giacomello|author3=Alessandro Pascolini|title=Arms Control and Disarmament: 50 Years of Experience in Nuclear Education|year=2017|publisher=Palgrage Macmillan|location=London|isbn=978-3-319-62258-3}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app3/b-10.html|title=Martin Marietta SSB-10 Transtage|last=Heyman|first=Jos|date=17 March 2003|work=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missilesm Appendix 3: Space Vehicles|publisher=Designation-Systems|accessdate=2017-12-17}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app3/b-10.html|title=Martin Marietta SSB-10 Transtage|last=Heyman|first=Jos|date=17 March 2003|work=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missilesm Appendix 3: Space Vehicles|publisher=Designation-Systems|accessdate=2017-12-17}}
*{{cite book|last=Hunley|first=J.D.|title=The Development of Propulsion Technology for U.S. Space-Launch Vehicles, 1926-1991|year=2007|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station, TX|ISBN=978-1-58544-588-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Hunley|first=J.D.|title=The Development of Propulsion Technology for U.S. Space-Launch Vehicles, 1926-1991|year=2007|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station, TX|isbn=978-1-58544-588-2}}
{{refend}}{{USAF space vehicles}}
{{refend}}{{USAF space vehicles}}
{{Upper stages}}
{{Upper stages}}

Revision as of 10:36, 26 April 2024

Transtage
A Transtage
ManufacturerMartin Marietta
Country of originUnited States
Used onTitan III
General characteristics
Height4.57 meters (15.0 ft)
Diameter3.05 meters (10.0 ft)
Gross mass12,247 kilograms (27,000 lb)
Engine details
Powered by2 AJ10-138
Maximum thrust8,000 lbf (36 kN) each[1]
Specific impulse311 seconds (3.05 km/s)
Burn time440 seconds
PropellantAerozine 50 / N2O4

Transtage, given the United States Air Force designation SSB-10A, was an American upper stage used on Titan III rockets, developed by Martin Marietta and Aerojet.

History

Artist's conception of a Titan III Transtage burn

Transtage was developed in anticipation of a requirement to launch military payloads to geostationary orbit; a contract for development of the stage was issued on 20 August 1962.[2] Transtage used a pressure-fed two-chamber configuration, using Aerozine 50 fuel and nitrogen tetroxide as oxidizer; the thrust chambers were gimbaled for steering and each produced 8,000 lbf (36 kN) of thrust.[3] The design specification required up to three restarts during the first six hours of a mission.[4]

Forty-seven Titan III launches are known to have used Transtage upper stages;[5] of those, three are known to have suffered launch failures.[6] The first launch, boosted by a Titan IIIA, occurred on 1 September 1964;[7] the Transtage failed to pressurize, resulting in premature engine cutoff, and a failure to reach orbit.[6] The second launch, on 10 December, was successful, and all ensuing launches used the Titan IIIC launch vehicle. The last launch of a Transtage was on 4 September 1989, boosted by a Titan 34D rocket.[6]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Wade, Mark. "AJ10-138". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved 2019-07-24.
  2. ^ Foradori, Giacomoello and Pascolini 2017, pp.56-57
  3. ^ "Titan Transtage". 2016-12-28. Archived from the original on 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  4. ^ Hunley 2007, p. 168.
  5. ^ "Transtage". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  6. ^ a b c Heyman 2003
  7. ^ "Transtage 1, 2, 5". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2024-04-26.

Bibliography

  • Foradori, Paolo; Giampiero Giacomello; Alessandro Pascolini (2017). Arms Control and Disarmament: 50 Years of Experience in Nuclear Education. London: Palgrage Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-62258-3.
  • Heyman, Jos (17 March 2003). "Martin Marietta SSB-10 Transtage". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missilesm Appendix 3: Space Vehicles. Designation-Systems. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
  • Hunley, J.D. (2007). The Development of Propulsion Technology for U.S. Space-Launch Vehicles, 1926-1991. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-588-2.
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