Jump to content

Chloroflexus aggregans: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Vanderwaalforces moved page Chloroflexus aggregans (Bacteria) to Chloroflexus aggregans (bacteria) without leaving a redirect: Remove unnecessary parentheses/disambiguator
+ taxonbar from=Q17155851
Line 31: Line 31:


== Metabolism ==
== Metabolism ==
''Chloroflexus aggregans'' have an extremely versatile [[Mixotroph|mixotrophic]] [[metabolism]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Kawai |first=S. |last2=Martinez |first2=J. N. |last3=Lichtenberg |first3=M. |last4=Trampe |first4=E. |last5=Kühl |first5=M. |last6=Tank |first6=M. |last7=Haruta |first7=S. |last8=Nishihara |first8=A. |last9=Hanada |first9=S. |last10=Thiel |first10=V. |date=2021 |title=In-Situ Metatranscriptomic Analyses Reveal the Metabolic Flexibility of the Thermophilic Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacterium Chloroflexus aggregans in a Hot Spring Cyanobacteria-Dominated Microbial Mat |journal=Microorganisms |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=652 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms9030652}}</ref> This is an advantage for their environment, since the [[Microbial mat|microbial mats]] they inhabit have constantly fluctuating conditions that follow a general daily cycle.<ref name=":4" /> During the daytime, when light is abundant, it is their main energy source and ''C. aggregans'' exhibit [[Photoautotrophism|photoautotrophy]], photomixotrophy, and [[Photoheterotroph|photoheterotrophy]].<ref name=":4" /> They perform [[photosynthesis]] through the use of their [[Chlorosome|chlorosomes,]] which are large pigment-containing complexes that can harvest light.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pšenčík |first=J. |last2=Arellano |first2=J. B. |last3=Collins |last4=Laurinmäki |first4=P. |last5=Torkkeli |first5=M. |last6=Löflund |first6=B. |last7=Serimaa |first7=R. E. |last8=Blankenship |first8=R. E. |last9=Tuma |first9=R. |last10=Butcher |first10=S. J. |date=2013 |title=Structural and Functional Roles of Carotenoids in Chlorosomes |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=195 |issue=8 |pages=1727–1734 |doi=10.1128/jb.02052-12}}</ref> During the afternoon, when there is less light and lower [[oxygen]] concentrations in the microbial mats, the bacteria switch to [[Chemotroph#Chemoheterotroph|chemoheterophy]] and use oxygen as their final [[electron acceptor]] (O<sub>2</sub> respiration).<ref name=":4" /> At night, when light is not available and the microbial mats are [[anaerobic]], the bacteria continue to exhibit a chemoheterotrophic metabolism, but it is instead based on [[fermentation]].<ref name=":4" /> Finally to complete their daily metabolic cycle, ''C. aggregans'' vertically migrate to the surface of their microbial mats, which are microaerobic, in the early morning.<ref name=":4" /> Here, they switch to chemoautotrophy based on O<sub>2</sub> respiration.<ref name=":4" /> When exhibiting [[Heterotroph|heterotrophy]], ''C. aggregans'' can utilize a diverse range of organic substrates as their [[carbon]] source, but grow optimally when either [[yeast extract]] or [[Casamino acid|Casamino Acids]] are used.<ref name=":1" />
''Chloroflexus aggregans'' have an extremely versatile [[mixotroph]]ic [[metabolism]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Kawai |first=S. |last2=Martinez |first2=J. N. |last3=Lichtenberg |first3=M. |last4=Trampe |first4=E. |last5=Kühl |first5=M. |last6=Tank |first6=M. |last7=Haruta |first7=S. |last8=Nishihara |first8=A. |last9=Hanada |first9=S. |last10=Thiel |first10=V. |date=2021 |title=In-Situ Metatranscriptomic Analyses Reveal the Metabolic Flexibility of the Thermophilic Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacterium Chloroflexus aggregans in a Hot Spring Cyanobacteria-Dominated Microbial Mat |journal=Microorganisms |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=652 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms9030652}}</ref> This is an advantage for their environment, since the [[microbial mat]]s they inhabit have constantly fluctuating conditions that follow a general daily cycle.<ref name=":4" /> During the daytime, when light is abundant, it is their main energy source and ''C. aggregans'' exhibit [[Photoautotrophism|photoautotrophy]], photomixotrophy, and [[photoheterotroph]]y.<ref name=":4" /> They perform [[photosynthesis]] through the use of their [[chlorosome]]s, which are large pigment-containing complexes that can harvest light.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pšenčík |first=J. |last2=Arellano |first2=J. B. |last3=Collins |last4=Laurinmäki |first4=P. |last5=Torkkeli |first5=M. |last6=Löflund |first6=B. |last7=Serimaa |first7=R. E. |last8=Blankenship |first8=R. E. |last9=Tuma |first9=R. |last10=Butcher |first10=S. J. |date=2013 |title=Structural and Functional Roles of Carotenoids in Chlorosomes |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=195 |issue=8 |pages=1727–1734 |doi=10.1128/jb.02052-12}}</ref> During the afternoon, when there is less light and lower [[oxygen]] concentrations in the microbial mats, the bacteria switch to [[Chemotroph#Chemoheterotroph|chemoheterophy]] and use oxygen as their final [[electron acceptor]] (O<sub>2</sub> respiration).<ref name=":4" /> At night, when light is not available and the microbial mats are [[anaerobic]], the bacteria continue to exhibit a chemoheterotrophic metabolism, but it is instead based on [[fermentation]].<ref name=":4" /> Finally to complete their daily metabolic cycle, ''C. aggregans'' vertically migrate to the surface of their microbial mats, which are microaerobic, in the early morning.<ref name=":4" /> Here, they switch to chemoautotrophy based on O<sub>2</sub> respiration.<ref name=":4" /> When exhibiting [[heterotroph]]y, ''C. aggregans'' can utilize a diverse range of organic substrates as their [[carbon]] source, but grow optimally when either [[yeast extract]] or [[Casamino acid|Casamino Acids]] are used.<ref name=":1" />


== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
Currently, ''C. aggregans'' are known to reside in microbial mats in [[Fresh water|freshwater]] hot springs, living closely associated with other microorganisms in multilayered sheets.<ref name=":4" /> Specifically, they have been discovered and sampled from these hot springs in [[Japan|Japan.]]<ref name=":4" /> They coexist with [[Filamentation|filamentous]], [[Unicellular organism|unicellular]] [[cyanobacteria]] in these mats.<ref name=":4" /> When exhibiting a heterotrophic metabolism, ''C. aggregans'' rely on organic substrates excreted from these cyanobacterial neighbors to obtain carbon for [[biosynthesis]].<ref name=":0" /> To occupy these hot springs, ''C. aggregans'' are [[Thermophile|thermophiles]] and isolated cultures have been shown to exhibit optimal growth between 50-60℃.<ref name=":0" /> They are filamentous, meaning the cells grow into long rods that only divide terminally, forming unbranched, [[Multicellular organism|multicellular]] filaments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madigan |first=M. T. |title=Brock Biology Of Microorganisms |last2=Bender |first2=K. S. |last3=Buckley |first3=D. H. |last4=Sattley |first4=W. M. |last5=Stahl |first5=D. A. |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2021 |edition=16th |pages=44}}</ref> Uniquely, these long filaments of ''C. aggregans'' then associate into dense, mat-like aggregates, setting the bacteria apart from other species of ''Chloroflexus.''<ref name=":0" />
Currently, ''C. aggregans'' are known to reside in microbial mats in [[Fresh water|freshwater]] hot springs, living closely associated with other microorganisms in multilayered sheets.<ref name=":4" /> Specifically, they have been discovered and sampled from these hot springs in [[Japan]].<ref name=":4" /> They coexist with [[Filamentation|filamentous]], [[Unicellular organism|unicellular]] [[cyanobacteria]] in these mats.<ref name=":4" /> When exhibiting a heterotrophic metabolism, ''C. aggregans'' rely on organic substrates excreted from these cyanobacterial neighbors to obtain carbon for [[biosynthesis]].<ref name=":0" /> To occupy these hot springs, ''C. aggregans'' are [[thermophile]]s and isolated cultures have been shown to exhibit optimal growth between 50-60℃.<ref name=":0" /> They are filamentous, meaning the cells grow into long rods that only divide terminally, forming unbranched, [[Multicellular organism|multicellular]] filaments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madigan |first=M. T. |title=Brock Biology Of Microorganisms |last2=Bender |first2=K. S. |last3=Buckley |first3=D. H. |last4=Sattley |first4=W. M. |last5=Stahl |first5=D. A. |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2021 |edition=16th |pages=44}}</ref> Uniquely, these long filaments of ''C. aggregans'' then associate into dense, mat-like aggregates, setting the bacteria apart from other species of ''Chloroflexus.''<ref name=":0" />


== The Evolution of Photosynthesis ==
== The Evolution of Photosynthesis ==
16S rRNA data has shown that bacterial species within the ''Chloroflexus'' genus are among the earliest bacteria that were able to perform photosynthesis.<ref name=":5" /> However, much still remains unknown about ''Chloroflexus aggregans'' and its complete genome has yet to be fully [[DNA sequencing|sequenced]].<ref name=":5" /> Thus, continued study of this organism could be important to help elucidate the origins of photosynthesis in bacteria.<ref name=":5" /> In addition, studying the broader [[Evolution|evolutionary]] relationships of ''C. aggregans'' to other groups of early photosynthetic bacteria could help scientists build a [[phylogenetic tree]] of these related [[Phylum|phyla]], deducing their evolutionary order.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Radhey |last2=Mukhtar |first2=Tariq |last3=Singh |first3=Bhag |date=2002 |title=Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes (Heliobacterium chlorum, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, cyanobacteria, Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria): implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis |journal=Molecular Microbiology |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=893–906 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01417.x |via=}}</ref> For instance, a study comparing the [[Gene signature|signature]] sequences in highly conserved [[Protein|proteins]] of photosynthetic bacteria found that organisms in the genus ''Chloroflexus'' evolved before cyanobacteria.<ref name=":2" /> Resolving these phylogenies could further help scientists understand how photosynthesis developed.<ref name=":2" /> Today, this process sustains almost all life on [[Earth]] by providing oxygen to the [[atmosphere]] and [[energy]] for organisms in higher [[Trophic level|trophic levels]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Dunning |first=Hayley |date=2016 |title=Photosynthesis more ancient than thought, and most living things could do it |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/171358/photosynthesis-more-ancient-than-thought-most/#:~:text=Photosynthesis%20sustains%20life%20on%20Earth,around%202.4%20billion%20years%20ago |work=Imperial News}}</ref> Therefore, it is highly valuable to study how this process first arose.<ref name=":3" />
16S rRNA data has shown that bacterial species within the ''Chloroflexus'' genus are among the earliest bacteria that were able to perform photosynthesis.<ref name=":5" /> However, much still remains unknown about ''Chloroflexus aggregans'' and its complete genome has yet to be fully [[DNA sequencing|sequenced]].<ref name=":5" /> Thus, continued study of this organism could be important to help elucidate the origins of photosynthesis in bacteria.<ref name=":5" /> In addition, studying the broader [[evolution]]ary relationships of ''C. aggregans'' to other groups of early photosynthetic bacteria could help scientists build a [[phylogenetic tree]] of these related [[Phylum|phyla]], deducing their evolutionary order.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Radhey |last2=Mukhtar |first2=Tariq |last3=Singh |first3=Bhag |date=2002 |title=Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes (Heliobacterium chlorum, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, cyanobacteria, Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria): implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis |journal=Molecular Microbiology |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=893–906 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01417.x |via=}}</ref> For instance, a study comparing the [[Gene signature|signature]] sequences in highly conserved [[protein]]s of photosynthetic bacteria found that organisms in the genus ''Chloroflexus'' evolved before cyanobacteria.<ref name=":2" /> Resolving these phylogenies could further help scientists understand how photosynthesis developed.<ref name=":2" /> Today, this process sustains almost all life on [[Earth]] by providing oxygen to the [[atmosphere]] and [[energy]] for organisms in higher [[trophic level]]s.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Dunning |first=Hayley |date=2016 |title=Photosynthesis more ancient than thought, and most living things could do it |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/171358/photosynthesis-more-ancient-than-thought-most/#:~:text=Photosynthesis%20sustains%20life%20on%20Earth,around%202.4%20billion%20years%20ago |work=Imperial News}}</ref> Therefore, it is highly valuable to study how this process first arose.<ref name=":3" />


== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />
{{uncategorised|date=May 2024}}
{{uncategorised|date=May 2024}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q17155851}}

Revision as of 08:05, 2 May 2024

Chloroflexus aggregans
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Chloroflexota
Class:
Chloroflexia
Order:
Chloroflexales
Family:
Chloroflexacae
Genus:
Chloroflexus
Species:
C. aggregans
Binomial name
Chloroflexus aggregans
(Hanada et al. 1995)

Chloroflexus aggregans is a bacterium from the genus Chloroflexus which has been isolated from hot springs in Japan.[1]

Etymology

The Chloroflexus aggregans name origins from aggregate forming strains indicative of a new species from the Chloroflexus genus.[2] The naming of the C. aggregans comes from the visible aggregates formed by the species.[2]

Discovery and Isolation

In 1995, Satoshi Hanadai, Akira Hiraishi, Keizo Shimada, and Katsumi Matsuura discovered a new strain of the Chloroflexus genus, named as the Chloroflexus aggregans.[1] The researchers discovered two strains of this bacterial species: MD-66T and YI-9.[2] The "T" in MD-66T represents the type strain.[2] The former, MD-66T strain, was discovered from the Meotobuchi hot spring while the YI-9 strain was from the Yufuin hot spring.[2]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetically, Chloroflexus bacteria are very distinct from green sulfur bacteria but are still taxonomic relatives.[1] Thus, there is some overlap between these groups.[1] For instance, the light harvesting systems responsible for photosynthesis in both groups rely on bacteriochlorophyll pigments.[3] Currently, the molecular phylogenetic data remains unknown for most Chloroflexus strains.[2] Moreover, Chloroflexus strains have not yet been isolated in axenic cultures—meaning, strains that are able to be grown in the absence of other types of species.[1] Currently, the closest known relative to C. aggregans is C. aurantiacus.[2]

Morphology

The naming of the C. aggregans comes from the visible aggregates formed by the species.[2] At first, the researchers classified these microbes as the C. aurantiacus species because they had a similar morphological appearance.[2] In addition, they had a high degree of genetic similarity.[2] However, C. aggregans' production of mat-like aggregates when cultured in the researchers' lab suggested that it was a different species than C. aurantiacus, resulting in the discovery of a new species.[2]

Genomics

Phenotypically, the species resembles the Chloroflexus aurantiacus bacteria.[1] Genotypically, the species' 16S rRNA sequences are 92.8% similar to C. aurantiacus.[1] Its genome is 4.7 Megabases (Mb).[4]

Metabolism

Chloroflexus aggregans have an extremely versatile mixotrophic metabolism.[5] This is an advantage for their environment, since the microbial mats they inhabit have constantly fluctuating conditions that follow a general daily cycle.[5] During the daytime, when light is abundant, it is their main energy source and C. aggregans exhibit photoautotrophy, photomixotrophy, and photoheterotrophy.[5] They perform photosynthesis through the use of their chlorosomes, which are large pigment-containing complexes that can harvest light.[6] During the afternoon, when there is less light and lower oxygen concentrations in the microbial mats, the bacteria switch to chemoheterophy and use oxygen as their final electron acceptor (O2 respiration).[5] At night, when light is not available and the microbial mats are anaerobic, the bacteria continue to exhibit a chemoheterotrophic metabolism, but it is instead based on fermentation.[5] Finally to complete their daily metabolic cycle, C. aggregans vertically migrate to the surface of their microbial mats, which are microaerobic, in the early morning.[5] Here, they switch to chemoautotrophy based on O2 respiration.[5] When exhibiting heterotrophy, C. aggregans can utilize a diverse range of organic substrates as their carbon source, but grow optimally when either yeast extract or Casamino Acids are used.[1]

Ecology

Currently, C. aggregans are known to reside in microbial mats in freshwater hot springs, living closely associated with other microorganisms in multilayered sheets.[5] Specifically, they have been discovered and sampled from these hot springs in Japan.[5] They coexist with filamentous, unicellular cyanobacteria in these mats.[5] When exhibiting a heterotrophic metabolism, C. aggregans rely on organic substrates excreted from these cyanobacterial neighbors to obtain carbon for biosynthesis.[2] To occupy these hot springs, C. aggregans are thermophiles and isolated cultures have been shown to exhibit optimal growth between 50-60℃.[2] They are filamentous, meaning the cells grow into long rods that only divide terminally, forming unbranched, multicellular filaments.[7] Uniquely, these long filaments of C. aggregans then associate into dense, mat-like aggregates, setting the bacteria apart from other species of Chloroflexus.[2]

The Evolution of Photosynthesis

16S rRNA data has shown that bacterial species within the Chloroflexus genus are among the earliest bacteria that were able to perform photosynthesis.[4] However, much still remains unknown about Chloroflexus aggregans and its complete genome has yet to be fully sequenced.[4] Thus, continued study of this organism could be important to help elucidate the origins of photosynthesis in bacteria.[4] In addition, studying the broader evolutionary relationships of C. aggregans to other groups of early photosynthetic bacteria could help scientists build a phylogenetic tree of these related phyla, deducing their evolutionary order.[8] For instance, a study comparing the signature sequences in highly conserved proteins of photosynthetic bacteria found that organisms in the genus Chloroflexus evolved before cyanobacteria.[8] Resolving these phylogenies could further help scientists understand how photosynthesis developed.[8] Today, this process sustains almost all life on Earth by providing oxygen to the atmosphere and energy for organisms in higher trophic levels.[9] Therefore, it is highly valuable to study how this process first arose.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Hanadai, Satoshi; Hiraishi, Akira; Shimada, Keizo; Matsuura, Katsumi (1995). "Chloroflexus aggregans sp. nov., a Filamentous Phototrophic Bacterium Which Forms Dense Cell Aggregates by Active Gliding Movement". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 45 (4): 676–681. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-4-676.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hanada, Satoshi; Shimada, Keizo; Matsuura, Katsumi (2002). "Active and energy-dependent rapid formation of cell aggregates in the thermophilic photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aggregans". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 208 (2): 275–279. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11094.x.
  3. ^ Izaki, Kazaha; Haruta, Shin (2020). "bic Production of Bacteriochlorophylls in the Filamentous Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacterium, Chloroflexus aurantiacus in the Light". Microbes and Environments. 35 (2). doi:10.1264/jsme2.me20015.
  4. ^ a b c d Tang, K. H.; Barry, K.; Chertkov, O.; Dalin, E.; Han, C. S.; Hauser, L. J.; Honchak, B. M.; Karbach, L. E.; Land, M. L.; Lapidus, A.; Larimer, F. W.; Mikhailova, N.; Pitluck, S.; Pierson, B. K.; Blankenship, R. E. (2011). "Complete genome sequence of the filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus". BMC Genomics. 12 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-334.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kawai, S.; Martinez, J. N.; Lichtenberg, M.; Trampe, E.; Kühl, M.; Tank, M.; Haruta, S.; Nishihara, A.; Hanada, S.; Thiel, V. (2021). "In-Situ Metatranscriptomic Analyses Reveal the Metabolic Flexibility of the Thermophilic Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacterium Chloroflexus aggregans in a Hot Spring Cyanobacteria-Dominated Microbial Mat". Microorganisms. 9 (3): 652. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030652.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Pšenčík, J.; Arellano, J. B.; Collins; Laurinmäki, P.; Torkkeli, M.; Löflund, B.; Serimaa, R. E.; Blankenship, R. E.; Tuma, R.; Butcher, S. J. (2013). "Structural and Functional Roles of Carotenoids in Chlorosomes". Journal of Bacteriology. 195 (8): 1727–1734. doi:10.1128/jb.02052-12.
  7. ^ Madigan, M. T.; Bender, K. S.; Buckley, D. H.; Sattley, W. M.; Stahl, D. A. (2021). Brock Biology Of Microorganisms (16th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 44.
  8. ^ a b c Gupta, Radhey; Mukhtar, Tariq; Singh, Bhag (2002). "Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes (Heliobacterium chlorum, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, cyanobacteria, Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria): implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis". Molecular Microbiology. 32 (5): 893–906. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01417.x.
  9. ^ a b Dunning, Hayley (2016). "Photosynthesis more ancient than thought, and most living things could do it". Imperial News.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chloroflexus_aggregans&oldid=1221837309"