Aethra (mother of Theseus): Difference between revisions

Aethra
Aethra
Princess of Troezen
Member of the Troezenian Royal Family
	Theseus and Aethra; by Laurent de La Hire (1606-1656)
Other names	Pittheis
Abode	Troezen, then Athens, Sparta and Troy
Genealogy
Parents	Pittheus
Siblings	Henioche
Consort	(i) Poseidon; (ii) Aegeus; (iii) Hippalces
Children	(i) & (ii) Theseus; (iii) Clymene

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In Greek mythology, Aethra or Aithra (English: /ˈiːθrə/;^[1] Template:Lang-grc, pronounced [ǎi̯tʰra], the "bright sky")^[2] was a Troezenian princess and the daughter of King Pittheus.

Family

Aithra was the mother of Theseus (his father was King Aegeus of Athens, or in some versions, Poseidon) and of Clymene (by Hippalces).^[3]^[4] Aethra was also called Pittheis after her father Pittheus.^[5]

Mythology

Early life

Bellerophon came to Troezen to ask Aethra's father, Pittheus, for the maiden's hand in marriage, but the hero was banished from Corinth before the nuptials took place.^[6]

King Aegeus who was childless with his previous marriages went to Troezen, a city southwest of Athens that had as its patrons Athena and Poseidon. Here Pittheus got Aegeus drunk on unmixed wine and put him to bed with his daughter. Following the instructions of Athena in a dream, she left the sleeping Aegeus and waded across to the island of Sphairia that lay close to Troezen's shore. There she poured a libation to Sphairos, Pelops' charioteer, and laid with Poseidon in the night. Aethra was therefore impregnated by both Aegeus^[7] and Poseidon^[8] in the process. According to Plutarch, her father spread this report merely that Theseus might be regarded as the son of Poseidon, who was much revered at Troezen.^[9]

Aethra, later on dedicated in the island of Sphairia a temple to Athena Apaturia (the Deceitful), and called the island Hiera instead of Sphaeria, and also introduced among the maidens of Troezen the custom of dedicating their girdles to Athena Apaturia on the day of their marriage.^[10] At a later time, when Aethra was thus doubly pregnant, Aegeus decided to go back to Athens. Before leaving, he covered his sandals, shield and sword under a huge rock, that served as a primitive altar to Strong Zeus, and told her that when their son would grow up, he should move the rock and bring his weapons back. Aethra did as she was told, and Theseus, recovering the weapons that were his birthright, grew to be a great hero, killing the Minotaur, among other adventures.

Later adventures

Later, when Theseus kidnapped Helen, he gave her to Aethra for safekeeping. Helen's brothers, the Dioscuri, took Helen back and kidnapped Aethra to Lacedaemon in revenge. There she became a slave of Helen with whom she went to Troy and remained there until found by her grandson, Acamas.^[11] At the taking of Troy she came to the camp of the Greeks, where she was recognised by her grandsons, and Demophon, one of them, asked Agamemnon to procure her liberation. Agamemnon accordingly sent a messenger to Helen to request her to give up Aethra. This was granted, and Aethra became free again.^[12] According to Hyginus, she afterwards put an end to her own life from grief at the death of her sons.^[13] The history of her bondage to Helen was represented on the celebrated chest of Cypselus,^[14] and in a painting by Polygnotus in the Lesche of Delphi.^[15]

Gallery

Aethra Showing her Son Theseus the Place Where his Father had Hidden his Arms by Nicolas-Guy Brenet (1768)
Thésée retrouve l'épée de son père by Nicolas Poussin & Jean Lemaire (circa 1638)
Theseus Discovering his Father's Sword by Antonio Balestra (1st half of 18th century)

In popular culture

With significant alterations to the character, a version of this Aethra appears (as "Aithra"), a sorceress and concubine of Poseidon, in Richard Strauss's famous opera Die ägyptische Helena (The Egyptian Helen).

Notes

^ Zimmerman, J. E. (1964). Dictionary of Classical Mythology. New York: Harper & Row. p. 10.
^ Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, (1955; 1960) index, s.v. "Aethra".
^ Scholia on Homer, Iliad 3.144; Dictys Cretensis, 6.2
^ Bell, Robert E. (1991). Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary. ABC-CLIO. pp. 10–13. ISBN 9780874365818.
^ Ovid, Heroides 10.31
^ Pausanias, 2.31.12
^ Plutarch, Theseus 3; Hyginus, Fabulae 14
^ Apollodorus, 3.15.7; Hyginus, Fabulae 37; Bacchylides, Dithyrambs 3.34
^ Plutarch, Theseus 6
^ Pausanias, 2.33.11
^ Plutarch, Theseus 34; Homer, Iliad 3.144; Dio Chrysostom, Speeches 11.59^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Pausanias, 10.25.3; Dictys Cretensis, 5.13
^ Hyginus, Fabulae 243
^ Pausanias, 4.19.1; Dion Chrysostom, Orations 11
^ Pausanias, 10.25.2

References

Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Bacchylides, Odes translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1991. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Bacchylides, The Poems and Fragments. Cambridge University Press. 1905. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Bell, Robert E., Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary. ABC-Clio. 1991. ISBN 9780874365818, 0874365813.
Dictys Cretensis, from The Trojan War. The Chronicles of Dictys of Crete and Dares the Phrygian translated by Richard McIlwaine Frazer, Jr. (1931-). Indiana University Press. 1966. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths, Harmondsworth, London, England, Penguin Books, 1960. ISBN 978-0143106715
Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus, Lives with an English Translation by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. 1. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Ovidius Naso, The Epistles of Ovid. London. J. Nunn, Great-Queen-Street; R. Priestly, 143, High-Holborn; R. Lea, Greek-Street, Soho; and J. Rodwell, New-Bond-Street. 1813. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. s.v. Aethra. London (1848). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[1] Zimmerman, J. E. (1964). Dictionary of Classical Mythology. New York: Harper & Row. p. 10.

[2] Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, (1955; 1960) index, s.v. "Aethra".

[3] Scholia on Homer, Iliad 3.144; Dictys Cretensis, 6.2

[4] Bell, Robert E. (1991). Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary. ABC-CLIO. pp. 10–13. ISBN 9780874365818.

[5] Ovid, Heroides 10.31

[6] Pausanias, 2.31.12

[7] Plutarch, Theseus 3; Hyginus, Fabulae 14

[8] Apollodorus, 3.15.7; Hyginus, Fabulae 37; Bacchylides, Dithyrambs 3.34

[9] Plutarch, Theseus 6

[10] Pausanias, 2.33.11

[11] Plutarch, Theseus 34; Homer, Iliad 3.144; Dio Chrysostom, Speeches 11.59^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[12] Pausanias, 10.25.3; Dictys Cretensis, 5.13

[13] Hyginus, Fabulae 243

[14] Pausanias, 4.19.1; Dion Chrysostom, Orations 11

[15] Pausanias, 10.25.2

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@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 [[File:Demophon_Aithra_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2687.jpg|right|thumb|[[Demophon (King of Athens)|Demophon]] (?) freeing Aethra, [[Attica|Attic]] white-ground [[Kylix (drinking cup)|kylix]], 470–460 BC, [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen]].]]
-King Aegeus who was childless with his previous marriages went to Troezen, a city southwest of Athens that had as its patrons [[Athena]] and Poseidon. Here Pittheus got Aegeus drunk on unmixed wine and put him to bed with his daughter. Following the instructions of Athena in a dream, she left the sleeping Aegeus and waded across to the island of [[Sphairia]] that lay close to Troezen's shore. There she poured a [[libation]] to Sphairos, [[Pelops]]' charioteer, and laid with Poseidon in the night. Aethra was therefore impregnated by both Aegeus<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Theseus'' 3; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' 14</ref> and Poseidon<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], 3.15.7; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#37 37]; [[Bacchylides]], ''Dithyrambs'' 3.34</ref> in the process.  According to [[Plutarch]], her father spread this report merely that Theseus might be regarded as the son of Poseidon, who was much revered at Troezen.<ref>Plutarch, ''Theseus'' 6</ref>
+King Aegeus who was childless with his previous marriages went to Troezen, a city southwest of Athens that had as its patrons [[Athena]] and Poseidon. Here Pittheus got Aegeus drunk on unmixed wine and put him to bed with his daughter. Following the instructions of Athena in a dream, she left the sleeping Aegeus and waded across to the island of [[Sphairia]] that lay close to Troezen's shore. There she poured a [[libation]] to Sphairos, [[Pelops]]' charioteer, and laid with Poseidon in the night. Aethra was therefore impregnated by both Aegeus<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Theseus'' 3; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#14.2 14]</ref> and Poseidon<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], 3.15.7; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#37 37]; [[Bacchylides]], ''Dithyrambs'' 3.34</ref> in the process.  According to [[Plutarch]], her father spread this report merely that Theseus might be regarded as the son of Poseidon, who was much revered at Troezen.<ref>Plutarch, ''Theseus'' 6</ref>
 Aethra, later on dedicated in the island of Sphairia a temple to Athena Apaturia (the Deceitful), and called the island Hiera instead of Sphaeria, and also introduced among the maidens of Troezen the custom of dedicating their girdles to Athena Apaturia on the day of their marriage.<ref>Pausanias, 2.33.11</ref> At a later time, when Aethra was thus doubly pregnant, Aegeus decided to go back to Athens. Before leaving, he covered his sandals, shield and sword under a huge rock, that served as a primitive altar to Strong [[Zeus]], and told her that when their son would grow up, he should move the rock and bring his weapons back. Aethra did as she was told, and Theseus, recovering the weapons that were his birthright, grew to be a great hero, killing the [[Minotaur]], among other adventures.
 === Later adventures ===
-Later, when Theseus kidnapped [[Helen of Troy|Helen]], he gave her to Aethra for safekeeping. Helen's brothers, the [[Dioscuri]], took Helen back and kidnapped Aethra to [[Sparta|Lacedaemon]] in revenge. There she became a slave of Helen with whom she went to [[Troy]] and remained there until found by her grandson, [[Acamas]].<ref>Plutarch, ''Theseus'' 34'';'' Homer, ''Iliad'' 3.144'';'' [[Dio Chrysostom]], ''Speeches'' [http://94.70.254.130:8080/topostextnew/work.php?work_id=197#11.59 11.59]''{{Dead link|date=June 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}''</ref> At the taking of [[Troy]] she came to the camp of the Greeks, where she was recognised by her grandsons, and [[Demophon of Athens|Demophon]], one of them, asked [[Agamemnon]] to procure her liberation. Agamemnon accordingly sent a messenger to Helen to request her to give up Aethra. This was granted, and Aethra became free again.<ref>Pausanias, 10.25.3; Dictys Cretensis, 5.13</ref> According to [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], she afterwards put an end to her own life from grief at the death of her sons.<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#243 243]</ref> The history of her bondage to Helen was represented on the celebrated chest of [[Cypselus]],<ref>Pausanias, 4.19.1'';'' Dion Chrysostom,'' Orations'' 11</ref> and in a painting by [[Polygnotus]] in the [[Lesche]] of [[Delphi]].<ref>Pausanias, 10.25.2</ref>
+Later, when Theseus kidnapped [[Helen of Troy|Helen]], he gave her to Aethra for safekeeping. Helen's brothers, the [[Dioscuri]], took Helen back and kidnapped Aethra to [[Sparta|Lacedaemon]] in revenge. There she became a slave of Helen with whom she went to [[Troy]] and remained there until found by her grandson, [[Acamas]].<ref>Plutarch, ''Theseus'' 34'';'' Homer, ''Iliad'' 3.144'';'' [[Dio Chrysostom]], ''Speeches'' [http://94.70.254.130:8080/topostextnew/work.php?work_id=197#11.59 11.59]''{{Dead link|date=June 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}''</ref> At the taking of [[Troy]] she came to the camp of the Greeks, where she was recognised by her grandsons, and [[Demophon of Athens|Demophon]], one of them, asked [[Agamemnon]] to procure her liberation. Agamemnon accordingly sent a messenger to Helen to request her to give up Aethra. This was granted, and Aethra became free again.<ref>Pausanias, 10.25.3; Dictys Cretensis, [https://topostext.org/work/152#5.13 5.13]</ref> According to [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], she afterwards put an end to her own life from grief at the death of her sons.<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#243 243]</ref> The history of her bondage to Helen was represented on the celebrated chest of [[Cypselus]],<ref>Pausanias, 4.19.1'';'' Dion Chrysostom,'' Orations'' 11</ref> and in a painting by [[Polygnotus]] in the [[Lesche]] of [[Delphi]].<ref>Pausanias, 10.25.2</ref>
 == Gallery ==