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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Short description|Species of gastropod}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| name = Red codling
| name = ''Maoricolpus roseus''
| image = Red codling - Pseudophycis bachus.jpg
| status =
| taxon = Pseudophycis bachus
| image = Maoricolpus roseus 02.jpg
| authority = ([[Johann Reinhold Forster|J. R. Forster]], 1801)
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| synonyms = *''Enchelyopus bachus'' <small>Forster, 1801</small>
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
⚫
*''Lotella bachus'' <small>(Forster, 1801)</small>
| classis = [[Gastropoda]]
*''Physiculus bachus'' <small>(Forster, 1801)</small>
| unranked_superfamilia = clade [[Caenogastropoda]]<br/>
clade [[Sorbeoconcha]]
| superfamilia = [[Cerithioidea]]
| familia = [[Turritellidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Turritellinae]]
| genus = ''[[Maoricolpus]]''
| species = '''''M. roseus'''''
| binomial = ''Maoricolpus roseus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Quoy]] and [[Gaimard]], 1834)
| synonyms =
* † ''Maoricolpus proroseus'' <small>Marwick, 1931</small>
* ''Maoricolpus roseus manukauensis'' <small>Powell, 1931</small>
* ''Maoricolpus roseus roseus'' <small>(Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)</small> (Alternate representation)
* ''Turritella (Haustator) rosea'' <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1834</small> (Alternate representation - Synonym)
* ''Turritella difficilis'' <small>[[Henry Suter|Suter]], 1908</small>
⚫
* ''Turritella lineolata'' <small>Kiener, 1843</small>
* ''Turritella rosea'' <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1834</small> (Original combination)
}}
}}


==Identification ==
The '''red codling''' or '''hoka'''<ref>Ed. Rainer Froese and Daniel Pauly. 2006</ref> (''Pseudophycis bachus'') is a [[morid cod]] of the genus ''[[Pseudophycis]]'', restricted to [[New Zealand]],{{efn|Although, at least according to the [[Tasmanian]] government department that regulates fishing, ''Pseudophycis bachus'' is found in Tasmanian waters (outside New Zealand), {{em|along with}} the "closely related" ''[[Pseudophycis barbata]]'' mentioned here.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment |first1=Government of Tasmania |title=Sea fishing and aquaculture: Bearded Rock Cod |url=https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/sea-fishing-aquaculture/community-resources/fish-facts/cod-bearded-rock |website=dpipwe.tas.gov.au |access-date=6 September 2021 |date=2015 |quote=''Pseudophycis barbata'': Often confused with another cod species found in Tasmania, the red cod, ''Pseudophycis bachus'', which has a black spot behind its gill covers.}}</ref> It states: {{bq|''Pseudophycis barbata'': Often confused with another cod species found in Tasmania, the red cod, ''Pseudophycis bachus'', which has a black spot behind its gill covers.}}}} from the surface to 700 m. A closely related species is found in Australia. Its length is up to 90&nbsp;cm. ''P. bachus'' is a food source for the diving yellow-eyed penguin, ''[[Megadyptes antipodes]]''.
''Maoricolpus rosues'' has a spiral cone shape shell that grows up to 87mm in length and 25mm in width.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |title=Impact of the introduced New Zealand screwshell Maoricolpus Roseus on soft-sediment assemblages in southeast Tasmania |url=https://figshare.utas.edu.au/articles/thesis/Impact_of_the_introduced_New_Zealand_screwshell_Maoricolpus_Roseus_on_soft-sediment_assemblages_in_southeast_Tasmania/23244791/1 |publisher=University of Tasmania |date=2010-01-01 |degree=thesis |first=A. P. |last=Reid}}</ref> ''Maoricolpus roseus'' is brownish/purple in colour with a tint of marble.<ref name=":0" /> The [[protoconch]] of the shell has three to four tiny round sections and does not have a visible nucleus.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Garrard |first=T. A. |date=1972-03-24 |title=A Revision of Australian Recent and Tertiary Turritellidae (Gastropoda: Mollusca) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00852988.1972.10673858 |journal=Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=267–338 |doi=10.1080/00852988.1972.10673858 |issn=0085-2988}}</ref> The [[Gastropod shell|teleoconch]] of the shell has about 18 whorls which forms a shape with two angles and a slightly indented middle.<ref name=":1" /> The texture of the shell involves three thick ridges with the middle appearing first followed by the lower one, then the upper.<ref name=":1" /> The shell is covered with very fine and coarse lines.<ref name=":1" /> The base of the shell is flat with many strong lines and growth marks.<ref name=":1" />
{{Expand section|date=June 2021}}


==Geographical Distribution and Habitat==
Red Cod is in the "Worst Choice (Don't eat)" section of the [[Forest & Bird]] Best Fish Guide.<ref name="fandb">{{cite web |last1=Forest and Bird |title=Best Fish Guide — Pocket Guide |url=https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/resources/best-fish-guide-pocket-guide |website=www.forestandbird.org.nz |access-date=6 September 2021 |language=en |date=30 Apr 2018}}</ref>


=== Natural Global Range ===
[[File:FMIB 45612 Physiculus bachus.jpeg|thumb|An illustration of a red cod.]]
''Maoricolpus roseus'' is native to New Zealand but inhabits large parts of Australian waters. It can be found off the coast of [[New South Wales]], the Eastern coast of [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], [[Tasmania]] and around [[New Zealand]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bax |first=Nicholas J |last2=Mcennulty |first2=Felicity R. |last3=Gowlett - Holmes |first3=Karen L. |date=March 2003 |title=Distribution and Biology of the Introduced Gastropod, Maoricolpus Roseus (Quoy And Gamard, 1834) (Caenogastropoda: Turritellidae) in Australia. |url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/maoricolpus-roseus.pdf}}</ref> It is tolerant in different temperatures and depths allowing the distribution to extend down the coast of [[Australia]].<ref name=":2" /> Many samples have been found at beaches in [[Australia]] such as [[Botany Bay]] in 1999 and in the [[D'Entrecasteaux Channel|D’Entrecasteuax Channel]] in 1935.<ref name=":2" />


=== New Zealand Range ===
==Notes==
''Maoricolpus roseus'' can be identified into two subspecies. The ''Maoricolpus roseus manukauensis'' '' ''subspecies is only found in parts of New Zealand such as Manukau, Raglan and Kawhia Harbours.<ref name=":2" /> These harbours are found to be more shallow therefore the depth that the ''M. roseus manukaunesis'' is found at does not go deeper than 20m.<ref name=":2" /> The ''Maoricolpus roseus roseus'' is set to be found around most of New Zealand coastlines.<ref name=":2" /> Some locations that ''M. roseus'' has been found in New Zealand is [[Otago Harbour]] and in [[Tauranga]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gunasekera |first=Rasanthi M. |last2=Patil |first2=Jawahar G. |last3=McEnnulty |first3=Felicity R. |last4=Bax |first4=Nicholas J. |date=2005 |title=Specific amplification of mt-COI gene of the invasive gastropod Maoricolpus roseus in planktonic samples reveals a free-living larval life-history stage |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf05045 |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=901 |doi=10.1071/mf05045 |issn=1323-1650}}</ref>
{{notelist}}


===References===
=== Habitat Preferences ===
''Maoricolpus roseus'' is often found at the benthos of the ocean. ''Maoricolpus roseus'' are found frequently in the crevices of rocks walls and sheltered pockets on more exposed reefs.<ref name=":2" /> ''Maoricolpus'' roseus can also be found on soft sediment such as silt and gravel.<ref name=":0" /> ''Maoricolpus roseus'' is able to tolerate at a range of temperatures. ''Maoricolpus roseus'' can tolerate minimum temperatures of 8.4&nbsp;°C and maximum of 20&nbsp;°C for adults.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Species |url=https://nimpis.marinepests.gov.au/species/species/33 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=nimpis.marinepests.gov.au}}</ref> They are able to survive depths up to 200m but also low [[intertidal zone]]s.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Maoricolpus roseus roseus.JPG|thumb|''Maoricolpus roseus'' found in Auckland, New Zealand ]]

== Life Cycle / Phenology ==
''Maoricolpus roseus'' can either have direct or indirect embryonic development. Direct embryonic development is where the veliger stage occurs within the egg capsule.<ref name=":2" /> Indirect embryonic development involves a veliger [[larva]]e spending a longer time in the water which is suggested by the multispiral protoconch.<ref name=":2" /> The egg capsule is held onto by the adults right before or just after the eggs hatch.<ref name=":2" /> A study done on ''M. rosues'' in Otago 1969, showed that each shell stored between 100-150 egg capsules, each containing 120 embryos. However only 7-8 embryos per capsule developed into veligers and the rest were abortive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pilkington |first=Margaret C. |date=December 1974 |title=The eggs and hatching stages of some New Zealand prosobranch molluscs |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03036758.1974.10419385 |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=411–431 |doi=10.1080/03036758.1974.10419385 |issn=0303-6758}}</ref> It takes over a year for ''M. roseus'' to mature with the fastest growth occurring in the first two years.<ref name=":3" />  Some planktonic veligers of ''M. roseus'' can began shell coiling and doubling in size after two weeks.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Probst |first=T. A. |last2=Crawford |first2=C. M. |date=2008-02-27 |title=Population characteristics and planktonic larval stage of the New Zealand screwshell Maoricolpus roseus |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyn006 |journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=191–197 |doi=10.1093/mollus/eyn006 |issn=0260-1230}}</ref> Growth rates are positively related to the levels of planktonic microalgae.<ref name=":4" />  The average life span occurs around the 2-3 year mark with some isotope analysts suggest the max ages of 6–7 years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=RJ |title=Aspects of the biology of the introduced gastropod Maoricolpus roseus |date=1997}}</ref> Male ''M. roseus'' gonads contain active sperm from December to March, while female gonads are enlarged from November to January.<ref name=":2" /> In New Zealand, egg capsules have been found absent in March meaning that larvae hatch around the late summer to autumn period.

== Diet ==
''Maoricolpus roseus'' are suspension feeders that forage for food by filtering small particles from the water column.<ref name=":3" /> It is common that for other [[Turritellidae]], when [[phytoplankton]] abundance levels are low, they are able to switch to a ‘deposit feeding’ system; however, it is unknown whether ''M. roseus'' can switch modes.<ref name=":2" /> Analysis from isotopes done off species off the coast off southeast Australia, compared with organic matter and sediment reveals that the food source for ''M. roseus'' originates from lower trophic levels.<ref name=":2" />

== Predators ==
''Maoricolpus roseus'' does not have many known predators;<ref name=":0" /> however, a study done between 1993 – 1996, sampled 5684 specimens of 100 different species of fish guts for analysis. From the 100 species, 17 species recorded remains of ''M. roseus'' with 6 species having frequencies of 20%. Many of the species that had recorded remains of ''M. roseus'' all had mouthparts that were strong enough to crush their prey.<ref name=":2" /> Most predation is found to be done on juveniles.<ref name=":3" />

== Other Information ==
''Maoricolpus roseus'' is believed to have dispersed from New Zealand to Tasmania and other parts of Australia in the 1920s via oyster shipments and [[Ship ballast|water ballast]] from vessels from New Zealand.<ref name=":4" /> ''Tiostrea chilensis'' and/or ''Crassostrea glomerata'' were shipped and imported to Tasmania to improve the local oyster industry. During the 1920s till 1930, they were held alive in crates in water to be sold at the [[Hobart]] fish market.<ref name=":2" /> Water currents that carried planktonic larvae in the Tasman Sea travelling from west to east also is an explanation for the rapid spread of ''M. roseus'' in Australian waters.<ref name=":2" />

In a 2008 study conducted at the [[D'Entrecasteaux Channel|D’Entrecasteux Channel]] in Tasmania, researchers investigated larvae and sex ratios of ''M. roseus'' <ref name=":4" />''.'' Their findings revealed that at the location, the sex ratio of 1:1 remained relatively stable.<ref name=":4" /> Moreover, the male and female [[gonad]]s were both distinctive in color and morphology indicating that ''M. roseus'' has two sexes.<ref name=":4" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* Marwick, J. (1931). The Tertiary Mollusca of the Gisborne District. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 13:1-177. 18: pls.
* Probst, T. A. & Crawford, C. M. (2008) Population characteristics and planktonic larval stage of the New Zealand screwshell Maoricolpus roseus. Journal of Molluscan Studies 74(2):191-197
* Maxwell, P.A. (2009). Cenozoic Mollusca. pp 232–254 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
* Grove, S. 2011. The Seashells of Tasmania: A Comprehensive Guide. Taroona, Australia: Taroona Publications. [vi], 81


===Sources===
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{FishBase | genus = Pseudophycis | species = bachus | month = March | year = 2006}}
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/2132 Quoy J.R.C. & Gaimard J.P. (1832-1835). Voyage de découvertes de l'"Astrolabe" exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826-1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Zoologie.]
* Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox (1982). ''Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand''. Auckland, New Zealand: William Collins Publishers. {{ISBN|0-00-216987-8}}.
* [[Arthur William Baden Powell|Powell A. W. B.]], ''New Zealand Mollusca'', [[HarperCollins|William Collins Publishers Ltd]], Auckland, New Zealand 1979 {{ISBN|0-00-216906-1}}
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32058169 Suter H. (1908). Additions to the marine molluscan fauna of New Zealand, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London. 8: 22-42, pls 2-3]
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19879 Kiener, L.C. (1838). Spécies général et iconographie des coquilles vivantes. Vol. 10. Famille des Turbinacées. Genre Turritelle (Turritella, Lam.), pp. 1-46, pl. 1-14 &#91;pp. 1-46 (1844), pl. 1-3, 5, 7-14 (1843), 4, 6 (1844)&#93;; Scalaire (Scalaria, Lam.), pp.&nbsp;1–22, pl. 1-7 &#91;all (1838)&#93;; Cadran (Solarium,Lam.), pp.&nbsp;1–12, pl. 1-4 &#91;all (1838)&#93;; Roulette (Rotella, Lam.), pp.&nbsp;1–10, pl. 1-3 &#91;all (1838)&#93;; Dauphinule (Dephinula, Lam.), pp.&nbsp;1–12, pl. 1-4 &#91;pp.&nbsp;1–10 (1838), 11-12 (1842); pl. 1 (1837), 2-4 (1838&#93;; Phasianelle (Phasianella, Lam.), pp.&nbsp;1–11, pl. 1-5 &#91;pp.&nbsp;1–11 (1850); pl. 1-3, 5 (1847), 4 (1848)&#93;; Famille des Plicacées de Lamarck, et des Trochoides de Cuvier. Genre Tornatelle (Tornatella, Lamarck), pp.&nbsp;3–6, pl. 1 &#91;all (1834)&#93;; Genre Pyramidelle (Pyramidella), Lamarck, pp.&nbsp;1–8, pl. 1-2 &#91;all (1835)&#93;; &#91;Famille des Myacées.&#93; Genre Thracie (Thracia, Leach), pp.&nbsp;1–7, pl. 1-2 ]
* [https://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPractices/Marine/Pages/marineinvasives.aspx Molnar, J. L.; Gamboa, R. L.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D. (2008). Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 6(9): 485-492]
* [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8967277 Reeve, L. A. (1849). Monograph of the genus Turritella. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 5, pl. 1-11 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London]
* {{cite book|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/02d33408-ad61-4d11-b5a4-6bf1aa333776/files/priority2.pdf |author-last1=Hayes |author-first1=K. |author-last2=Sliwa |author-first2=C. |author-last3=Migus|author-first3=S. |author-last4=McEnnulty|author-first4=F. |author-last5=Dunstan |author-first5=P. |author-last6=Heritagearkes|author-first6=P. |date=2005 |title=National priority pests. Part II, Ranking of Australian marine pests |publisher=Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage: Parkes |isbn=1-876996-80-3}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q7305306}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3171752}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Turritellidae]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Red codling}}
[[Category:Gastropods of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Gastropods described in 1834]]
[[Category:Endemic molluscs of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of New Zealand]]

Revision as of 22:47, 27 June 2024

Maoricolpus roseus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Caenogastropoda
clade Sorbeoconcha
Superfamily:
Cerithioidea
Family:
Turritellidae
Subfamily:
Turritellinae
Genus:
Maoricolpus
Species:
M. roseus
Binomial name
Maoricolpus roseus
(Quoy and Gaimard, 1834)
Synonyms
  • † Maoricolpus proroseus Marwick, 1931
  • Maoricolpus roseus manukauensis Powell, 1931
  • Maoricolpus roseus roseus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) (Alternate representation)
  • Turritella (Haustator) rosea Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 (Alternate representation - Synonym)
  • Turritella difficilis Suter, 1908
  • Turritella lineolata Kiener, 1843
  • Turritella rosea Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 (Original combination)

Identification

Maoricolpus rosues has a spiral cone shape shell that grows up to 87mm in length and 25mm in width.[1] Maoricolpus roseus is brownish/purple in colour with a tint of marble.[1] The protoconch of the shell has three to four tiny round sections and does not have a visible nucleus.[2] The teleoconch of the shell has about 18 whorls which forms a shape with two angles and a slightly indented middle.[2] The texture of the shell involves three thick ridges with the middle appearing first followed by the lower one, then the upper.[2] The shell is covered with very fine and coarse lines.[2] The base of the shell is flat with many strong lines and growth marks.[2]

Geographical Distribution and Habitat

Natural Global Range

Maoricolpus roseus is native to New Zealand but inhabits large parts of Australian waters. It can be found off the coast of New South Wales, the Eastern coast of Victoria, Tasmania and around New Zealand.[3] It is tolerant in different temperatures and depths allowing the distribution to extend down the coast of Australia.[3] Many samples have been found at beaches in Australia such as Botany Bay in 1999 and in the D’Entrecasteuax Channel in 1935.[3]

New Zealand Range

Maoricolpus roseus can be identified into two subspecies. The Maoricolpus roseus manukauensis  subspecies is only found in parts of New Zealand such as Manukau, Raglan and Kawhia Harbours.[3] These harbours are found to be more shallow therefore the depth that the M. roseus manukaunesis is found at does not go deeper than 20m.[3] The Maoricolpus roseus roseus is set to be found around most of New Zealand coastlines.[3] Some locations that M. roseus has been found in New Zealand is Otago Harbour and in Tauranga.[4]

Habitat Preferences

Maoricolpus roseus is often found at the benthos of the ocean. Maoricolpus roseus are found frequently in the crevices of rocks walls and sheltered pockets on more exposed reefs.[3] Maoricolpus roseus can also be found on soft sediment such as silt and gravel.[1] Maoricolpus roseus is able to tolerate at a range of temperatures. Maoricolpus roseus can tolerate minimum temperatures of 8.4 °C and maximum of 20 °C for adults.[5] They are able to survive depths up to 200m but also low intertidal zones.[5]

Maoricolpus roseus found in Auckland, New Zealand

Life Cycle / Phenology

Maoricolpus roseus can either have direct or indirect embryonic development. Direct embryonic development is where the veliger stage occurs within the egg capsule.[3] Indirect embryonic development involves a veliger larvae spending a longer time in the water which is suggested by the multispiral protoconch.[3] The egg capsule is held onto by the adults right before or just after the eggs hatch.[3] A study done on M. rosues in Otago 1969, showed that each shell stored between 100-150 egg capsules, each containing 120 embryos. However only 7-8 embryos per capsule developed into veligers and the rest were abortive.[6] It takes over a year for M. roseus to mature with the fastest growth occurring in the first two years.[5]  Some planktonic veligers of M. roseus can began shell coiling and doubling in size after two weeks.[7] Growth rates are positively related to the levels of planktonic microalgae.[7]  The average life span occurs around the 2-3 year mark with some isotope analysts suggest the max ages of 6–7 years.[8] Male M. roseus gonads contain active sperm from December to March, while female gonads are enlarged from November to January.[3] In New Zealand, egg capsules have been found absent in March meaning that larvae hatch around the late summer to autumn period.

Diet

Maoricolpus roseus are suspension feeders that forage for food by filtering small particles from the water column.[5] It is common that for other Turritellidae, when phytoplankton abundance levels are low, they are able to switch to a ‘deposit feeding’ system; however, it is unknown whether M. roseus can switch modes.[3] Analysis from isotopes done off species off the coast off southeast Australia, compared with organic matter and sediment reveals that the food source for M. roseus originates from lower trophic levels.[3]

Predators

Maoricolpus roseus does not have many known predators;[1] however, a study done between 1993 – 1996, sampled 5684 specimens of 100 different species of fish guts for analysis. From the 100 species, 17 species recorded remains of M. roseus with 6 species having frequencies of 20%. Many of the species that had recorded remains of M. roseus all had mouthparts that were strong enough to crush their prey.[3] Most predation is found to be done on juveniles.[5]

Other Information

Maoricolpus roseus is believed to have dispersed from New Zealand to Tasmania and other parts of Australia in the 1920s via oyster shipments and water ballast from vessels from New Zealand.[7] Tiostrea chilensis and/or Crassostrea glomerata were shipped and imported to Tasmania to improve the local oyster industry. During the 1920s till 1930, they were held alive in crates in water to be sold at the Hobart fish market.[3] Water currents that carried planktonic larvae in the Tasman Sea travelling from west to east also is an explanation for the rapid spread of M. roseus in Australian waters.[3]

In a 2008 study conducted at the D’Entrecasteux Channel in Tasmania, researchers investigated larvae and sex ratios of M. roseus [7]. Their findings revealed that at the location, the sex ratio of 1:1 remained relatively stable.[7] Moreover, the male and female gonads were both distinctive in color and morphology indicating that M. roseus has two sexes.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Reid, A. P. (2010-01-01). Impact of the introduced New Zealand screwshell Maoricolpus Roseus on soft-sediment assemblages in southeast Tasmania (thesis thesis). University of Tasmania.
  2. ^ a b c d e Garrard, T. A. (1972-03-24). "A Revision of Australian Recent and Tertiary Turritellidae (Gastropoda: Mollusca)". Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia. 2 (3): 267–338. doi:10.1080/00852988.1972.10673858. ISSN 0085-2988.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Bax, Nicholas J; Mcennulty, Felicity R.; Gowlett - Holmes, Karen L. (March 2003). "Distribution and Biology of the Introduced Gastropod, Maoricolpus Roseus (Quoy And Gamard, 1834) (Caenogastropoda: Turritellidae) in Australia" (PDF).
  4. ^ Gunasekera, Rasanthi M.; Patil, Jawahar G.; McEnnulty, Felicity R.; Bax, Nicholas J. (2005). "Specific amplification of mt-COI gene of the invasive gastropod Maoricolpus roseus in planktonic samples reveals a free-living larval life-history stage". Marine and Freshwater Research. 56 (6): 901. doi:10.1071/mf05045. ISSN 1323-1650.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Species". nimpis.marinepests.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  6. ^ Pilkington, Margaret C. (December 1974). "The eggs and hatching stages of some New Zealand prosobranch molluscs". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 4 (4): 411–431. doi:10.1080/03036758.1974.10419385. ISSN 0303-6758.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Probst, T. A.; Crawford, C. M. (2008-02-27). "Population characteristics and planktonic larval stage of the New Zealand screwshell Maoricolpus roseus". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 74 (2): 191–197. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyn006. ISSN 0260-1230.
  8. ^ Scott, RJ (1997). Aspects of the biology of the introduced gastropod Maoricolpus roseus.
  • Marwick, J. (1931). The Tertiary Mollusca of the Gisborne District. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 13:1-177. 18: pls.
  • Probst, T. A. & Crawford, C. M. (2008) Population characteristics and planktonic larval stage of the New Zealand screwshell Maoricolpus roseus. Journal of Molluscan Studies 74(2):191-197
  • Maxwell, P.A. (2009). Cenozoic Mollusca. pp 232–254 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
  • Grove, S. 2011. The Seashells of Tasmania: A Comprehensive Guide. Taroona, Australia: Taroona Publications. [vi], 81
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